...of Information in Financial Accounting and Reporting 1.5 The Role of Accounting Research 1.6 The Importance of Information Asymmetry 1.7 The Fundamental Problem of Financial Accounting Theory 1.8 Regulation as a Reaction to the Fundamental Problem 1.9 The Organization of This Book 1.9.1 Ideal Conditions 1.9.2 Adverse Selection 1.9.3 Moral Hazard 1.9.4 Standard Setting 1.9.5 The Process of Standard Setting 1.10 Relevance of Financial Accounting Theory to Accounting Practice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada Instructor’s Manual—Chapter 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND SUGGESTED TEACHING APPROACHES 1. The Broad Outline of the Book I use Figure 1.1 as a template to describe the broad outline of the book and course. Since the students typically have not had a chance to read Chapter 1 in the first course session, I stick fairly closely to the chapter material. The major points I discuss are: • Accounting in an ideal setting. Here, present-value-based accounting is natural. I go over the ideal conditions needed for such a basis of accounting to be feasible, but do not go into much detail because this topic is covered in greater depth in Chapter 2. • An introduction to the concept of information asymmetry and resulting problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. These problems are basic to the book and I feel it is desirable for the students to have a “first go” at them at this point. I concentrate on the...
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...Introduction Accounting practices have been argued to reflect information quality of the firm in the market. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the relation between information asymmetry and conservative financial reporting practices. Many theorists have critiqued this aspect of information asymmetry, which has garnered significant interest in the accounting arena in the world today. This paper is set out to analyze the literature on conservative financial reporting, dissecting Akerlof’s article surrounding information asymmetry. Following this, possible motivations by firms to undertake these accounting measures will be meted out, coupled with an examination of the empirical evidence in reflection of the measurement of conservatism, with a final conclusion pertaining the relationship of information quality and financial reporting choices being ascertained. 2. Conservative Financial Reporting Conservatism is the differential verifiability required for the recognition of accounting gains versus losses that generates an understatement of net assets. (Basu, 1997) There has been evidence strongly suggesting that U.S companies had used conservative financial reporting practices since the last five decades. (Watts, 2003) It is argued that conservatism of financial reporting arises because of information asymmetry between firm managers and shareholders. While information asymmetry refers to a situation where one party has more or superior information compared to another, (Akerlof...
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...of the following sheets: 1. Demonstration Case 2-1 2. Given Data DC2-1 3. Simplify with Spreadsheets 2-1 4. Given Data SS2-1 5. Coached Problem 2-1 6. Given Data CP2-1 7. Problem A 2-1 8. Given Data PA 2-1 ACC 300 week 2 dqs. What are the different bases of accounting? When would you use the cash basis? Accrual basis? Tax basis? Which one is better? Why? What are the financial statements? What does each one tell you? Which financial statement is more important? Why? How are the financial statements related? Why do these relationships exist? What is the impact of a miscalculation in the income statement on other financial statements? ACC 300 Week 3 – Individual Assignment Part I. In the work ACC 300 Week 3 Individual Assignment Part I you will find overview of the following parts: 1. Cash Basis – Income Statement 2. Accrual Basis – Income Statement ACC 300 Week 3 – Individual Assignment Part II. In this file ACC 300 Week 3 Individual Assignment Part II you will find overview of the following tables: 1. Income Statement 2. Statement of changes in Stockholders’ Equity 3. Expense recognition principle 4. Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2002 5. Statement of Cash Flows ACC 300 Week 3 – Individual Assignment Part III. In the work ACC 300 Week 3 Individual Assignment Part III you will find overview of the following tables: 1. Cash Basis – Income Statement 2. Statement of...
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...Assignment you will find overview of the following sheets: Demonstration Case 2-1 Given Data DC2-1 Simplify with Spreadsheets 2-1 Given Data SS2-1 Coached Problem 2-1 Given Data CP2-1 Problem A 2-1 Given Data PA 2-1 ACC 300 week 2 dqs. What are the different bases of accounting? When would you use the cash basis? Accrual basis? Tax basis? Which one is better? Why? What are the financial statements? What does each one tell you? Which financial statement is more important? Why? How are the financial statements related? Why do these relationships exist? What is the impact of a miscalculation in the income statement on other financial statements? ACC 300 Week 3 – Individual Assignment Part I. In the work ACC 300 Week 3 Individual Assignment Part I you will find overview of the following parts: Cash Basis – Income Statement Accrual Basis – Income Statement ACC 300 Week 3 – Individual Assignment Part II. In this file ACC 300 Week 3 Individual Assignment Part II you will find overview of the following tables: 1. Income Statement 2. Statement of changes in Stockholders’ Equity 3. Expense recognition principle 4. Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2002 5. Statement of Cash Flows ACC 300 Week 3 – Individual Assignment Part III. In the work ACC 300 Week 3 Individual Assignment Part III you will find overview of the following tables: Cash Basis – Income Statement Statement of...
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...Financial Reporting Problem, Part 2 At the end of the most recent annual reporting period in 2014, the Walmart Corporation reported its total assets at $204,751 million dollars. At the end of the previous accounting period on January 31, 2013 the total current assets where listed at $203,105 million. This is important because current assets are useful for determining the liquidity of a company. If Walmart’s assets had decreased dramatically within one year, it would result in being a greater risk for creditors. Cash and Cash Equivalents are liquid assets on a balance sheet for a company. These assets can be converted into cash if needed and are treated like cash. “Cash and cash equivalents were $9.1 billion and $7.3 billion for fiscal 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our working capital deficit was $2.0 billion and $8.2 billion at January 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in our working capital deficit is primarily the result of using less of our net cash provided by operating activities for share repurchases and capital expenditures during fiscal 2015, which allowed us to reduce our short term borrowings.” “The decrease in cash flows provided by operating activities in fiscal 2014, when compared to the previous fiscal year, was primarily due to the timing of income tax payments, as well as lower income from continuing operations.” (http://www.corporatereport.com/walmart/2015/ar/_downloads/walmart_2015_ar.pdf) A liability that represents the amount of money...
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...questions raised by the financial crisis over the objective of general purpose financial reporting, and how the IFRS Foundations Trustees wish to resolve them”. The financial crisis which started during the summer 2007 is, by its magnitude and its scale, the strongest crisis that happened since 1929. Begun as a bank crisis which have destroyed and “all the major US bulge-bracket firms” (Molyneux & Valdez, 2010, page 263), the crisis spread like wildfire and has rapidly engulfed the entire financial world. Even if everybody agree to recognise that accounting was not the root cause of financial crisis, its role to prevent future financial crisis could be significant. Many questions have been raised by financial crisis over the objective of general purpose financial reporting. The first question is related to the purpose of the financial reporting. In fact, the actual crisis has showed that, more than ever, the financial sector needs prudential regulators (Goodhart, et al.,2003, page 10) (Molyneux & Valdez, 2010, page 470) (Spencer, 2000, page 211); because the information given by the financial reporting is an important tool for regulators, standard setters and regulators need then to collaborate. However, their interest could overlap or be in conflict. In these cases, it is important to formulate clearly the main aim of financial reporting. The lacks of global standard as well as the inconsistency of some standards are two other weaknesses of the financial crisis that, by...
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...Principles of Accounting I Copyright © 2013 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course covers the fundamentals of financial accounting as well as the identification, measurement, and reporting of the financial effects of economic events on an enterprise. Students will learn to examine financial information from the perspective of management. Other topics include decision-making, planning, and controlling from the perspective of a practicing manager. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Basic Accounting Principles and Concepts Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Identify the four basic financial statements. 1.2 Classify...
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...Convergence Project Financial Accounting Standards Board and International Accounting Standards Board By: Lydia Ferdin Our world is changing and sometimes in business, there are times when we must change our policies, standards, and guidelines as well to keep up with the natural changes in our environment. This leads to the idea of convergence as it relates to accounting. One of the world’s greatest naturalist and Greek professor Heraclitus (535 BC - 475 BC), once coined the theory and phrase “the only constant in life is change”. This is the same theory and philosophy that is used in business, specifically within the principles of the governing bodies and policies of accounting, today. The mission of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is to improve domestic and international accounting standards for the benefit of present and future investors, including lenders, donors, creditors, and users of financial statements. The FASB and the IASB believes that pursuing convergence will make accounting standards and principles as similar as possible while adhering to the mission of the FASB. Convergence among national and international accounting standards would foster comparability with the use of internationally converged accounting standards. Comparable Standards would reduce costs to users and preparers of financial statements and make worldwide capital markets more efficient. The purpose of the FASB and the...
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...REMARKS BY CHAIRMAN ARTHUR LEVITT SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION THE "NUMBERS GAME" NYU CENTER FOR LAW AND BUSINESS, NEW YORK, N.Y. SEPTEMBER 28, 1998 Thank you very much. Dean Daly, Dean Sexton and to everyone gathered this evening, thank you for welcoming me tonight. I am honored to be here on such an auspicious evening for both NYU and Bill Allen. The creation of the Center for Law and Business recognizes an important truth: we cannot continue to view the worlds of business and law as parallel but separate universes. And NYU could not have selected a more qualified or thoughtful individual than Bill as its first director. His leadership of the Delaware Court of Chancery -- acknowledged as the nation's most influential arbiter of corporate law -- confirmed his reputation as a great thinker who effortlessly bridges the worlds of law and business. I've heard from friends on Wall Street that it's a far less stressful experience to hear Bill lecture in front of a classroom than from his former seat on the bench. Seven months ago, I expressed concerns about selective disclosure. Through conference calls or embargoed press releases, analysts and institutional investors often hear about material news before it is made public. In the interval, there is a great deal of unusual trading. The practice had been going on for a long time. And, while everyone was aware of it, and most were extremely uncomfortable with it, few spoke out. As the investor's advocate, the SEC did and we will...
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...Accounting Theory Fall 2015 Professor: Greg Trompeter Office: 323 BA I Phone: 407.823.2150 Office hours: Tuesday before class; as announced in class; and by appointment. Required texts: Readings available as noted below. • Trueblood cases from Deloitte. Available at: http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/About/university-relations/Deloitte-Foundation/0ac1264f0b0fb110VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htm • FASB codification—password to be handed out in class. You may log in at http://aaahq.org/ascLogin.cfm Objectives This course examines: • How accounting principles are established and monitored by standard setters. • The strengths and weaknesses of various accounting methods and how applications of such methods affect decisions of users and preparers of financial statements. • Current issues facing standard setters and the profession. Grades will be determined as follows: 1. Class participation 45 possible points 2. Financial reporting timeline 5 possible points 3. Mini-cases (Trueblood, FASB, HBS or similar) 35 possible points 4. Problem sets and discussion question write-ups 30 possible points 5. Group presentation 10 possible points 6. Research paper 20 possible points 7. Final exam 5 possible points 150 possible points NOTE: I assume that you should plan to invest—at a minimum—three hours of time...
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...1 Financial Reporting Overview Chapter 1 is an overview chapter covering accounting users, financial reporting, GAAP, accounting organizations, the conceptual framework, accounting careers, and ethics. The topics are wide ranging and very heavy on the new terminology side of things. Although it is a good chapter for introductory purposes, the concepts and organizations covered are so extensive that it will make a good chapter to come back to later, or at the end of intermediate accounting, to review. In fact, many parts of the chapter will make more sense and come together in your mind better only after you have dealt with specific details and examples in later chapters. Focus mostly on the terminology at this point in time. Making sense of it all will be easier later on. The final section on accounting careers and ethics may make for some interesting reading, but don’t expect to be tested much on it. The conceptual framework will probably get the bulk of the examination questions, both for this class and for the CPA exam. As such, understanding Exhibit 1-5 in the textbook is very important. Learning Objectives Refer to the Review of Learning Objectives at the end of the chapter. It is crucial that this section of the chapter is second nature to you before you attempt the homework, a quiz, or exam. This important piece of the chapter serves as your CliffsNotes or “cheat sheet” to the basic concepts and principles that must be mastered. If after reading...
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...Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 XACC/290 Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 I chose to use the company I work for to complete this assignment. It gives me a better insight as to how the company does financially. Although this is nationally and while it does include what my particular shop contributes it is a total combination of all the company owned shops as well as franchised shops. Dunkin Donuts is a well know coffee, donut and pastry shop, with shops throughout the U.S. and abroad. The last two reporting periods are March 29, 2014 and June 28, 2014 and are as follows. Dunkin’ Brands Group Inc. reported (all reported in thousands) $3,104,491 in total assets at the end of the last reporting period, June 28, 2014. This information is important as it shows a snap shot of how well the company is doing financially. As I had already stated this is a snap shot of all of the Dunkin Donuts shops throughout the world, both brand owned and franchised shops. Investors and stock holders would most likely do well investing in this company. They have the means to repay any loans that are awarded to them. The reported total assets in the last reporting period was at (reported in thousands) $3,136,320, so there was a slight dip in assets from the last reporting period. The report goes on to show that the Brand reported at total of (in thousands) $176,381 in cash and cash equivalent at the end of the reporting period dated June 28, 2014. This again is a dip from the previous...
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...Q NO.03: Discuss the role of each of the following in the Formation of Accounting Principles? * AICPA * FASB * SEC Ans: * AICPA: American Institute of Certified Public Accountant: The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is the national professional organization for Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in the United States. Founded in 1887, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is the national professional organization of Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in the United States, with more than 394,000 members in 128 countries in business and industry, public practice, government, education, student affiliates and international associates. It sets ethical standards for the profession and U.S. auditing standards for audits of private companies, non-profit organizations, federal, state and local governments. It also develops and grades the Uniform CPA Examination. The AICPA maintains offices in New York City; Washington, DC; Durham, NC; and Ewing, NJ.The AICPA celebrated the 125th anniversary of its founding in 2012. The AICPA’s founding established accountancy as a profession distinguished by rigorous educational requirements, high professional standards, a strict code of professional ethics, and a commitment to serving the public interest. The AICPA’s mission is to provide members with the resources, information and leadership that enable them to provide valuable services in the highest professional manner...
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... | | |Principles of Accounting I | Copyright © 2011 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course covers the fundamentals of financial accounting as well as the identification, measurement, and reporting of the financial effects of economic events on an enterprise. Students will learn to examine financial information from the perspective of management. Other topics include decision making, planning, and controlling from the perspective of a practicing manager. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2009). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. All...
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...Financial Reporting Problem Part 1 Matt Johnson XACC/290 August 10, 2014 Joan Gapp Financial Reporting Problem Part 1 After looking at many companies on the internet and looking at their financial statements, I choose Walgreens. Walgreens is the nation’s largest drugstore chain. When you look at the financial statements you will see why they are the largest drugstore chain in the nation. The amounts that will be in this report will be in millions of dollars, except for shares and per share amounts. The company’s total assets at the end of the most recent annual reporting period were $35,481 million and the total assets at the end of the previous annual reporting period were $33,462 million. The total assets are important to a variety of people, including the CEO, finance department, investors, potential investors, and board of directors. The information shows what the company is worth, whether those assets are long term or short term, cash or property. It is important to be able to account for what the company has in terms of assets because that is really what the company can base its worth on. The amount of cash and cash equivalents a company holds is very important and is a large component of a company’s overall operating strategy. Walgreens and the end of the most recent annual reporting period had $2,106 million. Companies with high amounts of cash and cash equivalents are better able to get through hard times when sales are low or expenses are particularly...
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