...Chapter 22: Financial Asset at Fair Value International Accounting Standards Board Investments are assets held by an entity for the accretion of wealth through distribution such as interest, royalties, dividends, and rentals, for capital appreciation or for other benefits to the investing entity such as those obtained in trading relationship s. PAS 32, paragraph 11 Financial instrument, any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. PFRS 9 paragraph 4.1.1 Financial assets are classified into three: A) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss – both include equity securities and debt securities B) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income - both include equity securities and debt securities C) ) Financial assets at amortized cost – include only debt securities PFRS 9 paragraph 5.1.1 provides that at initial recognition any entity shall measure a financial asset at fair value plus, in the case of financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. PFRS 9 paragraph 5.2.1 provides that after initial recognition an entity shall measure a financial asset at: A) Fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) B) Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) C) Amortized Cost Application Guidance B5.1.14 of PFRS 9 All other investments in quoted...
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...Business Plan Financial forecasts Agenda of the second part of the course Financial forecasts – importance and structure Pro forma income statement Profitability analysis and Break-Even Point analysis Pro forma balance sheet and financial need assessment 1 Business Plan Financial feasibility Pro forma balance sheet and financial need assessment: • Pro forma balance sheet • Financial needs assessment • Sources of funds 2 Pro forma balance sheet - Structure RECLASSIFIED BALANCE SHEET 1) CONVERTIBILITY INTO CASH / MATURITY DATE Assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity time required to be converted into cash 2) BY AREA OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES By area of business activities held to maturity 3 Pro forma balance sheet- 1) Cash / Maturity ASSETS High CURRENT ASSETS LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES Short term * Cash and marketable securities * Bank overdraft * Accounts receivables * Accounts payable * Inventory * Income tax payable NON CURRENT LIABILITIES * Long term financial debt FIXED ASSETS * Investments in affiliates STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY * Property plant and equipment * Common stock * Intangible assets Low * Staff Severance Pay fund * Retained earnings TOTAL ASSETS * Net Income TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Long term 4 Pro forma Balance Sheet- 2) Area of business activities INVESTED CAPITAL DEBT...
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...acct 1511 notes Chapter 6 – Financial Reporting Principles, Accounting Standards and Auditing 6.2 Accounting Principles and the use of Accounting Information Doing accounting takes expert knowledge, considerable experience and continuous attention to new problems and solutions. Concepts and principles are important, as they form logical structure that practising accountants use every day to consider problems to make recommendations GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) applied differently for different entities Rules, standards and usual practices that companies are expected to follow when preparing financial statements Stock market crash of 1929 brought GAAP AASB (Aust Accounting Standards Board) IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) AASB uses IASB as foundation, but includes more details applicable to Aust environment SACS – Statement of Accounting concepts SAVS established for general concepts and principles to be used in preparing financial statements SAC 1 – Definition of a Reporting Entity SAC 2 – Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting SAC 3 – Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information SAC 4 – Definition and Recognition of the Elements of Financial Statements Now, SAC 3 and SAC 4 is replaced with “Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements” FYI: Difficulties that face accounting and managers by GAAP Difference in company structures – e.g. ABC = not for profit, publicly...
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...“Valuing tangible non-current assets is subjective and complex and can therefore result in different companies valuing similar assets very differently” Financial reporting attempts to measure the worth of assets, a concept that is inherently subjective and arbitrary. We can never know the true value of an asset, and rather than being an objective truth, valuations are always biased. Financial reporting is used for different purposes by different users and so each different way might be appropriate in different circumstances and values are affected by the purpose of measurement. Property, plant and equipment are the main non-current assets that a company holds. Similar assets can be valued differently in different companies due to several different factors which I will discuss in this essay. Tangible non-current assets are usually valued by using the historical cost, which is the initial cost of acquiring the asset to the company. The IFRS states that the historical cost of an item not only includes the price paid for it, but also “any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.” This includes transportation and labour costs, and the cost of site preparation. Different companies may have different views on whether costs involved in bringing the asset into use should be counted as part of the asset or an expense, and often small costs that should be capitalised are...
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...Foundations of Financial Markets and Institutions, 4e (Fabozzi/Modigliani/Jones) Chapter 2 Financial Institutions, Financial Intermediaries, and Asset Management Firms Multiple Choice Questions 1 Financial Institutions 1) Financial enterprises, more popularly referred to as financial institutions, provide a variety of services. Which of the below is NOT one of these? A) Transform financial assets acquired through the market and constituting them into a different, and more widely preferable, type of asset–which becomes their liability. B) Exchange financial assets on behalf of customers but not for their own accounts. C) Manage the portfolios of other market participants. D) Assist in the creation of financial assets for their customers, and then sell those financial assets to other market participants. Answer: B Comment: Financial enterprises exchange financial assets both on behalf of customers and for their own accounts. Diff: 2 Topic: 2.1 Financial Institutions Objective: 2.1 the business of financial institutions 2) Financial intermediaries include ________ that acquire the bulk of their funds by offering their liabilities to the public mostly in the form of deposits; insurance companies, pension funds, and finance companies. A) depository institutions B) utilities C) initial public offerings D) preferred equity instrument. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 2.1 Financial Institutions Objective: 2.1 the business of financial institutions 3)...
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...A practical guide to capitalisation of borrowing costs November 2008 PricewaterhouseCoopers’ IFRS and corporate governance publications and tools 2008 IFRS technical publications IFRS manual of accounting 2009 PwC’s global IFRS manual provides comprehensive practical guidance on how to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS. Includes hundreds of worked examples, extracts from company reports and model financial statements. IFRS 3R: Impact on earnings – the crucial Q&A for decision-makers Guide aimed at finance directors, financial controllers and deal-makers, providing background to the standard, impact on the financial statements and controls, and summary differences with US GAAP. IFRS disclosure checklist 2008 Outlines the disclosures required by all IFRSs published up to October 2008. A practical guide to new IFRSs for 2009 40-page guide providing high-level outline of the key requirements of new IFRSs effective in 2009, in question and answer format. A practical guide to capitalisation of borrowing costs Guidance in question and answer format addressing the challenges of applyiing IAS 23R, including how to treat specific versus general borrowings, when to start capitalisation and whether the scope exemptions are mandatory or optional. A practical guide to segment reporting Provides an overview of the key requirements of IFRS 8, ‘Operating Segments’ and some points to consider as entities prepare for the application of this standard for the first time...
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...06/29/2006 06:16 PM Page 150 FIRST PAGES 5 ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reviewing and Assessing Financial Information Starting Point Go to www.wiley.com/college/Melicher to assess your knowledge of the basics of financial statement analysis. Determine where you need to concentrate your effort. What You’ll Learn in This Chapter ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ The five basic types of financial ratios How to use financial ratios properly in order to achieve financial growth When to use specific ratios in different situations How internally generated financing occurs The effect of ratio analysis on long-term financial planning How to read a financial statement The application of the cost-volume-profit analysis concept After Studying This Chapter, You’ll Be Able To ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ Distinguish the three categories of ratio analysis Compare and contrast financial statements from different companies Examine the link between asset investment and sales growth Apply the major components of Du Pont analysis Analyze the quality of financial reports Use analysis methods to evaluate profit levels Goals and Outcomes ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ Analyze and interpret financial statements Explain the categories of ratio analysis Perform the basic types of financial ratios Manage the application of ratios to evaluate business performance Prepare the requirements for external financing Evaluate the financial viability of particular business alternatives 2059T_c05_150-188...
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...Report on Disclosure of BASs & BFRSs By Golden Harvest Agro Industries Ltd. & Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mills United International University QUEST FOR EXCELLENCE acade Report On: Golden Harvest Agro Industries Ltd. & Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mills Limited Topic: Disclosure of BASs & BFRSs Course Title: Corporate Financial Reporting Course Code: AIS 4303 Submitted To: James Bakul Sarkar Assistant Professor & Deputy Director, BBA Program United International University Submitted By: Name | ID | Section | Fyaz Mahbub Rohan | 114 121 025 | A | Md. Ariful Islam | 114 121 045 | | Md. Hasan Alif | 114 121 091 | | Safayet Mustafa | 114 121 107 | | Ahmed Zubaier | 114 121 020 | | Anik Kumar Das | 114 121 064 | | Moniruzzaman Khan | 114 131 048 | | Date of Submission: 20th April 2016 Fyaz Mahbub Rohan (114 121 025): a. Front Page DesignContribution of Group Members b. Introduction c. Summary of BAS s & BFRSs d. Company Overview e. Disclosure of BAS s & BFRSs f. Conclusion g. Data Collection Md. Ariful Islam (114 121 045) a. Letter of Transmittal b. Executive Summary c. Introduction d. Summary of BAS s & BFRSs e. Disclosure of BAS s & BFRSs Md. Hasan Alif(114 121 091) a. Summary of BAS s & BFRSs b. Disclosure of BAS s & BFRSs c...
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...FINANCE COURSE: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING (ACC312 QUESTION: THE RELEVANCE OF CORPORATE REPORTING BASED ON HISTORICAL ACCOUNTING PRACTICE HAS CONTINUED TO GENERATE INTENSIVE DEBATES OF DIFFERENT FORCES IN THE WORLD, WHICH IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IN A HIGH INFLATIONARY AND DISTORTED ECONOMY LIKE NIGERIA. DISCUSS THE STATEMENT IN RELATION TO JUSTIFICATION FOR INFLATION ACCOUNTING IN NIGERIA. NOVEMBER, 2011. INTRODUCTION Inflation account is a system of accounting which, unlike historical cost accounting takes into account changing prices. Inflation accounting is a term describing a range of accounting systems designed to correct problems arising from historical cost. Historical cost basis in financial statements Historical cost accounting became more widespread after values overstated during the 1920s were reversed during the great depression of 1930s. Most principles of historical cost accounting were developed after the Wall Street crash of 1929, including the presumption of a stable currency. Under a historical cost based system of accounting, inflation leads to two basic problems, first, many of the historical numbers appearing on financial are not economically relevant because prices have changed since they were incurred. Second, since the numbers on financial statements represent dollars expended at different points of time and, in turn, embody different amounts of purchasing power, they are simply not additive. In most countries, primary financial statements are...
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...Judgement Assessment 1 Financial Analysis (Part 1) Accounting for Managers Executive Summary The financial statements are used for providing information on the financial position of a company to various stakeholders, who are associated to the company directly or indirectly. These statements help them to make decisions about their future association with the company. This makes it necessary for the financial statements to be accurate and verifiable and the essay discourses some key areas in financial accounting where judgement is required to be applied. The financial statements of an enterprise comprises of primarily the balance sheet that summarises the assets, liabilities and shareholder’s equity at the end of a year or a specified period (quarter / half year etc.), the income statement also known as the profit and loss statement summarises the revenues and expenditures incurred during a specified period (year / half year / quarter) and statement of cash flows. There are various stakeholders who are interested in the financial statements. Stakeholders can be shareholders, trade creditors who have supplied material to the organisation, banks & financial institutions who have lent money, government and statutory authorities for taxes and other compliance of various provisions of law. Therefore, the objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise...
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...readings: Elliott, Barry; Elliott, Jamie: "Financial Accounting and Reporting", Prentice Hall 2012, 15th edition. Horngren, Bhimani, Datar and Foster: "Management and Cost Accounting." Prentice Hall, 2007, 4th edition. Info What to expect from this course: An introduction to the discipline to prepare you for the proceedings of your Master To learn the “language” of the Business An overview of the topics in FA, MA and FSA “Course Limitations” Key questions What is the role of accounting? Accounting provides information. It measures business transactions and operations, “translating” them into numbers, in order to provide information. Why do we need to study accounting? Who are the user of this information? Why do we study accounting? To understand the world of business (and its language) To make better investment choices (resource allocation) To become advanced users To become advanced preparers … The “users” of accounting information Primarily “external” oriented Financial Accounting Managerial Accounting Primarily “internal” oriented Tax Accounting Primarily “external” oriented Financial Accounting and Reporting Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), International Accounting Standards (IAS), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Financial Statement / Annual Report Balance Sheet / Statement of Financial Position Income Statement / Statement of Comprehensive...
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...differences. They are both similar in terms of style and the form of the individual standards because they are based on similar conceptual frameworks. The main objective of both IFRS and pre-IFRS Canadian GAAP is for financial statements to give a fair presentation. When there is a choice of accounting policies, the one that can reflect the most accurate economic portrait should be selected. Since Extract Tar Sands it traded publicly, included in its stakeholders are international investors. It’s compliance with IFRS is necessary to be a global competitor. IFRS will allow easier financial performance benchmarking amongst competing companies. This in turn will provide better access to capital. With the adoption of IFRS it will also eliminate Extract’s need to reconcile information reported under different national standards while providing consistent information for decision making purposes. The two areas with IFRS that represent the greatest change for Extract tar sands are: 1. Impairment: With IFRS impairments are usually triggered more frequently and unlike pre-IFRS Canadian GAAP, impairments under IFRS can be reversed. 2. Revaluations: Some IFRS including Property, Plant and Equipment, Investment Property and Intangibles allow the revaluation of assets under certain circumstances. This is quite a change from pre-IFRS Canadian GAAP which has no such provision. We will discuss these two issues as we go through the chart of accounts of Extract Tar Sands and also comment...
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...Impairment of Financial Assets The Expected Loss Model DECEMBER 2009 This paper has been prepared jointly by FEE and EFRAG as part of their pro-active work to provide European constituents with a perspective on the IASB’s proposals for the impairment of financial assets. It is intended to promote discussion and debate on these proposals. The paper describes the proposals but does not represent the views of either EFRAG or FEE. The paper has been written to be read in conjunction with the IASB's recently issued Exposure Draft: Financial Instruments: Amortised Cost and Impairment. Each organisation will consider and formulate a response to the IASB’s Exposure Draft under their due process and governance requirements. Copies of the paper are available from the EFRAG and FEE websites (www.efrag.org; www.fee.be). Copies of the Exposure Draft are available from the IASB’s website (www.iasb.org). Federation of European Accountants Fédération des Experts comptables Européens Impairment of Financial Assets: The Expected Loss Model SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1 In response to the recent financial crisis, aspects of financial reporting have come under the spotlight and calls for change have been raised. The financial reporting of losses on financial assets held at amortised cost is one such principal area and the International Accounting Standards Board (‗IASB‘) has reacted by proposing a new impairment model. Given the complexity involved in accounting for the impairment of financial assets...
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...Federation of European Accountants Fédération des Experts comptables Européens Impairment of Financial Assets The Expected Loss Model DECEMBER 2009   This paper has been prepared jointly by FEE and EFRAG as part of their pro-active work to provide European constituents with a perspective on the IASB’s proposals for the impairment of financial assets. It is intended to promote discussion and debate on these proposals. The paper describes the proposals but does not represent the views of either EFRAG or FEE. The paper has been written to be read in conjunction with the IASB's recently issued Exposure Draft: Financial Instruments: Amortised Cost and Impairment. Each organisation will consider and formulate a response to the IASB’s Exposure Draft under their due process and governance requirements. Copies of the paper are available from the EFRAG and FEE websites (www.efrag.org; www.fee.be). Copies of the Exposure Draft are available from the IASB’s website (www.iasb.org). Federation of European Accountants Fédération des Experts comptables Européens Impairment of Financial Assets: The Expected Loss Model SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1 In response to the recent financial crisis, aspects of financial reporting have come under the spotlight and calls for change have been raised. The financial reporting of losses on financial assets held at amortised cost is one such principal area and the International Accounting Standards Board (‗IASB‘) has reacted by proposing...
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...Thomas Gruber Adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation, capitalizing interest on building construction, recording gain or loss on asset disposal and adjusting goodwill for impairment are all areas in which numbers on a financial statement can be distorted. There are rules and regulations regarding each one that a company should follow and auditing of these areas is necessary for financial statement compliance. Any organization must recognize that the GAAP is an ever evolving set of regulations and standards that should be followed. Using the lower cost of market is defined as comparing the market value of each fixed asset with its cost and then using the lower of the two as an inventory value. (FASB ASC 30-10) Cost is defined as how much a company pays for an item if it purchases the item or how much it cost the company to manufacture the item. The market (How to Use Lower Cost of Market, 2012) value of an item is usually its replacement cost; unfortunately replacement cost is not always an accurate number to use. The net realizable value is the expected selling price of an item minus any selling cost or costs to complete the item, which will inflate the replacement cost. Replacement Cost can also be lower than it should be when the net realizable value minus the normal profit is placed on an item. The GAAP requires that all inventory that is in reserve being stated and value at either the cost or the market value method. (Lower Cost of Market Method) Sometimes...
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