...transactions of a business entity in a chronological order. Accounting Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, reporting, analysing, interpreting and communicating of financial information to the stake holders. Accounting is the combination of all the 6 fields while bookkeeping is only a part of the accounting process. Double Entry System According to this system, every business transaction has a two-fold effect and that it affects two accounts in opposite directions. One of the two aspects is the benefit receiving aspect or “incoming aspect” (termed as Debit) and the other is the benefit giving aspect or “outgoing aspect” (termed as Credit). For every transaction, one account is to be debited and another account is to be credited in order to have a complete record of the transaction. The basic principle under this system is that for every debit, there must be a corresponding and equal credit and for every credit there must be a corresponding and equal debit. Following this principle, the arithmetical accuracy of the accounts can be checked by preparing a Trial Balance, where the total of Debits and Credits should tally. It is a scientific system maintaining a complete record of transactions which helps in the ascertainment of profit/loss and financial positionof the business while maintaining the accuracy of accounts Accounting Cycle The entire accounting cycle is based on the double entry system. Once a transaction occurs, it is recorded in the form of a...
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...Over the last 500 years, the double-entry system of accounting has provided the accounting profession with a reliable and accurate way of tracking the economic events of companies. However, with the implementation of computer-based accounting systems over the last few decades, event based accounting has gained popularity. The theory behind event based accounting is that each business transaction can be broken down into one, or a combination of three types of events: economic, business, and information. An economic event is one in which the quantity of resources change, such as selling an item or purchasing a service. Events like receiving an invoice from a supplier, or sending out a purchase order to a vendor are examples of business events. They are necessary to the company even though they are not the monetary or physical transactions for goods or services. Tasks like creating reports and inputting new customers are considered information events. Information events provide the necessary data for the economic or business events that transpire. The double-entry system of accounting focuses on taking those separate events and aggregating them into journal entries. By aggregating them, a great deal of the total information of the event is left out. Under an event based accounting system each event is recorded with as much of the information as possible, and then stored in tables of data that allow the user to recall and compile this information into usable reports. This...
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................................................ The Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) ............................................. The Reports on the Observance o f Standards and Codes (ROSC) ....................... The Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative (FIRST) .................... The Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative (FIRST) .................... Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (AML/CFT) ................. Debt Sustainability & Debt Management ............................................................. Social Protection................................................................................................... A. B. C. C. D. E. F. ANNEX Accounting and Auditing ........................................................................................... Corporate Governance ............................................................................................. Insolvency and Creditor Rights ................................................................................ 22 28 33 2 INTRODUCTION 1. In response to major financial crises in the 1990s, the international community embarked o n a range o f initiatives to help prevent crises and to manage them in the event that they nevertheless occur. This framework i s referred to as the International Financial Architecture (IFA). 2. Lessons drawn from the aftermath o f those financial crises underscored...
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...Financial stability and risk disclosure Keynote address by Mr Jaime Caruana, General Manager of the BIS, to the FSB Roundtable on risk disclosure, Basel, 9 December 2011. Abstract High-quality risk disclosure is good for markets, because it helps investors make more informed decisions. It is good for prudential supervisors, because it makes banks more accountable to both supervisors and investors. And it is good for financial stability, because it reduces the chance that unexpected events will disrupt the system. To be effective in promoting market discipline, disclosure must be complemented by strong incentives for counterparties to engage in monitoring. The public sector's role in promoting transparency arises from a number of market failures, including the externalities to be gained from common standards, the "free rider" problems that may lead to too little investment in producing and gathering financial information, and the tendency of markets to overreact to bad news when the information environment is clouded. Guided by these considerations, the Financial Stability Board and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision have long supported improvements in transparency, through their work on accounting, disclosure templates and aggregate market data. At the same time, industry and investor representatives need to play a key role in developing disclosure standards. Accounting standards need to converge, standards for the discussion and analysis that accompany financial...
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...Bookkeeping and Accounts (City & Guilds Level 2) Course Content: At the end of the course candidates should be able to to do the following at Level 2: * Ledger Accounting: Post ledger transactions, total and balance accounts, bringing down balances: sales ledger; purchase ledger; general ledger. * Control Accounts: Prepare and reconcile control accounts with individual ledger account balances in subsidiary ledgers for: sales ledger control account; purchase ledger control account. * Correction of errors: Identify different types of errors in ledger accounts: incorrect double entries, missing entries, numerical inconsistencies, incorrect calculations. Make appropriate adjustments in the Journal and the respective ledger accounts. Create and clear a suspense account where necessary. * Accounting for capital expenditure and depreciation: Distinguish between capital and revenue expenditure; Record depreciation using: straight line method, reducing balance method. Prepare accounts for depreciation and provision for depreciation. * Year end adjustments: Write off bad debts; Create and increase/reduce the provision for doubtful debts account; Account for accruals and prepayments in ledger accounts; Make appropriate adjustments in the journal; Prepare a trial balance from cash book and ledger balances; Prepare a revised trial balance from one initially drafted incorrectly. * Extended trial balance: Complete an extended trial balance making adjustments...
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...Brazilian Accounting System: Inflation, Taxation, and the Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards Introduction As the business world evolves to a higher level of integration with the increased ability to conduct business globally, international accounting is a subject that is becoming more relevant and increasingly more important to understand. Doupnik and Perera (2012) define International accounting on three levels through the standards and guidelines of supranational organizations, at the company level, and third through the standards, rules, and guidelines that exist within each country. Brazil is one of the top five countries to be considered an emerging market (Top 30 Emerging Markets 2012-2017). It is estimated that Brazil’s GDP will grow by roughly 22.3% between the years 2013 to 2017 making the country attractive to investors (The Top 20 Emerging Markets, 2013) . Brazil ranks as one of the top 4 countries for growth in the manufacturing and industrial industries, telecommunications, technology and media, professional and business services, financial services, consumer products, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, energy and resources, automotive, chemicals, and transportation industries (Top 30 Emerging Markets 2012-2017). In addition Brazil will be a destination for world class events such as the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games that will bring thousands of visitors to the country. As Brazil continues to grow in popularity as a location for trade...
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...Accounting System Rosemarie Blakley BSA/310 April 28, 2013 Anastasia Jakubow Accounting System Although Kudler Fine Foods currently has an accounting system that they are using that seems to be adequate, the goal in the future is for the organization to continue to grow, and along with this growth is going to come the need for a more comprehensive system that can support their growing changes. We all know that proper accounting practices are one of the most important things in any business, and Kudler is no exception. After careful review of different accounting software that is out there on the market today, I personally think that QuickBooks by Intuit would be a logical solution to their growing needs. Key Features: The key features for this new accounting system should include all of the things that are necessary for the growth of a smaller enterprise. The software should be able to keep track of all of the company’s financial transactions. It should be a financial accounting and reporting system all in one. The software should also have the capability to record all of their transactions as well as report all of the operating data at the end of each quarter or month, whichever the organization prefers, and it also needs to help analyze all of their financial data. QuickBooks accounting software does well to allow for journal entries by debiting and crediting the financial accounts, such as liabilities, assets, revenues, and expenses. Kudler can even use this software...
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...Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila College of Accountancy and Finance CHAPTER 1: ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE ACCOUNTANT Submitted By: Angeles, Jireh Nesamiel L. Carullo, Shery Lyn A. Gutierrez, Joe Mar C. Monforte, Roselyn G. Reyes, Edward Angelo A. BSA 3-9 Submittes To: Prof. Leandro Cruz Fua WHAT’S NEW IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS? Cloud Computing—Impact for Accountants According to Ron Gill, cloud computing is a way of using business applications over the Internet—such as the way you use the Internet for your bank transactions. Think of cloud computing as a way to increase IT capacity or add capabilities without investing in new infrastructure, training new people, or licensing new software. Mostly, we’re talking about a subscription-based or pay-per-use service that makes IT’s existing capabilities scalable whenever the need exists. Estimates suggest that the fast-growing cloud computing industry will reach $42 billion by 2012. Cloud computing resources may be categorized as data storage, infrastructure and platform, or application software (i.e., business applications such as purchases, HR, sales, etc.). If a firm would like to take advantage of cloud computing, it would most likely need to subscribe to all three of these categories from the service provider. For example, business applications depend on company data that is stored in the database, and data storage depends on the appropriate infrastructure...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting Information Systems Business Processes and Accounting Information Systems • Business Process: sequence of activities performed by a business for acquiring, producing, and selling goods and services o Used by accountants and others • Transaction Cycles: group related events that typically occur in a particular sequence o Acquisition (purchasing) cycle = purchasing and paying for goods or services o Conversion cycle = transforming resources acquired into goods and services o Revenue cycle = providing goods or services to customers and collecting cash • Management Information System (MIS): system that captures data about an organization, stores and maintains the data, and provides meaningful info for management • Accounting Information System (AIS) is a subset of an MIS • Data captured by the MIS are aggregated, summarized, and organized to produce information that helps an organization monitor and control business processes Scope of an Accounting Information System • AIS provides accounting and financial information, and other information obtained in the routine processing of accounting transactions • It tracks info about sales order, sales in units and dollars, cash collections, etc. • Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP): business management system that integrates all aspects of a firm’s business process Uses of AIS • Producing External Reports ...
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...INTERNSHIP REPORT ON ACCOUNTING INFORMATIONSYSTEM OF REAL ESTATE BUSINESS IN BANGLADESH”-AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF [pic] PREPARED FOR Farzana Afrin Internship Supervisor & Lecturer Dept. of Business Studies Stamford University Bangladesh. PREPARED BY Mahmood Hossain Id: 02707400 Section: 27(Q) Date: LATTER OF TRANSMITTAL April Ms Farzana Afrin Lecturer Stamford University Dhanmondi, Dhaka Dear Madam, I feel myself fortunate enough for having the scope to conclude the study on “The Accounting information System of Real Estate Business in Bangladesh”-An Empirical study of Building For Future Ltd, Which you assigned me to do as a part of the study. Obviously, this type of practical work made me acquainted with “Real Estate Finance” in real life situation. Here, I can’t deny the help that I got from the staff of Building For Future Ltd. who ensured me a full congenial atmosphere to access over a plenty of information with relevant papers and a practical survey. I am thankful to them for showing their highest degree of tolerance in answering my inexorable questions, sometimes repeated. I would enthusiastically provide you related information depending on your queries. The report was prepared under your able leadership and I do respectfully appreciate guidance to me to learn about...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Accounting Information Systems is concerned with the way computerized information systems impact how accounting data is captured, processed, and communicated. This course book introduces you to the people, technology, procedures, and controls that are necessary to conduct internal and external e-business, with an emphasis on the internal controls over such systems. It also highlights the relationship between accounting and management information systems. Finally, accountants, information system professionals, lectures, students and the general public are recommended to get copies. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Accounting Information Systems (AISs) combine the study and practice of accounting with the design, implementation, and monitoring of information systems. Such systems use modern information technology resources together with traditional accounting controls and methods to provide users the financial information necessary to manage their organizations. AIS TECHNOLOGY Input The input devices commonly associated with AIS include: standard personal computers or workstations running applications; scanning devices for standardized data entry; electronic communication devices for electronic data interchange (EDI) and e-commerce. In addition, many financial systems come "Web-enabled" to allow devices to connect to the World Wide Web. Process Basic processing is achieved through computer systems ranging from individual personal computers...
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...Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession ACC/210 August 15, 2011 Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Technology, information, software, and even the machines used to input, translate, and interpret the data we enter are ever evolving at shocking rates. We must constantly stay on top of our skills in order to be able to navigate through the vast screens, shortcuts, functions, and utilities stored in these small computers that have the capacity to do what would take a room full of human brains to do in a fraction of the time. In a time where nearly every occupation can be automated, accounting is nearly no exception, but notice I did say ‘nearly.’ With a vast array of software programs, data collection methods, and forms of technologies to keep accounting professionals up to the minute on their financials, there is little reason to justify the use of the antiquated legal sized general ledger books anymore. By integrating AIS effectively in the manufacturing industry, the accounting department where I work has been able to promptly and accurately produce cost analysis reports for the machines we produce, determine our SG&A at any given point, and determine whether a customer’s credit can be extended based on their average days of payment. AIS are invaluable tools that are overlooked for the value that they truly add to an accounting department. An accounting information system is a system that combines traditional accounting practices such as the Generally...
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...Information System Proposal BIS / 220 5 September 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Scenario 3. Accounting Information System 4. Finance Information System 5. POM Information System 6. Marketing Information System 7. Human Resource Information System 8. Reference SCENARIO: I and my business partner are considering starting a small, brick & mortar, nostalgic record store. My friend does not have much experience with information systems or technology, and needs a basic understanding of the different types of information systems available to businesses. In this paper I will give a proposal of the types of information systems that would work well for my business, and their benefits and drawbacks. 1. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM When you hear the word accounting you immediately think of numbers, various paper ledgers, journals and long hours of work. That was years ago, today business owners and managers review their company's financial information using a new cost efficient technique that has improved financial information reporting. The Nostalgic Record Company will use automated function computers servers and intranets for electronically processing financial information. The system will allow our company to collect and gather financial information...
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...The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Eliot Sherman ACC/340 June 11, 2015 Michael Raponi According to Accounting Web, the next decade will see industries transition to a Cloud-enabled world where work can be accomplished anywhere, anytime. This will especially be true of the accounting profession, according to Intuit, as such tools as Cloud-connected smartphones and tablets will enable firms to provide clients with an "accountant in their pocket" at all times. In the modern age, technology is constantly evolving and this has an effect on every profession, especially accounting. Processes and procedures are becoming less manual and more automated. Accounting begun being all written and having hard copies as the only backup. Systems are becoming more advanced and powerful which allows them to aggregate large amounts of data. As time went on, new software and hardware allow calculations to occur more quickly and allow backup to be more readily accessible. As well, with accounting constantly changing, the standards and regulation overseeing the profession were as well. As well, a lot of companies in the early 2000s when the technology bubble was building, companies such as Enron and WorldCom tried to take advantage of lax audit rules and committed extensive fraud. This constantly requires technology to change to allow for it to be in line with what is required, specifically in relation to audits and GAAP. In this digital age, technology adapts and improves...
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...Information Technology and Accounting Fraud History has shown the accounting network has come a long way from the days which included manual general ledgers to the present where electronic general ledgers are a necessity. In the electronic world we now live in, the accounting information system requires us to utilize computer systems and intranets, which transfer vital information at a much more rapid speed. Information systems used for accounting purposes is a function used by businesses internally. These highly sophisticated systems report financial data for users from entry-level staff, key decision makers, stakeholders, and investors. These systems provide owners of all businesses and management the supporting data required for making critical decisions, although these systems may encounter threats which can obstruct their overall effectiveness. Account information systems can become so complex for businesses they prove to be ineffective and inefficient for the everyday use in business operations. These high complexities may take place when business owners or management make efforts to construct an information system which gathers far more information that is needed, or use the system for reasons outside the scope of their original purpose. Businesses who lack the adequate technology or employees familiar with accounting systems may find this technology difficult to use. Management must ensure the accounting systems implemented within their...
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