1. Introduction to anatomical sciences
Define anatomy: * The study of the structures of the human body.
Name its subdisciplines: * Embryology: deals with the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms. * Histology: the study of the microscopic structure of cells and tissues * Gross anatomy: The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that can be seen with the naked eye
Describe different levels of structural organisation of the human body: * Chemical elements and compounds combine to form

* CELLS: basic units of life (cytology: study of the structure and function of the cells) * Group of similar cells and cell products that perform a special function.

* TISSUE: e.g. muscle, epithelia tissue (histology) * Two or more different tissues form: organs; e.g. heart, brain

* ORGAN: e.g. heart, brain (gross anatomy) * Set of organs with a common function form:

* SYSTEMS: e.g. digestive, urinary (gross anatomy) * All systems together

* HUMAN BODY (gross anatomy) http://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html Name the systems that make the human body: 1. Circulatory system 2. Respiratory system 3. Digestive system 4. Excretory system 5. Nervous system 6. Endocrine system 7. Immune system 8. Integumentary system 9. Skeletal system 10. Muscle system 11. Reproductive system Name the organs and describe their function: HUMAN BRAIN * Body’s control center * Receiving and sending signals to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. * Responsible for out thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of the world. HUMAN HEART * Responsible for pumping blood throughout the body KIDNEYS * To remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. * They take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other substances to make urine. LIVER * Detoxifying of harmful substances, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile. * Production of blood-clotting proteins. LUNGS * Responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our cells * Lungs also remove carbon dioxide. Which we exhale. Anatomical position: Anatomical planes: Midsagittal plane/ median plane a vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal plane (paramedian) any vertical plane that is parallel to the median plane Coronal plane (frontal plane) a plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts. Divides body into back and front. Transverse plane plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. (top and bottom) Oblique plane cut at an angle

Directional Terms:

Describe the principal body cavities, the organs they contain and the membranes that line them: * Dorsal cavity: Bones of the cranial portion of the skull and vertebral column, toward the dorsal (posterior side of the body) * Cranial cavity: Contains the brain * Spinal portion: Contains the spinal cord, which is an extension of the brain * Ventral cavity: Anterior surface of torso; divided by diaphragm muscle into upper thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. * Thoracic cavity: The chest; contains trachea, bronchi, lungs, esophagus, heart and great blood vessels, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and nerves. Contains smaller cavities, too: * Pleural cavities surround each lung * Pericardial cavity contains the heart. The pleural cavity surrounds both the pleural and pericardial cavities. * Abdominopelvic cavity: Imaginary line that runs across hipbones divides the body into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. * Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and intestines (small and large), ovaries (in female); the peritoneal cavity (peritoneum) surrounds the abdominal organs * Pelvic cavity: Contains colon, rectum, urinary bladder, uterus (in females) Membranes (abdominal, thoracic cavities) * Covers the viscera, lines the walls of the cavities: * Parietal layer (the walls of the cavity) * Visceral (covers the viscera) * Cavity between two layers with lubricating fluid. * Pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominal cavity) Name and describe the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants: * Left lower quadrant (LLQ) * Within the LLQ is the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left reproductive organs, and the left ureter. * Left upper quadrant (LUQ) * Within the LUQ is the location of the left portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine. * Right upper quadrant (RUQ) * With the LUQ it contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine. * Right lower quadrant (RLQ) * Within the RLQ sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right reproductive organs, and the right ureter.

Describe the principles and importance of medical imaging in evaluation of body structures and functions * Medical imaging refers to techniques and processes used to create images of the human body. Various types of medical imaging allow visualization of structures inside our bodies and are being used more and more to increase the accuracy of diagnosis of a wide range of anatomical and physiological disorders. Types of medical imaging include:- Radiography (X-Rays) x-rays pass through the body producing an image of interior structures. Magnetic resonance (MRI) the body is exposed to high – energy magnetic field which produce two or three dimensional blue print of cellular chemistry. Computed tomography (CT) the use of x-ray beam that traces an arc (curve) at multiple angles around a section of the body in which produces a video monitor called a CT scan. Ultrasound scanning the use of high frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand which reflect off body tissues. Positron emission tomography (PET) a substance that produces positrons (positively charged particles) is injected into the body where it is taken up by tissues. The positrons collide with negatively charged particles which form gamma rays that produce PET scan image. Endoscopy the use of visual examination of the inside of the body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument with lenses called endoscope. Radionuclide is the use of a radionuclide (radioactive substance) that is introduced intravenously (into the vein) into the body and carried by the blood to the tissues to be imaged. This allows gamma rays to be released and preform the radionuclide scan and displays it in colour on a video monitor.

2. Cells Name and describe principal parts of a cell Principle parts of a cell plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm Plasma membrane * Forms cells outer layer * Acts as a barrier separating the internal and external environment of a cell. * Regulates the flow of materials/substances into and out of a cell * Plays a key role in communication among cells and in between cells and their external environment Nucleus * Is a large organelle that houses most of a cells DNA Cytoplasm * Is all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus * Its has 2 components; the cytosol and organelles * Cytosol is the fluid part of the cytoplasm known as the intracellular fluid * Within the cytosol are various different organelles that have specific functions. Examples include:- ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane and the process of substances transport across the plasma membrane Structure * The basic structure of the plasma membrane is the lipid bilayer, two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules – phospholipids , cholesterol and glycolipids * Membrane proteins divided into two categories – integral and peripheral * Integral extends in and throughout lipid bilayer and firmly embedded in it * Peripheral are attached to the membrane lipids , are not as firmly embedded in the membrane. Functions * Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell * Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell * Helps identify the cell to other cells * Participates in intercellular signalling

Types of fluid * Fluids within cells is called intracellular fluid (ICF) * Fluids outside body cells , called extracellular fluid (ECF) * ECF filling the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues is called interstitial fluid or intercellular fluid * ECF in blood vessels is called plasma * ECF in lymphatic vessels is called lymph Transport * Substances move across cellular membrane via transport processes that can be classified as passive and active. * Passive processes a substance moves down its concentration gradient or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy. There is no input of energy from the cell. * Active processes cellular energy is used too drive the substance against its concentration or electrical gradient. The cellular energy used is usually to form ATP. * Materials may cross plasma membranes by using kinetic energy, transporter proteins or vesicles. Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cytosol and organelles. Nucleus structure * The cell nucleus is bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. * This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. * The envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in regulating the flow of molecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. Function *