...Reflux is used to help carry a reaction to completion because the starting reagent has a slow reaction time. The purpose of reflux is to increase the reaction rate by boiling, but not to vaporize the products due to the low boiling points. The mixture of the starting material were heated first under reflux by increasing the rate of reaction through heating with a condenser attached because the temperature can be controlled while the condenser preserves the reagent by chilling the vapors. At the end of reflux, the mixture contained the products of each starting material. The mixture goes through reflux first because simple distillation does not allow enough time for the reaction to reach completion before separation. The solution goes through simple distillation after reflux to separate the products using the boiling points. For 1-propanol, the boiling point is around 97°C. Boiling point for 1-propanol is higher than the product produced, 1-bromopropane, which boils at around 72°C. The distillate should form around 72°C and should drop into the receiver at around 116°C, which creates the desired product of 1-bromopropane. The temperature range of...
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...This lab explored techniques in steam-distillation to extract clove oil from ground cloves. In the second part of the experiment, designed by the students, eugenol was isolated from clove oil via chemically active extraction, using acid-base chemistry. This isolated compound was analyzed via Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography. Eugenol, eugenol acetate and caryophyllene (Figure 1) were isolated from ground cloves via steam distillation. To do this, 5.04g of ground cloves were added to a 500mL round bottom flask with 40mL of dH2O, boiling stones and 3 drops of an antifoaming agent (to prevent violent boiling). The contents of the flask were heated using a heating mantle for 75 minutes. The distillate was condensed through a water jacket...
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...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...Preparation of 1-Bromobutane The mechanism is SN2. The overall reaction is: H2SO4 + NaBr + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2O + NaHSO4 Boiling Point 118oC Boiling Point 92oC Day 1 CAUTION: Wear gloves during the entire experiment Fill out the table on your lab report form for this experiment INCLUDING YOUR NAME AND DATE and turn it in to the instructors box in NSM B-202 by 10:AM the day of the experiment. BE SURE TO DATE-STAMP YOUR LAB REPORT FORM USING THE DATE STAMP IN THE DEPARTMENT OFFICE (NSM-B-202) BEFORE PLACING IT INTO YOUR INSTRUCTORS BOX. FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT IN YOUR FORM BEING MARKED "LATE". The report form will be returned to you in the lab. At your hood workstation, place a hotplate/stirrer atop a ringstand . Take a 250-mL round-bottomed flask, and clamp the flask to the ringstand, leaving about 1 inch of room between the bottom of the flask and a plastic bowl, whish sits atop the hotplate/stirrer.. Add 0.3 mole 1-butanol and ABOUT 35mL H2O to the flask and begin stirring the solution with the magnetic stirrer. CAREFULLY add 0.3 mole NaBr to the reaction flask. NOW, Add a slurry of ice and water to the bowl beneath the flask. S L O W L Y AND CAREFULLY add 35mL conc. H2SO4 to the flask. Remove the ice bath and replace it with a heating mantle. Add two or three boiling chips to the flask. Equip the flask with a reflux condenser and begin circulating...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...Lab Report Chemistry 341L: Preparation of Cyclohexene Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to prepare an alkene, cyclohexene, by the dehydration of an alcohol, cyclohexanol. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene, using phosphoric acid as a catalyst. Unsaturation tests are then done to ensure cyclohexene was prepared. Experimental Scheme: The procedure for the Preparation of Cyclohexene lab started with first having to add 10mL of cylcohexanol (clear liquid with strong odor), and 2.5mL of phosphoric acid (clear liquid) to a 50-mL round bottom flask. These liquids were mixed together well; a boiling stone was added to the flask in order to allow for a smoother and gentle boil. Below is the equation for the reaction that took place in this lab. Equation 1: Formation of the product cyclohexene, from the reactant cyclohexanol with the aid of a catalyst phosphoric acid4 Next a distillation apparatus had to be assembled, using a 25-mL round bottom flask as a receiving flask, this flask was then placed into a beaker of ice water refer to figure 1. Figure 1: Distillation apparatus5 Distillation is used in order to dehydrate the cyclohexanol. After the apparatus was assembled we circulated the cooling water in the condenser, while heating the mixture in the flask. The flask was heated until the product started to distill, and collect into the receiving flask in the ice water bath. We continued to heat the mixture...
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...Taylor Small 09-23-13 Lab Report: Determination of Alcohol Content Blame it on the Alcohol Objective: Boiling is a process familiar to anyone who has cooked pasta or brewed tea. As heat is applied to a pan of water, the temperature of the water increases until it reaches 100°C (212°F). At this temperature, additional heat causes the water to bubble vigorously as the liquid water is converted into gaseous water, or steam. Most organic liquids will behave in a similar fashion. On heating, the temperature of the liquid increases until the boiling point is reached. Additional heating causes the liquid to vaporize accompanied by vigorous bubbling of the liquid. The boiling point of a substance is a physical property of a substance and can be useful for characterizing that substance. The fact that different substances have different boiling points allows us to separate them. The process of heating a substance until it is vaporized, cooling the vapors, and collecting the condensed liquid is the basis of a commonly used purification technique called distillation. Method: The fractional distillation apparatus was set-up as shown in the illustration and was approved by the TA. 50 mL of wine was added into the flask along with boiling chips and the flask was then placed into the heating mantel. A flow of cold water was set-up to continuously run through the condenser and the variac box was set to 5. The temperature at the distilling head was measured and recorded for every mL...
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...the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure existing in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. If not contained, the vapor will “escape” into the atmosphere. In other words, the liquid evaporates. If the vapor is contained, and then passed through an area where the temperature is lower, the vapor will “condense” and enter the liquid state again. This would be a distillation. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the shape (round, oval, elongated), the mass and most importantly, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Methane with a mass of 16 does not engage in H-bonding and is a gas at room temperature while water (mass 18) boils at 100oC. While we can often guess the relative boiling points of a series of compounds, it...
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...the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure existing in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. If not contained, the vapor will “escape” into the atmosphere. In other words, the liquid evaporates. If the vapor is contained, and then passed through an area where the temperature is lower, the vapor will “condense” and enter the liquid state again. This would be a distillation. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the shape (round, oval, elongated), the mass and most importantly, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Methane with a mass of 16 does not engage in H-bonding and is a gas at room temperature while water (mass 18) boils at 100oC. While we can often guess the relative boiling points of a series of compounds, it...
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...Attendance, P4 Lab Schedule, P4 Lab Replacement, P5 Lab Regulation 6.1 General Rules, P5 6.2 Safety Rules, P6 Lab Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab, P7 7.2 ICT Internet Lab, P8 Appendix 1 (Lab Replacement Flow Chart), P10 Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session. 1. Introduction Practical lab is one...
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... • To evolve around creating processes and designs, as well as maintenance and operations duties in a variety of different disciplines. • Performing Engineering Studies, improving all the existing projects and supervising the new installation and performing of the commissioning, Issuing work orders and safety procedures to maintain and repair any pipeline, vessel, storage tanks, separators, dehydrators, manifolds, and all other oil/gas relative equipments based on the approved Codes. Design, any required fabrications and modifications. Updating all the related drawings, drafting and as built, (P&ID drawings, Piping drawings, and Mechanical drawings). Preparing all the required reports (daily, weekly, and annually reports). Summary of Qualifications Earned value management, supported by a solid grasp of the fundamental components of Project Controls including scope definition, cost estimating, change management, cost management, scheduling, project reporting, earned value analysis and risk management • Over ten years’ experience teaching and performing research at the university level • Over 15 years’ experience in capital projects management, overseeing a variety of oil and gas fields, from extraction to processing and shipping. • Used Natural gas treating solutions, including amine plants, Triethylene glycol dehydration units and mol sieve dehydration units. P&ID development • 15 years’ experience...
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...to soil erosion? DQ 2: Answer in 200-300 word count. Choose one question below and title your answer with Reply. 256 1. Based on your reading, do you believe that we are in a period of glacial or interglacial stage? Why or why not? What are the current factors that might cause the acceleration of one stage over the other? 2. One philosophy about pollution of water is that water can always be cleaned (e.g. by the use of distillation). Is this a viable solution? Why or why not? 3. What are the different sources of water in the United States? Which source of water is mostly used in your region? How could we protect the sources of our water from drying up and contamination? General Questions - General General Questions Resource: Ch. 9 of Geoscience Laboratory Complete University of Phoenix Material: Week Two Earthquakes Lab Report and University of Phoenix Material: Week Two Lab Report Worksheet by answering the following questions in Ch. 9 of Geoscience Laboratory : 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6, 9.10, 9.14, 9.17 (Longitude), and 9.20. Note that additional lab book questions and answers appear in the University of Phoenix Materials to assist in your completion of the lab.ds Hopefully, you have a better idea as to how to approach your college experience in today's world. You want to give yourself a fighting chance and a competitive...
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.........................................................................................................3 1.2 History . .....................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Their Businesses ...................................................................................................................................4 1.4 Mission .......................................................................................................................................................5 2. QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORIES ................................................................................................5 2.1 Working Procedure of Labs: ............................................................................................................6 3. POL Products being tested at PSO Laboratories .......................................................................9 3.1 PMG (Premium Motor Gasoline) ..............................................................................................................9 3.2 HSD (High Sulfur Diesel) ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.3 LSFO & HSFO ....................................................................................................................................... 12 3.4 HOBC (High Octane Blending Component) .................
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...to soil erosion? DQ 2: Answer in 200-300 word count. Choose one question below and title your answer with Reply. 256 1. Based on your reading, do you believe that we are in a period of glacial or interglacial stage? Why or why not? What are the current factors that might cause the acceleration of one stage over the other? 2. One philosophy about pollution of water is that water can always be cleaned (e.g. by the use of distillation). Is this a viable solution? Why or why not? 3. What are the different sources of water in the United States? Which source of water is mostly used in your region? How could we protect the sources of our water from drying up and contamination? General Questions - General General Questions Resource: Ch. 9 of Geoscience Laboratory Complete University of Phoenix Material: Week Two Earthquakes Lab Report and University of Phoenix Material: Week Two Lab Report Worksheet by answering the following questions in Ch. 9 of Geoscience Laboratory : 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6, 9.10, 9.14, 9.17 (Longitude), and 9.20. Note that additional lab book questions and answers appear in the University of Phoenix Materials to assist in your completion of the lab.ds Hopefully, you have a better idea as to how to approach your college experience in today's world. You want to give yourself a fighting chance and a competitive...
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...To: Joseph Randall, Laboratory Manager From: Chemist Date: November 11, 2015 Subject: Seal AQ2 Discrete Analyzer Technical Report PURPOSE: The purpose of this report is to introduce a complete examination regarding the laboratory’s need for automation equipment in order to keep up with the influx of the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) samples that have overwhelmed or staff since the new guidelines from the Environmental Protection Agency. SUMMARY: Environmental Laboratories have been finding that by adding automated instruments increases productivity as well as leads to significant business growth. Laboratory owners and managers are seeing the benefit to automating some of the tests that they run. Having a machine like the SEAL SQ2 Discrete Analyzer that can run multiple methods, eliminate human error, save valuable employee time, and use less space will be a much needed addition to our laboratory. The software that is integrated into the analyzer will flow seamlessly into the laboratory information management system (LIMS) we already have in place. DESCRIPTION: The AQ2 discrete analyzer from SEAL Analytical is an extremely automated flexible analyzer that analyzes samples and gives exceptionally accurate data. Automating the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen method is needed in order to keep up with the influx of new customers needing to comply with the new EPA regulations. The AQ2 analyzer is the same size as a tabletop microwave and is connected to a computer that will...
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