...Everest Tragedy 1996 Question 1. After understanding and analyzing the tragedy of Mount Everest , May 1996 that took lives of eight climbers during summit attempts, we can conclude that the tragedy may occur due to several root causes whether it is by nature or human error. The major factor that leads to this tragedy is that all the climbers are lack of team work and communication. Even though they are in the same expedition but they have their own individual’s goal, eager to reach at the summit. For example, Jon Krakauer one of the clients of Adventure Consultant said that he felt disconnected from the climbers around him, they were a team in name only. Supposedly, during the acclimatization exercises, the climbers should take time to get to know each other, learn their responsibilities as a team build their confidence and trust to their teammates, instead they were doubting each other whether they could rely own their team member during difficult times. That also might cause this tragedy, which is lack of trust towards team member. One of the potential causes of the tragedy was overconfidence. Overconfidence occurs when leaders believe that their experience, abilities, skill, or maybe even luck, will allow them to overcome any challenge they face. Research has shown that such overconfidence can lead to poor decision making as leaders substitute their own personal skill for careful analysis of the situation and planning. Hall, in particular, may have been prone to overconfidence...
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...After understanding and analyzing the tragedy of Mount Everest , May 1996 that took lives of eight climbers during summit attempts, we can conclude that the tragedy may occur due to several root causes whether it is by nature or human error. The major factor that leads to this tragedy is that all the climbers are lack of team work and communication. Even though they are in the same expedition but they have their own individual’s goal, eager to reach at the summit. For example, Jon Krakauer one of the clients of Adventure Consultant said that he felt disconnected from the climbers around him, they were a team in name only. Supposedly, during the acclimatization exercises, the climbers should take time to get to know each other, learn their responsibilities as a team build their confidence and trust to their teammates, instead they were doubting each other whether they could rely own their team member during difficult times. That also might cause this tragedy, which is lack of trust towards team member. One of the potential causes of the tragedy was overconfidence. Overconfidence occurs when leaders believe that their experience, abilities, skill, or maybe even luck, will allow them to overcome any challenge they face. Research has shown that such overconfidence can lead to poor decision making as leaders substitute their own personal skill for careful analysis of the situation and planning. Hall, in particular, may have been prone to overconfidence. He had reached the summit...
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...1 1 Mount Everest-1996 2 2 Executive Summary Background The case study describes a team ascending Mount Everest led by Scott Fischer and Rob Hall. The primary concept behind the case study is to distinguish qualities in the team’s plan, action, and most importantly leadership. The clients and the leaders in the report show lack of readiness to ascend the mountain. Fischer along with Hall led many people to their deaths because of bad leadership skills. The report outlines how the two leaders failed to communicate with their team. The expedition team needed a better action plan with clear and concise steps to follow in order to keep everyone alive. The breakdown and analysis of the case is reported here. Results Scott Fischer and Rob Hall were not prepared to be leaders. Their skills were lacking and they were only doing things for themselves. Fischer and Hall were clearly acting in the pre-conventional stage of development. They did not value any objections to ideas or procedures. The two leaders acted in a high power distance setting, neither were comfortable allowing inexperienced individuals have a voice. They failed to keep in mind they were running a business. Their actions were the primary reason many climbers lost their lives. The report outlines the communication errors and expresses potential solutions that could have saved lives. Conclusion Communication is a primary factor in the business environment. Leaders need to communicate their business...
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...We made it to the finish line. I am including my Unit 9 Assignment below. I feel I tried to the most qualities to the assignment and discussion board I think it's strong for the most part. I mainly tried to stick to the focus of the audience and purpose. I'm using the writing process strategies to help me write more effective. I enjoyed the seminar you all and wish you the best of luck. Thanks for helping me out with this paper! Shamir My Paper: MEMO Date: September 8, 2015 To: Office Associates From: The Executive Committee Subject: Associate Bonuses for 2007 Thank you for your contributions to the firm during the course of this past associate compensation year. As one means of expressing our appreciation for the effort that our associates put in this year, we are pleased once again to award bonuses to those of you who meet the firm’s expectations as to quality of performance and productivity. For your information, associates in the office who recorded at least 2,000 billable hours and who met our minimum expectations as to quality received a full class level bonus consisting of both the regular bonus paid to office associates and a special bonus with respect to 2007 paid to associates in the office. The special bonus is consistent in amount with the special bonuses paid this year to associates by other major NY firms. Those associates who recorded less than 2,000 hours but more than 1,950 also received a bonus this year, consisting of portions of the...
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...Whilst Boyle Family are best known for their random studies of the surface of the Earth, other aspects of their work are now getting increasing attention following their retrospective at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh last year. A highlight of the exhibition was a video room devoted to a selection of Boyle projections from the 1960s, which are being shown in London for the first time since 1969. In the late 1950s Mark Boyle and Joan Hills set out to make an objective examination of reality that would not exclude anything as a potential subject. Whilst the development of the earth studies was one part of this project, Boyle and Hills also worked in other media including events, performance, film, photography and projection. They began experimenting with basic projections in 1962 and gradually developed a number of ideas and techniques for projection pieces which they initially put on for friends around the kitchen table. These would include projecting found sweet wrappers and coloured dyes or fizzy drinks such as Coca Cola and Tizer; melting ice, boiling water and burning slides with the heat of the projector. Boyle Family, Black and White projection Their first major event to include projections was Suddenly Last Supper (1964), which also included random collage films. Subsequently their projection pieces crystallized into three major works: Son et Lumière for Earth, Air, Fire and Water (1966), which presented physical and chemical reactions including...
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...B. GENERAL TESTS Water Determination (Karl Fischer Method) The Water Determination Test (Karl Fischer Method) is designed to determine water content in substances, utilizing the quantitative reaction of water with iodine and sulfur dioxide in the presence of a lower alcohol such as methanol and an organic base such as pyridine, as shown in the following formulae: H2O+I2+SO2 + 3 C5H5N C5H5N SO3 + CH3OH 2(C5H5N+H)I- + C5H5N SO3 (C5H5N+H)O-SO2 OCH3. There are two determination methods different in iodine-providing principle: the volumetric titration method and the coulometric titration method. In the volumetric titration method, iodine required for reaction with water is previously dissolved in water determination TS, and water content is determined by measuring the amount of iodine consumed as a result of reaction with water in a sample. In the coulometric titration method, first, iodine is produced by electrolysis of the reagent containing iodide ion, and then, the water content in a sample is determined by measuring the quantity of electricity which is required for the electrolysis (i.e., for the production of iodine), based on the quantitative reaction of the generated iodine with water. Hereinafter in the Monographs, such a specification back titration) not more than 4.0% (0.5 g, indicates that when determined by weighing about 0.5 g of the sample accurately and performing back titration, the water content is not more than 4.0% of the weight of the sample. Method Volumetric...
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...and Discussion For this lab, the main reaction was the Fischer Esterification of isobutyric acid and isobutyl alcohol to form isobutyl isobutyrate. Typically, in Fischer Esterification reactions, esters form between carboxylic acids and alcohols in a reaction that typically runs at equilibrium. To shift the equilibrium typically a product is removed so that the equilibrium will then shift farther toward the product. In the reaction mechanism, the concentrated sulfuric acid protonates the carboxyl of isobutyric acid and as a result promotes the backside attack of the alcohol on to the carbon end of the carboxyl. This forms two O-H groups on the carbon that was originally part of the carboxyl group. On of these O-H groups is protonated to from water, the leaving group, while the other is deprotonated to reform the carboxyl group on the newly formed ester product, isobutyl isobutyrate. The isobutyl isobutyrate ester product was purified using distillation. Distillation is very useful in organic synthesis since it is a very effective way to separate liquids with different boiling points. Other methods such as recrystallization can not be used to separate liquids effectively as distillation can. Using the boiling points of the liquids they can be boiled off and condensed separately to very effectively separate liquid products from reactants. For the synthesis of the ester isobutyl isobutyrate the reaction, Fischer Esterification meachanism, Mini – Gas Chromatography was used to monitor...
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...CHEMICAL CONVERSIONS Acylation Acylation (rarely, but more formally: alkanoylation) is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. These are used to form aryl ketones. Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with some metal catalysts, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCl, as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl 3) as a catalyst to add an ethanoyl(acetyl) group to benzene: The mechanism of this reaction is electrophilic substitution. Hydrolysis While solvolysis often refers to an organic chemistry context, hydrolysis is very common in inorganic chemistry, where aqua complexes of metal ions react with solvent molecules due to the Lewis acidity of the metal center. For example, aqueous solutions of aluminium chloride are acidic due to the aqua-aluminium complex losing protons to water molecules, giving hydronium ions which lowers the pH. In organic chemistry, hydrolysis reactions often give two fragments from an initial substrate. For example, the hydrolysis of amides give carboxylic acids and amines; the hydrolysis of esters give alcohols and carboxylic acids. Alcoholysis An example of a solvolysis reaction is the reaction of a triglyceride with a simple alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to give the methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acid, as well as glycerol. This reaction is...
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...AN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON GODAVARI BIOREFINERIES LTD. SAKARWADI UNDER GUIDANCE OF MR. SACHIN SASKAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BE CHEMICAL DEGREE OF UNIVERSITY OF PUNE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AISSMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE -1 2012 – 13 SUBMITED BY |SR.NO |NAME OF STUDENTS | |1. |BADJATE ANIKET | |2. |BORKAR SWAPNIL | |3. |BHAVE VAIBHAV | |4. |KAMBLE ROHIT | |5. |JADHAV ABHISHEK | |6. |DATIR SANJAY | |7. |CHOUDHARI JIGAR ...
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...Book 3 - Technology, use and potentialities of Latin American starchy tubers Chapter 18 Starch-based plastics Olivier Vilpoux1 & Luc Averous.2 18.1. Introduction Brazil disposes of approximately 240,000 tons of waste per day, an amount lower than that in the USA (607,000 t./day), but fairly above those in countries such as Germany (85,000 t./day) and Sweden (10,400 t./day). Of that total, a large amount goes to open waste deposits. Only a small quantity is disposed of in appropriate places. A city like São Paulo spends, per day, US$ 300,000 with waste. According to the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas – IPT (Institute of Technological Research), only few municipalities have specific teams and public policies engaged in dealing with the waste. When it is not treated, waste becomes a serious sanitary problem, since it exposes the community to illnesses like diarrhea, amebiasis, and parasitosis, apart from contaminating the soil, waters and water tables. Among solutions, there are the creation of sanitary landfills in appropriate places, adoption of selective collecting and recycling programs, conducting of campaigns with the aim of both making society conscious about the problem and demanding a greater participation of government authorities (Editora Abril, 2002). The manufacturing of biodegradable material offers an interesting solution for plastic materials. Like it happens with organic residues, such as foodstuff, elimination of biodegradable materials ...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...REVIEW Understanding Structural Features of Microbial Lipases—An Overview John Geraldine Sandana Mala 1 and Satoru Takeuchi 2 1 SANDANA FLORALS, Module-7, Golden Jubilee Biotech Park for Women Society, In SIPCOT-IT Park, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Siruseri, Navalur P.O., Kanchipuram District-603103, Tamilnadu, India. 2 Factory of Takeuchi Nenshi, TAKENEN, 85 NE, Takamatsu, Kahoku, Ishikawa 929-1215, Japan. Abstract: The structural elucidations of microbial lipases have been of prime interest since the 1980s. Knowledge of structural features plays an important role in designing and engineering lipases for specific purposes. Significant structural data have been presented for few microbial lipases, while, there is still a structure-deficit, that is, most lipase structures are yet to be resolved. A search for ‘lipase structure’ in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/) returns only 93 hits (as of September 2007) and, the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) reports 89 lipase structures as compared to 14719 core nucleotide records. It is therefore worthwhile to consider investigations on the structural analysis of microbial lipases. This review is intended to provide a collection of resources on the instrumental, chemical and bioinformatics approaches for structure analyses. X-ray crystallography is a versatile tool for the structural biochemists and is been exploited till today. The chemical methods of recent interests include molecular modeling...
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...Organic Chemistry Second Edition The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Developmental Biology Ecology 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Plant Biology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Forthcoming titles Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Organic Chemistry Second Edition G. L. Patrick Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Paisley University, Paisley, Scotland This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore. tandf.co.uk.” © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-42761-0 Master e-book...
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...Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Introduction to Biochemistry Water Amino Acids and the Primary Structures of Proteins Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure and Function Properties of Enzymes Mechanisms of Enzymes Coenzymes and Vitamins Carbohydrates Lipids and Membranes Introduction to Metabolism Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis, The Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and Glycogen Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Photosynthesis Lipid Metabolism Amino Acid Metabolism Nucleotide Metabolism Nucleic Acids DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination Transcription and RNA Processing Protein Synthesis Recombinant DNA Technology 1 10 27 46 65 85 104 119 137 153 169 185 199 213 227 241 256 269 284 300 315 330 348 Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry 1) Which elements account for more than 97% of the weight of most organisms? A) C, H, N, Mg, O, S B) C, H, N, O, P, S C) C, H, N D) Fe, C, H, O, P E) Ca2+ , K+ , Na+ , Mg 2+ , ClAnswer: B Page Ref: Section 2 2) Proteins in biological membranes may be A) porous. B) attached to the membrane surface. C) span the membrane. D) All of the above E) B and C only Answer: D Page Ref: Section 3 3) Which statement...
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