...European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research Vol.2. No.3, pp. 69-83, May 2014 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.ea-journals.org) A CRITIQUE ON CASH BASIS OF ACCOUNTING AND BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA Emmanuel Amaps Loveday Ibanichuka (Fca, Ph.D) Department of Accounting,Faculty of Management Science,University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt Oyadonghan Kereotu James (Aca) (Corresponding Author) Lecturer, Department of Accounting and Finance Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, P.M .B 071, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: In public sector accounting, government ministries and parastatals operate a cash basis of accounting which is believed to be simple in operation and understanding by staff that may not simply have a rigorous training in accounting. A great disadvantage is that it does not recognise assets, debtors and liabilities. This principle negligence is capable of introducing negligence into proper record keeping of how much value of infrastructural assets are being developed in the pass fiscal years, their state of activity and possibly resulting to a repetition of projects, poor monitoring of budget implementation and misappropriation of fund. The authors took a frank analysis of the implications as they relate to the consistent problem of poor budget implementation in Nigeria. This study was based on empirical analysis of one hundred and thirty (130) questionnaires...
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...1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction A budget is an estimation of the revenues and expenses at a given time. It is the amount allocated to certain asset or expense as an exchange for that asset or to the usage that led to that expense. According to an article from entrepreneurship.org, the business planning starts with budgets. Budgeting is not an afterthought. Your budget is a reflection of the goals and strategies you have for each area of business. A one-year budget planning document for the firm that is composed of all other budgets is called a master budget. Usually it is composed of two parts, the operating budget and the financial budget. Under the financial budget is what we call a cash budget. Cash Budget is the inflows and outflows of cash in a firm. It develops a summary of its operating, investing and financing activities. These activities will help us determine and observe how a firm creates their cash budget. This research aims to evaluate the cash budgeting process of JTU Marketing Auto Supply and to develop a recommendation, if necessary, for them to improve the said process. Most, if not all, small organizations do not have plans or budgets but still manages to survive and gain profit. This research could help organizations to realize and see that budgets would help them find out some problems in their organization. Also, the research could be used as a basis for an improved study regarding cash budgeting processes in different industries and larger...
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...Decisions (Unit 2) QFC Level: 4 Credit Value: 15 Credits Module Tutor: Yannick Fansi Student’s Name: Adeyinka Adedoyin Email: princessadeyinkaadedoyin@yahoo.com Student’s ID: 21834 Task 1: 1.1 Identify the Alternative Sources of finance that could be available to the business. (1.1, 1.2) Introduction In writing this assignment report, I will attempt to look into the different sources of finance that business can access or that available for starting a new business and I will also find out the implications of sources of finance and how it impacts on the business. It is often difficult to start a business without enough capital or cash, as all businesses require some form of finance throughout the life span of the business and for the operational cost of the day to day running of the business. Therefore without finance or raising enough capital the business can never materialised. It can therefore be argued that Finance is the life wire of a business as it plays a major role in starting a business. Finance can be used for various business projects including purchase of machinery, starting up a restaurant or for expanding existing business. When considering starting a business before raising the finance certain factors such as the size of the business, location of the business, the type of business and the target market as well as how profitable the business will be, it can therefore be argued that for a business to succeed it needs to have a good...
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...You have just been asked by your Managing Director to attend a meeting next week to set in motion the preparation of the annual budget for your department and the organisation as a whole. Also, in the course of your conversation the Managing Director has mentioned that the company is seeking to raise finance for a substantial capital investment opportunity that has arisen recently. You are required to outline your understanding of the budget process and also make some suggestions as to how the company would attempt to raise finance for the proposed investment. (60 Marks) Evaluate the need for companies to maintain an adequate cash-flow and discuss how you would attempt to measure one company’s performance against another with the use of ratios. (20 Marks) Discuss briefly, in your opinion, what the main causes of the current economic problems in Ireland are, and what steps should be taken to improve the economy. (20 Marks) Diploma in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Module 1: Financial Management Gary Doyle, Student Member, CILT 3 Budgeting Budgeting is one of the most important tasks undertaken in any organisation, whether it is a public or private company, a not-for-profit organisation, or any other group which must control amounts of cash or funds. Budgeting is an integral part of the overall direction in which a business is going. Any company, be it a start-up operation, or a long-established business; will implement a business plan to guide the...
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...P1: Assignment 1 In this assignment I will draw up a number of key documents required for the recruitment of a Finance Manager position in order to establish the correct documentation required in the recruitment process, which will then be adopted for all employment opportunities in Elite Management. I will also include the description of the recruitment documentation used in Elite Management. The position I have chosen to look into is that of the Finance Manager for Elite Management. In order to recruit the right people for the organisation, management needs to pay attention to the various stages of the recruitment process. Here I will discuss the four important documents used in the recruitment process. These are the Job Advert, the Application Form, Job description and the Person Specification. 1. Job vacancy advertisements A job advertisement is an announcement about a job vacancy. The advertisement is part of the recruitment process designed to attract suitable qualified candidates for a job. Traditionally job adverts have been placed on newspapers and other printed media, however nowadays a large number of Job advertisement are placed on internet on job websites as well as on the company’s own internet or intranet websites. Adverts include a summary of the job description, the person’s specification and remuneration for the job. Elite Management will advertise in its website and other job websites. We shall also place the adverts in national and local newspapers...
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...includes: 1. The state budget system, consisting of the federal budget, budgets of the Federation and the budgets of local governments; 2. Extrabudgetary funds; 3. State and bank credit 4. Insurance funds 5. Finance businesses and industries, which are used to regulate and stimulate the economy and social relations at the micro level. The Ministry of Finance develops and implements state policy in budget, tax, insurance, foreign exchange, banking, public debt, auditing and accounting. Ministry of Finance is headed by the Minister, appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Currently, the Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation is Alexei Leonidovich Kudrin and at the moment he has 7 deputies appointed and dismissed by the Government. The Ministry of Finance includes 18 departments and 4 federal services: for Fiscal and Budgetary Supervision, for Insurance Supervision, Federal Tax service, Federal Treasury. Functions of the Ministry of Finance: - Public finance - the country's economic analysis, preparation of long-and short-term forecasts of its development - State budget - organization of work on the formulation and enforcement of the federal budget, forecasting and preparation of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation; - Insurance; - Money Supply - State Loan - release of government domestic borrowing of the Russian Federation, agreements with the Central Bank for a loan to cover the federal budget deficit and other purposes; ...
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...Budget: An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time. Budget (from french bougette) generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues. A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an organizational plan stated in monetary terms. The budget of a government is a summary or plan of the intended revenues and expenditures of that government. Budget Preparation A full understanding of the budget planning and preparation system is essential, not just to derive expenditure projections but to be able to advise policymakers on the feasibility and desirability of specific budget proposals, from a macroeconomic or microeconomic perspective. It is much easier to control government expenditures at the "upstream" point of budget preparation than later during the execution of the budget. Thus, fiscal economists and general budget advisors need to know: * what is the framework in which budget decisions are made; * who is responsible for planning and preparing the budget; * what are the basic steps; * what are the typical weaknesses in procedures and how can these be overcome; and * how can changes in budget plans be programmed and targeted? Answers to these questions are set out in the subsections below. Budget planning and preparation are (or should be) at the heart of good public expenditure management. To...
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...Introduction | This is the assignment for the Understanding Financial Management unit. The aim of this unit is to develop understanding of finance within the context of an organisation, as required by a practising or potential middle manager.The task requires you to demonstrate your understanding of finance and the value of recording financial information within the context of your organisation. You are then asked to explain the process of budget setting in the organisation and how budgetary techniques are used to contribute to controlling cost in your own area of operation.If you are not currently working within an organisation, then you may complete this task in relation to an organisation with which you are familiar. This could include experience working in a voluntary capacity.The tasks you need to undertake are:- * read all the questions * complete the learning activities associated with this course * discuss the assignment with your coach at your tutorial * complete any other activities that you need to undertake for your assignment * answer the questions in the spaces provided Here are some tips on completing the assignment, based on submissions from previous students: * make sure you read and answer all the questions! Even the most accomplished writers have fallen down by providing answers that are exceptionally well written – but well off the mark. This is usually because they have not gathered a full understanding of the questions before embarking on...
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... these objectives. The ‘finance’ part comes through the specific decisions as to how the resources will be financed. Financial management has a strategic role because it takes place in a changing environment and plans need to be flexible and ready to change. Strategic financial planning sets out the broad series of steps that need to be taken to achieve the business’ strategic objectives. Examples of changing business environments: o Taxation and other laws o Technology o Economy o Financial Innovations Within this changing environment the foals of the business need to be reached. o Liquidity o Solvency o Profitability o Growth o Efficiency Objectives of Financial Management Liquidity • A business is liquid when it can pay its debts as they fall due. • The relationship between current assets and current liabilities. • A business must have sufficient cash flow to meet its financial...
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...MANAGENING FINANCIAL RESOURCES & DECISIONS MARICICA FERARU PR6 STUDENT ID.-11315 2015 LEARNING OUTCOMES LO1 Understand the sources available to a business P1.1 Identify the sources of finance available to the new business you have chosen. P1.2 Asses the implications of the different sources of finance to your chosen business P1.3 Evaluate appropriate sources of finance for your chosen business project. LO2 Understand the implications of finance as a resource within a business P2.1 Analyse the costs of different sources of finance for your chosen business. P2.2 Explain the importance of financial planning to the business organisation you have chosen. P2.3 Asses the information needs of different decision makers in your chosen business P2.4 Explain the impact of finance on the financial statements of your chosen business LO3 Be able to make financial decisions based on financial information P3.1 Analyse budgets and make appropriate decisions from the case study P3.2 Explain the calculation of unit costs and make pricing decisions using relevant information P3.3 Asses the viability of a project using at least two investment appraisal techniques LO4 Be able to evaluate the financial performance of a business P4.1 Discuss the main financial...
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...Financial Management in NHS Name: Course: Professor’s Name: University: City (State): Date: Sources of funding There are different sources of financing that the hospital uses to finance its operations. The hospital uses both internal and external sources to fund its operations. One of the internal sources of financing that the hospital utilizes is the revenue that is collected from the services offered to both inpatients and outpatients. The second source of internal finance that the company uses is the sale of fixed assets that are not require in the hospital. The hospital on annual basis carries out an evaluation of the assets that it no longer requires and disposes them as a way of financing its operations. The hospital further uses external methods of financing its activities. One of the main sources of finance is through the use of bank loans and overdrafts. The company seeks for both long-term and short-term loans to finance its operations. Other sources include government grants and charities from non-governmental institutions. Financial stakeholders and their various expectations Stakeholders are referred to those individuals who have an interest in the running of Moorfield’s Eye hospital. These stakeholders may commit their resources towards running of the hospital directly...
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...The importance of cash budget may be summarised as follow:-(1) Helpful in Planning. Cash budget helps planning for the most efficient use of cash. It points out cash surplus, or deficiency at selected point of time and enables the management to arrange for the deficiency before time or to plan for investing the surplus money as profitable as possible without any threat to the liquidity. (2) Forecasting the Future needs. Cash budget forecasts the future needs of funds, its time and the amount well in advance. It, thus, helps planning for raising the funds through the most profitable sources at reasonable terms and costs. (3) Maintenance of Ample cash Balance. Cash is the basis of liquidity of the enterprise. Cash budget helps in maintaining the liquidity. It suggests adequate cash balance for expected requirements and a fair margin for the contingencies. (4) Controlling Cash Expenditure. Cash budget acts as a controlling device. The expenses of various departments in the firm can best be controlled so as not to exceed the budgeted limit. (5) Evaluation of Performance. Cash budget acts as a standard for evaluating the financial performance. (6) Testing the Influence of proposed Expansion Programme. Cash budget forecasts the inflows from a proposed expansion or investment programme and testify its impact on cash position.(7) Sound Dividend Policy. Cash budget plans for cash dividend to shareholders, consistent with the liquid position of the firm. It helps in following a sound consistent...
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...How to Manage Cash Account and Transactions in NGOs – NGO Financial Management Policy Cash payments need to be documented firmly by NGOs in their financial management policy. Since small sums of cash payments are common on a day-to-day basis, a certain procedure needs to be developed and mentioned in the policy manual. An example is given below: “3. Cash Handling 3.1 Cash Account and Transactions Cash transactions are to be resorted only for petty expenses and when /where banking facilities are not available. As per Income Tax Rules, no claim exceeding $______ should be settled through cash payments. These should invariably be by account payee checks only. As a matter of procedure and control, the attempt should be to minimize the number of cash transactions. 3.2 Daily Cash Balance The denomination of the closing balance of the cash should be entered below this and signed by the Accountant. This register has to be maintained from the beginning of the financial year. A fresh register has to be started at the beginning of every financial year. Maximum and minimum cash limits have been fixed as: maximum $______ and minimum $______. 3.3 Withdrawal of Cash from Bank a) The Cash Withdrawal Form/Money Indent to be filled up and signed by the staff handling cash. b) The cash balance available and the estimated expenses would need to be computed. c) The authorized persons must verify the requirement before signing the check for withdrawal of cash. d) The signature of the person presenting...
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...for Outflows Improper recording of costs and expenses are common errors in financial statements. Fraud is common in payroll, accounts payable, and cash disbursements. Errors and fraud can be prevented when controls for outflows in purchasing, accounts payable, cash disbursements, finance, investments, and payroll are performed. This proposal recommends and explains the controls in detail and describes the importance of the controls for each area. Purchasing: Purchases are requested by people who know what the organization needs. Purchasing is a vital component in any business. With internal controls in effect potential risk or fraud will be reduced. Companies that do not have adequate internal controls in place are in danger for opportunities for fraud, theft, and misuse. The recommendations for internal controls that relate to purchasing will follow. Separation of duties assigns functions to different people. No one person has complete control over all buying activities with proper segregation. The best practice is to have different people approve purchase, receive materials, approve invoices for payment, review and reconcile financial records, and to perform inventory counts. Consequences for not separation of duties are: * Unauthorized or unnecessary purchases made * Improper charges made to department budgets * Excessive costs incurred * Goods purchased for personal use (Internal Control Practices: Purchasing, 2009). Accountability, authorization...
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...Diploma in Business | Unit Title: Finance in the Hospitality Industry | INTRODUCTION A business is a commercial enterprise which exists with a view to making a profit.it may be a sole trader business, partnership or a company.( Financial accounting acca f3, study manual for exam in 2013) There are different legal private business sector structure. Sole trader, partnership and limited companies . Sole trader is a business owned by one person . the advantage of this business is that the owner has a full control of his business and all the profit are for him self. The desadvantage relied on unlimited liability. Partnership is a business owned by two people or more. The advantage is about shared decision and the desadvantage is that the profit also is shared. Limited business is a business run by directors and the advantage is shareholders has limited liability and whenever the owner dies the busines will exist. The disadvantage is that all the profit from the busines is shared among members. TASK 1 SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR DIFFERENT BUSINESS INCLUDE APPROPRIATE SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR THE ENCHANTED VALEY B&B. Finance is about the money that a business can use to purchase things that is needed . however, business can need money or finance for three reasons: to buy equipment or premises, to expand the business and to start the business. We have two types of sources of finance: internal sources of finance and external sources of finance. Internal sources of...
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