Free Essay

Laboratory

In:

Submitted By suheshen
Words 14736
Pages 59
GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES

Student Reference
7 September 2008 Version

1

Table of Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction, P3 Requirement, P4 Attendance, P4 Lab Schedule, P4 Lab Replacement, P5 Lab Regulation 6.1 General Rules, P5 6.2 Safety Rules, P6 Lab Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab, P7 7.2 ICT Internet Lab, P8 Appendix 1 (Lab Replacement Flow Chart), P10 Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64

7

8 9 10

11

13 14

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

2

Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session.

1. Introduction Practical lab is one of the components integrated in the unit syllabus of a taught subject which is to get students to appreciate the underlying theories or principles of science and engineering by acquiring practical or hand-on experience from the lab experiments. During the lab session, students are required to form in several groups to share instrument and equipment in their lab experiment. Since the instrument and equipment are the common properties to be shared by all, a good practice shall be followed to avoid causing damages and casualties as some of the equipment items are highly sophisticated and dangerous if to be used without proper knowledge. In view of this, it is importance for the university to introduce a set of general guidelines where every student is required to abide the rules and regulations so that to ensure a smooth operation in running the lab session and also to protect group and personal safety. 2. Requirement • • • • • Attendance is compulsory to all students who have taken the practical lab component. Lab report can only be accepted for submission if the student has attended the lab session. Students are generally given 1-2 weeks time to prepare the lab report. Lab report has to be submitted to the lab coordinator at the designated time and place. Lab report is an individual work. Thus, fabricating result and copying manners are strictly prohibited.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

3

• • •

Students are expected to study the lab sheet before the lab session start. The student shall be briefed to follow instructions and understand the safety measures before starting the experiment. Student must complete the experiment within the allocated duration of lab session.

3. Attendance • • Student must be punctual to attend lab session. Students who are late for more than 30 minutes will be barred to attend the lab session. Only students with valid reason of medical basis or unforeseen circumstances can be considered to apply for lab replacement. Attendance shall be taken during the lab session. Student will be asked to show his/her experiment results to the lab instructor before leaving at the end of lab session.

• •

4. Lab Schedule • • • • Lab coordinator is the one who in-charge of organising the lab schedule. Lab schedule and lab group will be put up to the departmental notice boards or faculty webpage before the commencement of lab session in each semester. Students are not allowed to change lab schedule without getting approval from the lab instructors. The lab operating hours of normal working day are; Monday to Friday, 8.30am to 5.30pm (Excluding public holidays)

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

4

5. Lab Replacement • Lab replacement is only allowed with acceptable reason such as medical case or unforeseen circumstances. In this situation, evidence may be produced to show to the lab instructor for granting the approval (See Appendix 2). Once the approval granted from the lab instructor, student will be asked to fill in the lab replacement form and submit to the lab officer within 3 working days from the day of absence (See Appendix 1).



6. Lab Regulation 6.1 General rules • • • • • • • • • Students are not allowed to work alone without the supervision of lab instructor. Any unauthorized experiment without the knowledge of lab instructor is prohibited. Students must abide the dress code while working in the laboratory. Foods, drinks and smoking are strictly prohibited inside the laboratory. Student bags and other belongings must be kept at the designated places. Noise must be kept to the minimum as a courtesy to respect others. Workspace has to be cleaned and tidied up after the experiment completed. All instrument and equipment must be handled with care in sharing with others. Students shall be liable for damages of equipment caused by individual negligence. If damages occurred, an investigation will take place to identify the causes and the names of the involved students will be recorded for faculty attention. Students shall report immediately to the lab officer/assistant, if the lab equipment is suspected to be malfunctioning or faulty. Students are required to instill an instinctive awareness towards property value of lab equipment and to be responsible when using it. Any damages can cause to jeopardize the success of not only the individual work but also to the university. Do not attempt to remove and dismantle any parts of the equipment from its original design without permission. Instrument and equipment must be returned orderly after using them. 5

• •



Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

• • •

Students are strictly prohibited to take any equipment out from the lab without the permission of lab officer. Students should ask permission from lab instructor before operating the lab equipment. Students should not attempt to use any unfamiliar equipment without first to consult the lab instructor. Do not bring away any technical manuals from the laboratory. Students should report immediately to the Lab officer/assistant if any injury occurred. Student should report immediately to the Lab officer/assistant if discovered any damages of equipment and hazardous situation. Please check the notice board regularly and pay attention to the lab announcements. Please check with the lab instructor about the deadline of lab report submission. Disciplinary action shall be taken against those students who are failed to abide the rules and regulations.

• • • • •

6.2 Lab Safety Rules • • It is always a good practice and a responsibility of an individual to keep a tidy working condition in lab. For overall safety when working with other people, it is essential for each student to follow the procedures given by the lab instructor when conducting lab experiment. Before the experiment start, students must study the information and understand the procedures mentioned in the given lab sheet. Electric shock is a serious fatal error due to human negligence. Electric current of higher than 100mA may cause death to human. Thus, do not work with electricity under wet condition in lab. If there is a tingling feel when working with electrical devices, stop and switch off the devices immediately. Place a warning note before reporting to the lab staff/instructor and wait until further instruction.

• •



Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

6

• • • • • • • •

Informing lab staff/instructor if you doubt the condition is not safe during the experiment. Do not wear sandals, slippers and high heel shoes inside the lab. Students with long hair must get their hair tied up tidily when doing lab work. Before operating a high voltage equipment, always ask the lab staff/instructor to be accompanied to check proper condition of electric circuit. When operating laser equipment, please avoid looking directly to the laser source. Students are required to wear goggle in the workshop when machining and cutting work pieces. Students are required to wear gloves, apron and mask when handling corrosive or active chemical agents. Hazardous chemical agents must be properly stored and labeled in a designated place. Students must acquire and study the material safety data sheet of a particular chemical agent before using it.

7. Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab • • • • • • • The computer facilities at the ICT Centre are to be used for learning purposes only. Wear your I.D. cards at all times in a proper visible position whenever you come into the computer lab of ICT Centre. Follow the student dress code of UTAR. Do not tamper with any computers, printers, or any other associated equipment. If there are problems or faults, report immediately to the staff at the ICT Centre. Do not remove any equipment or document from the ICT Computer Lab. Do not alter the default hardware and software setup of the computers and printers in the computer laboratories. Do not copy, rename, change, examine or delete files or information belonging to any other user of the University.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

7

• • • • • • •

Do not install any unauthorized or unlicensed software into the PC of ICT Centre. If you have any doubts about what you are doing, do not do it. Contact the support staff at the ICT Centre for clarification. Do not eat or drink inside the ICT Computer Lab. Do not make any noise, chit-chat, hold group discussions or disturb other users at the ICT Centre in any way. Switch off your hand phone when you are in the ICT Computer Lab. Do not bring your bags into the computer laboratories. ICT Centre reserves the right to suspend the student from using the net facilities if found in breach of any rules and regulations stated above.

7.2 ICT Internet Lab • • • • • • • • • • Only registered computer users are allowed to access the Internet facilities at the ICT Centre. The Internet facilities at the ICT Centre are to be used for learning purposes only. Wear your I.D. cards at all times in a proper visible position whenever you come into the Internet lab of ICT Centre. Follow the student dress code of UTAR. Do not disclose your password or attempt to discover any other user' password. s Do not tamper with any computers, printers, or any other associated equipment. If there are problems or faults, report immediately to the staff at the ICT Centre. Do not remove any equipment or document from the ICT Internet Lab. Do not alter the default hardware and software setup of the computers and printers in the Internet laboratories. Do not copy, rename, change, examine or delete files or information belonging to any other user of the University. Do not transmit abusive, obscene, fraudulent, threatening or repetitive messages to other users.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

8

• • • • • • •

Do not install any unauthorized or unlicensed software into the Internet PC of ICT Centre. If you have any doubts about what you are doing, do not do it. Contact the support staff at the ICT Centre for clarification. Do not eat or drink inside the ICT Internet Lab. Do not make any noise, chit-chat, hold group discussions or disturb other users at the ICT Centre in any way. Switch off your hand phone when you are in the ICT Internet Lab. Do not bring your bags into the Internet laboratories. ICT Centre reserves the right to suspend the student from using the Internet facilities if found in breach of any rules and regulations stated above.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

9

(Appendix 1)

Lab Session Replacement Flow Chart

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

10

(Appendix 2)

Lab Session Replacement Form
(a) This part to be filled by Student Faculty Student name Student ID Programme Subject Title/Code of the experiment Date of the experiment Reason of Absence
Only with valid medical or emergency reasons

Date E-mail/Contact number Year/Semester

Name of the instructor

(b) This part to be filled by Lab Instructor The above application is Approved / Not Approved Name of the instructor Date Lab session replacement date Comments (If it is not approved) Signature

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

11

10. Policy on Laboratory Usage after Office Hours 10.1 Operating Procedure • • • • • • • The lab operating hours of normal working day are; Monday to Friday, 8.30am to 5.30pm (Excluding public holidays), The period beyond above is considered as the period of after office hours. Students are required to fill two copies the application form as given in Appendix 3 and submit to the Head of Department for approval. Students are required to sign a declaration form as given in Appendix 4 to declare individual responsibility on any damages occurred during the approved period. After obtaining the approval, students shall submit one copy of the application form to the Lab coordinator before 5.30pm to obtain the access keys of the lab. The access keys must be returned to the laboratory coordinator in the next day before 9.00am. During the lab hours, students may be requested to present the approved application form to the lab officer/assistant/security guard. For security reason, the lab can only be used if there are least 2 persons present in the lab.

10.2 Warnings on liability • • • • • Research experiments operated in a high voltage or highly hazardous condition shall be avoided if without the presence of supervisor. The university will not be responsible for any negligence or accident occurred in this period. It is individual responsibility in the event of accident, injury, death or any misfortune that may caused due to the outcome of unforeseen risk that may arise during this period. It is disallowed to duplicate the access keys. A serious disciplinary action will be taken to anyone who is found to have violated this term. The security person may conduct spot checks any time within the period. If it is found without proper approval of the Head of Department, the student’s name and IC will be recorded, and ordered to leave the lab immediately. They will be reported to the Head of Department for disciplinary actions.

10.3 Rules and Regulations • • • • • It is disallowed to bring any outsiders (non-registered parties) into the lab. Students are strictly prohibited from taking out any items from the lab. Students are not allowed to work alone in the laboratory. There must be at least 2 persons present in the lab at same time. Student bags and other belongings must be kept at the designated places. Students must abide the dress code while working in the laboratory.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

12

• • • • • • •

Foods, drinks and smoking are strictly prohibited inside the laboratory. Noise must be kept to the minimum as a courtesy to respect others. Computer games and pornographic material are strictly forbidden in the laboratory Students are disallowed to install any unauthorized software or hardware components into computers. Any installation should seek permission from lab staff. All experimental stools must be returned to the original places after the experiment finished. Students shall be liable to any damages to equipment due to individual negligence. The Lab staff will normally inspect the work place in the next morning to ensure compliances after the usage. If the inspection is found with serious none compliances, the students will be called for investigation of liability and he/she will be penalised under the disciplinary rules.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

13

(Appendix 3) USE OF LABORATORY AFTER OFFICE HOURS Application form
Applicant(s) Student Name Student ID Email Address Contact number Programme Year/Semester Signature

Project details Project Title Project Supervisor Lab Name Date Comments from supervisor Date

From

to

Room No Time Signature

From

to

Approval from Head of Dept / Dean Name Date *A copy shall be given to the lab coordinator/lab staff

Signature

Note: • Students shall be liable for any damages of laboratory properties due to individual negligence as agreed in the student’s declaration form (Appendix 4). • Damages/missing of equipment must be reported to the lab staff immediately.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

14

USE OF LABORATORY AFTER OFFICE HOURS STUDENT’S DECLARATION FORM

(Appendix 4)

I, the undersigned, __________________________________ of ID number _____________________________ , fully agree to abide to the rules and regulations as stated in the Policy for Laboratory usage after Office Hours failing which the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman holds the right to penalise me. I agree to hold full responsibility in case of any damages caused in the corresponding laboratory pertaining to the equipment and/or other properties of university during my usage of lab from ________________ to ________________. I hereby agree to obey the any decision from the University to bear the cost of damages/losses of the laboratory equipment if it is due to my own negligence. I promise to provide a safe and conducive working environment in laboratory and shall report to the security person and lab staff of any hazards, damages or missing of properties items found in the laboratory. Signature

____________________ Student’s name: Date: Supervisor’s Recommendation I, _________________________ acknowledge the capability of the applicant undersigned above to use the lab facility of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman after the office hours, and also understand the applicant shall hold full responsibility of liability as declared above. Signature ___________________ Supervisor’s name: Date:

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

15

13 Ambulance Services: • Red Crescent 03- 4257 8122 03- 4257 8227 Mahamas 03-4044 9044 03-4044 9099 (Mr. Salim, handphone: 019-2749099) Lifeline 03-7956 9999 Hospital Services Sentosa Medical Centre Sdn. Bhd. 03-4043 7166 For weekend, evenings, or holidays, call UTAR Security at (i) PJ Campus (PA/PB/PC Block): 03-79582628 ext 8558 (ii) PJ Campus (PD Block): 03-79551511 ext 173 (iii) KL Campus: 03-41079802 ext 612 (iv) Bdr Sgi Long Campus: 03-90194722 ext 254/255



• •



Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

16

LABORATORY SAFETY HANDBOOK

Student Reference on Chemical Hazards Physical Hazards Biological hazards

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

17

1 Introduction Hazardous in the laboratory can be broadly classified into chemical hazards, physical hazards and biological hazards. Chemical hazards arise from the potential of chemicals to adversely affect the health of persons at the place of work and such hazards vary according to the inherent properties of the chemicals. Physical hazards in the laboratory arise mainly from physical factors such as electricity, glass, radiation and others while biological hazards arise from biological samples, biological waste, bacteria and microorganism. The human factor is directly responsible for most of the accidents in a laboratory and it is found that younger and newer workers are most likely to have accidents. Most laboratory workers who are injured receive the injuries in the first months of employment. It is important that younger and newer laboratory workers be given careful guidance, training and supervision by more senior and experienced personnel. A sound spirit of cooperation and unselfishness on the part of all laboratory staff is the best safeguard against accidents. The laboratory is no more dangerous than any other work-place with strict adherence to safety procedure and precautions, a proper understanding of techniques and use of proper and correct safety equipment. Safety in laboratories must be everyone’s responsibility and everyone who is involved in laboratory work has to observe and to ensure every aspect of safety at all times. Remember that “PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE”

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

18

2 Safety Codes 2.1 Safety policy The safety aspects of laboratory activities are governed by specific legislation and one such legislation in Malaysia is the occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act, which came into effect in 1994. The general duties of employer and the employees have been clearly spelt out in Part IV and Part VI respectively of Act. The management of the respective faculties as far as is practicable, is committed to the protection of the health and safety of its employees, students, and authorized visitors on its premises. In meeting this commitment, the management will: I. Take all reasonable steps to provide a safe and healthy workplace, which includes but is not limited to, safe equipment and protective devices. II. Establish and insist upon safe methods and safe practices at all times. III. Provide adequate education, information and training for employees in safe operating procedures and the use of safety devices and protective equipment. IV. Comply with all legislative requirements V. Expect employees to recognize their responsibilities and obligations to fellow staff members, authorized visitors, management and themselves by: (a) maintaining a safe and healthy workplace (b) adhering to standard laboratory procedures in performance of tasks involving risk to health and safety (c) drawing management’s attention to deficiencies in health and safety standards (d) being familiar with the workplace safety manual (e) wearing or using protective equipment and maintaining them in good condition

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

19

2.2 General Safety Rules and Conduct in Laboratory

While the respective faculties attempt to provide, as far as is practicable, a safe working environment and safe system of work, all supervisory staff should be responsible for implementing the safety and healthy working conditions at the workplace in the same way as they are responsible for the quality and efficiency of daily operations. At the same time, each individual employee also has a responsibility to himself and his colleagues to work in a safe manner and according to instructions. The following general safety rules and conduct should be followed by employees and if possible, be prominently displayed in the laboratory:(a) Never adopt a casual attitude in the laboratory but be always conscious of potential hazards. Before starting an experiment, make sure that you are familiar with all the known hazards of the starting materials and expected products to help you decide on appropriate safeguards and remedies. If in doubt consult the MSDS or your supervisor. (b) Always use proper technique in your work and observe all special precautions mentioned in each experiment and in each laboratory. (c) Lab Officers must always ensure that their assistants are aware of any possible dangers. Great care must be taken with unknown combination of reagents. (d) Never start an experiment on a bench already crowded with apparatus. (e) Never leave an experiment unattended without first consulting your lecturer. (f) Never run in the laboratory or along corridors. (g) Never indulge in any ‘horseplay’. (h) Perform analysis in the fume cupboard when reactions involve skin-irritant or dangerous chemicals or unpleasant odors. (i) The fume cupboard should not used as a storage cupboard and there must be ample free spaces in its hood in order not to reduce its efficiency and effectiveness as a safety equipment. (j) Never suck liquids into a pipette by mouth. Pipette filler must always be used. (k) When materials are heated in a test tube, never point the mouth at other persons nor look down at the mouth of the test tube. (l) Make sure that you know the emergency procedures, location of emergency response equipment and emergency exit routes applicable to your laboratory. (m) Ensure that you understand all the safety signs at your place of work.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

20

(n) Turn off burner when not in immediate use. (o) Do not interfere with or misuse any equipment/apparatus provided for safety and health. (p) All accidents (including minor ones) and dangerous occurrences should be reported. (q) Monthly and annual safety inspection for each laboratory should be carried out. (r) Long hair should be properly tied back out of harm’s way. Similar considerations apply to ties, scarf and jewellery. (s) Never work alone in the laboratory. 2.3 Laboratory Hygiene (a) Food and drinks should not be stored, prepared and consumed in laboratories or chemical stores. All food and drink should be consumed in specially designated areas such as canteen or tea-room. (b) Do not apply cosmetics in laboratory (c) Smoking is strictly prohibited (d) Wash your hands regularly when working with chemicals, especially before meals or snacks. 2.4 General Laboratory Housekeeping (a) Do not work in an overcrowded bench. The work bench should be kept clean at all times and shall be free of chemicals and apparatus which are not required. (b) Clean up after each stage of an experiment. (c) The laboratory floor should be free of obstruction such as reagent bottles and apparatus. (d) Wet floors are dangerous and any spillage of chemicals, oil, etc should be mopped up immediately, taking into account the nature of the chemicals spilled. (e) All equipment not in use should be returned to its proper storage place, in a clean and working condition. (f) Laboratory reagents and chemicals should be place on the appropriate shelves immediately after use, with their labels to the front. (g) Reagent bottles should always be cleaned if the contents have been spilled down the sides. (h) All chemicals should be clearly labeled. Toxic chemicals should carry a special warning and be stored on a separate shelf from the others. Those which possess lethal properties and suspected carcinogens should preferably be locked.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

21

(i) Ensure that all chemical waste from the laboratory be disposed of in the approved manner. (j) Apparatus which have contained harmful chemicals should be rinsed before being sent for final cleaning. (k) Rubbish should not be allowed to accumulate in the laboratory.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

22

3 Safety & Emergency Response Equipment 3.1 Safety Equipment (please refer to OSH Bulletin 2/98) The safety equipment offers a two-fold protection, against the corrosive action of acids and bases, and against contamination, in particular by toxic chemicals. It is imperative to be aware of the safety equipment which is available. Make sure that you fully understand the use of the safety equipment and the maintenance of your own personal protective equipment. (a) Safety glasses

-it is essential to wear suitable eye protection in the laboratory at all times. Safety glasses offer only minimum protection from unexpected hazards compared to goggles or full-face visors. (b) Safety goggles

-afford extra protection to the eye and face when carrying out a potentially hazardous operation such as handling alkali metals, metal hydrides, etc.

(c) Overalls -laboratory overalls are for protection of your person and your clothing from contamination by chemicals. Wear them properly fastened. (d) Footwear -sensible and adequate footwear should be worn. Open-toed shoes, sandals, slippers and canvass shoes would not offer full protection for your feet. (e) Gloves

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

23

-There are various types of protective gloves. Be familiar with the type best suited to each particular job. Wash and clean gloves frequently during a hazardous job. Slip contaminated gloves off to handle cupboard doors, water taps, equipment, bottles, switches and controls which are likely to be handled by other unsuspecting persons. Do not share gloves. Gloves which have become contaminated should be destroyed after use and be replaced. (f) Face respirator

-wear an appropriate face mask when performing analysis involving hazardous chemicals. There are the dust/mist face respirators for acid fumes and organic vapors, the half-face respirators with cartridges for organic vapors/gases as well as the surgical face mask for other purposes, such as when handling solid chemicals which are likely to cause dust. 3.2 Emergency Responses Equipment (please refer to OSH Bulletin 2/98) It is important to be aware of the types of emergency response equipment which are available in your laboratory. Make sure that you understand their use and know their locations. I. Eye-wash Station

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

24

-in case of any splash of acid or alkali into the eyes, wash with copious amount of water using the eye-wash station provided. II. Shower -in case of acid or alkali splash onto the body, immediately shower for at least 1520 minutes. Remove clothing if necessary while showering III. Chemical Emergency Escape Hood

-when there is a sudden malfunctioning of the fume cupboard during an experiment and copious fumes are escaping from the fume cupboard, do not attempt to switch off the electrical supply to the equipment. Run away from the fume cupboard area and quickly do the chemical emergency escape hood provided which will give you the extra breathing time to enable you to switch off the electrical equipment without breathing the harmful fumes.

IV. Artificial Resuscitator

-the first aiders in the various laboratories should know how to use this equipment to save the life of a person in an emergency such as a sudden heart attack or the breathing in of some poisonous gas/fume. A list of names and contact numbers of the first aiders in each block should be displayed in the laboratory. V. Fire Blanket

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

25

-each laboratory should have a fire blanket for extinguishing small fires or fire on clothing VI. Spilled Responses Packs -in case there is any small spillage, the sorbets in the pack can be used to contain the spill from spreading to a wider area. Understand the instructions for use of the spill response pack. VII. Half-face Respiratory & Cartridges -the dual cartridge half-face respirators should be used by personnel involved in handling spillage of chemicals which give out acid or organic vapors.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

26

4 Laboratory Safety 4.1 Introduction A chemical laboratory presents many potential hazards arising from the use of chemicals, glassware and equipment. Common causes of accidents in laboratory are due to trying to complete a job in a hurry, carelessness, ignorance about safety precautions and proper techniques and not using protective equipment provided on the part of the workers themselves or distraction of attention by others during an experiment. Dangers in laboratory can be minimized with good knowledge about the properties and potential hazards posed by chemicals used. This knowledge can be gained by reading the labels on the containers of the chemicals and MSDS of the chemicals used in the experiment before commencing work. Training in the correct procedure and cultivating a safety attitude among all laboratory personnel through constant inculcation of safety consciousness and habits must be ongoing. As a minimum all staff should: (i) know what to do in a major fire; (ii) be able to select, locate and operate the fire extinguisher in your working areas; (iii) be able to administer first aid or know where to contact a first aider; (iv) be able to switch off mains power to your laboratory in a hurry; (v) be able to aid a colleague whose face or clothing has been splashed with corrosive or toxic chemicals; (vi) be able to extinguish clothing which has caught fire. It is recommended that staff and students read the Laboratory Safety Manual during their first few weeks of the semester and familiarize themselves with the appropriate safety equipment. The OSH Committee will supply an updated reading list on safety and health and all staff should make an attempt to read them as soon as possible. The following instructions are by no means exhaustive but illustrate the type of forethought which can minimize accidents. 4.2 Toxic Substances

-Do not suck poisons, corrosive or biological fluids into pipettes by mouth. -When working in a toxic atmosphere, wear a gas mask or breathing set. -Use fume cupboards. -Do not smoke while handling toxic substances. -Do not leave cuts on the skin exposed while working with toxic substances or

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

27

biological fluids. -Junior staff should work with toxic substances only under supervision. Staff should know what to do in case of suspected poisoning. Call a First Aid Officer. In all cases of poisoning the ambulance should also be called immediately. 4.3 Acids & Alkalis

Acids and caustic alkalis can burn unbroken skin. If handling bulk acids, wear goggles and adequate protective clothing. Plastic gloves are often better than rubber ones. Check before use. In case of splash, immediate and copious application of water is always the best treatment. Only then should longer term treatment be considered. Know the position of the nearest safety shower and eyewash. For guidelines and an example on the preparation of dilute acids from concentrated acids, refer to Appendix 1 and 2. 4.4 Solutions and Solvents In preparing solutions, bear in mind the chemistry involved and take care against explosion or fire. Safeguard yourself with face shield or screens or goggles. Be cautions about putting solvents in domestic type refrigerators where electrical controls and contacts inside the refrigerators and freezers may cause sparks which could be a source of ignition for flammable vapors. In the enclosed space this could lead to an explosion. Liquid samples stored in a refrigerator must be in closed vessels and be placed in metal drip-trays. While handling solvents, do not smoke, do not smoke. Use the minimum quantity of solvents. 4.5 Gas Cylinders/ Compressed Gases - Know the gas cylinder contents. Beware of explosive mixture of gases. - Do not experiment with compressed gasses in other than approved systems. - Store cylinders in ventilated area away from heat or ignition. A “NO SMOKING” sign should be clearly displayed at the storage area. - Fasten cylinders securely whether in use or storage. - Handle cylinder carefully and transport them on a wheeled cart. - Never tamper with the valve and close cylinder valves when not in use.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

28

- Close valves on empty cylinders and mark “Empty”. - Do not use gas cylinders without a regulator. 4.6 Gas - Gas taps should be kept closed when burners are not lit. - If a small flame has to be left on, turn off the air supply so that a yellow flame which can be easily seen is produced. - The rubber tubing’s which carry the gas should be inspected regularly and replaced if cracked or damaged. - All gas connections must be firmly secured. 4.7 Chemical Storage - Each laboratory should have a designated area for the storage of hazardous chemicals. - Store only minimum quantities of chemicals in the laboratory. - Keep incompatible chemicals apart. For example strong acids must not be stored together with strong bases on the same shelf. - Concentrated acids and corrosive materials should never be stored on high shelves. - Chemicals should not be left on edges of benches and the fume cupboards. - Doors to cupboards or cabinets containing chemicals should be kept closed. 4.8 Carrying Glass Containers In carrying Winchester bottles containing acids, flammable liquids or other dangerous substances, there is a constant danger of severe cuts, acids or alkali burns, and possibly fire. Sometimes, through an unnoticed crack of flaw in the bottle or an accidental knock against some object, the bottle can break while being carried. If a glass container has been knocked, always check carefully for damage and if this has occurred, transfer or dispose of the contents as soon as possible. You may be the only person aware of the danger. Winchester bottles must never be carried by the neck. Bottle carriers with handles suitable for carrying Winchester bottles are kept in the acid and solvent store as well as in the laboratories. After use they must be returned to their places. Whenever Winchester bottles or dangerous liquids are carried for more than short distances, these carries must be used. 4.9 Eye Protection All staff should be aware of the dangers of working in a laboratory if they do not take precautions to protect their eyes. When danger to the eye is possible, wear safety glasses. It is a good practice to wear them whenever chemicals are handled. It should always be of a comfortable fir. If a suitable pair is not available, the OSH Committee should be contacted. Safety glasses should be kept in a clean and safe place.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

29

An employee wearing spectacles at work required to wear a pair of goggles over the spectacles. In general, experiments which could result in explosions or evolution of fumes should be conducted in a fume cupboard. Ultraviolet radiation from equipment or some types of mercury vapour lamps can lead to conjunctivitis or ‘arc-eyes’, which is not only painful but can cause permanent damage to the eyes. Always use safety glass shields or hoods when working with equipment emitting ultraviolet radiation. 4.10 Broken Glass - Examine all glass apparatus for defect before use. - Broken glassware should be placed in a container reserved for broken glass, and suitable arrangement should be made by the supervisors fro its disposal. - Glassware for vacuum or pressure work should be protected with wire-mesh guard. For “iv”, “v” and “vi”. Refer to diagrams in Appendix 3. - To break glass rod or tubing, hold it in a cloth near the scratch mark produes with a file or glass-cutter. Wear safety glass. - The ends of glass rod or tubing should be smoothen by fire before use. - Lubricate the glass rod or tubing with soapy water or glycerine before inserting into cork or rubber stopper. 4.11 Pipette - Never use your mouth to pipette a liquid, always use an aspirator bulb or pipette filler. - Never pipette corrosive liquid such as concentrated acids or ammonia. Use measuring cylinder instead. 4.12 Experiments Unattended experiments must be clearly labeled with the contents, the name of the worker and any other useful data. Any experiment of apparatus left on overnight must be labeled with the date, the worker’s name and telephone number. 4.13 Protective Clothing Protective clothing should be worn whenever there is risk of contamination by chemicals or when conditions are not very clean. 4.14 All Accidents All accidents should be reported to the supervisors and details of the accidents must be filled up in the “Report of Accidents/Dangerous Occurrence/ Occupational Disease” form which shall then be handed to the OSH Committee. The committee will then convene to

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

30

discuss and recommend remedial actions and plans to prevent such accidents from happening in future. 4.15 Working Alone Staff should not be allowed to work alone in a laboratory unless it is unavoidable. When staffs have to work alone, they shall call to inform an agreed-upon person when they arrive at work, when they leave and at prearranged intervals while at work. If the required work involves only paper or computer work, the call in requirements can be relaxed or waived. 4.16 Electrical Equipment The instruction manual of electrical equipment should be read and understood by the users to familiarize themselves with its operation procedures, safety precautions and safe handling before using it. A lot of time mishap from electrical equipment is caused by unwillingness of the users to read the manuals themselves. They want the easy way out by consulting their fellow workers who most likely are not able to disseminate all the important information to them. It is important to spend some extra time to read the manual and you will find it worthwhile doing so. Extra care should be exercised when using the autoclave, oven, muffle furnace and microwave oven as high temperature and pressure or reduced pressure are likely to be employed. (a) Autoclave Sufficient time must be given for the autoclave and its load to cool before opening the door and removing its load. Large container of liquid after completion of sterilization may be at high pressure and may therefore explode or boil over when moved. Special care is required to avoid inhaling harmful vapors when opening an autoclave if the load contains biochemical test reagents (e.g. amyl alcohol from the indole test) (b) Oven/Muffle furnace No organic solvent or any unknown substance should be placed inside an oven or a muffle furnace as they may cause the oven/muffle furnace to explode. Sufficient time should be allowed for the muffle furnace to cool down before opening its door. (c) Microwave Oven Container made of metal should be avoided as they will cause sparking if used. Organic solvents, flammable liquids and reactive substances should not be warned up in microwave oven. 4.17 Refluxing When a liquid is being boiled for a long time and the vapors are condensed and are returned to the flask by condenser fitted vertically into the top of a flask, the process is called refluxing.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

31

Extra attention must be paid to the proper conditions of refluxing because of the extended boiling time. (i) (ii) (iii) Check for defects of the glass apparatus used. Ground-glass joints should used and make sure that fit properly without leak. Make sure that the rubber tubing is properly secured to avoid accidental disconnection of the condenser water supply. (iv) Mix well the liquids in the flask if a mixture is being refluxed. (v) Add boiling or anti-bumping chips to prevent superheating and bumping. If this is forgotten, do not attempt adding the chips to the already heated or near boiling liquid. Let the liquid to cool down before the bumping chips are added. (vi) Wherever possible, avoid heating directly over a Bunsen flame. Use a hot plate or better still, a heating mantle. (vii) See that all clamps are adequately tightened but not over-tightened. (viii) Ensure that there is sufficient liquid boiling in the flask.

4.18 Distillation When a liquid is converted into vapor by boiling and the vapor is subsequently converted back into liquid again by cooling where the condensate is collected into a separate receiving flask, the process is called distillation. Distillation can be subdivided into four main types, depending on the procedures and setup. They are: (a) simple distillation, (b) fractional distillation, (c) steam distillation and (d) vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure. (i) All precautions for refluxing also apply to distillation. (ii) Extra care must be taken when carrying out steam distillation and vacuum distillation. (iii) Do not use water-cooled condensers if the temperature of the distillate entering the condenser is above 130ºC as there is always a risk of the condenser cracking at the point where the hot vapour first meets the watercooled portion. An air condenser should be used instead (a straight glass tubing with no jacket or a water condenser without the water in the jacket can be used as an air condenser). (iv) For steam distillation, ensure that the steam generator is firmly installed and the connecting tube between the generator and the inlet for steam into the distillation flask is properly secured. (v) The water level in the steam generator should not be allowed to fall below a permissible level. (vi) For vacuum distillation, the danger of superheating and consequent violet “bumping” is greatly increased. Specially designed flask, the Claisen flask, is used to reduce the risk of superheating. (vii) Never use thin-walled conical or flat bottomed flasks for vacuum work. (viii) The bungs used should not sink more than halfway into the neck of the flask, as they soften when heated and would be sucked into the flask. (ix) Whenever possible, use Quick-fit glassware with ground-glass joints.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

32

(x) (xi)

The receiver must be well supported. Suitable trap between the apparatus and the source of vacuum should always be used (details of which have to be separately referred as it depends on the type of pump used). (xii) Avoid releasing vacuum suddenly. Allow the apparatus to cool before releasing the vacuum. Some residue may explode or inflame on exposure to air while hot. Let in nitrogen rather that air if such risk exists. (xiii) Use a safety screen whenever possible.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

33

5 Fire Safety Procedures 5.1 Introduction There is always a high fire risk in a chemical laboratory because of the use of naked flames, high input of electricity, the presence of highly flammable solvents and gases, highly reactive and explosive chemicals and the presence of many other hazardous materials. Adequate precautions should always be taken to guard against the outbreak of fire in the laboratory and the prevention of fire depends greatly on good laboratory practices, good housekeeping, constant surveillance and maintenance of laboratory equipment and the efficiency of fire fighting equipment. 5.2 General Instructions in the Prevention of Fire in the Laboratory It is the responsibility of all employees to take precautions to prevent the incidence of fire. Any suspected fire hazard should be reported immediately to the Secretary of the OSH Committee. All staff should be aware of the instructions on the fire poster and follow these in the event of a fire. All staff should be aware of the following control measures against the outbreak of fire in the laboratory. They are:(a) (b) (c) Appreciate the hazards involved when handling flammable materials. Isolate solvents from reactive chemicals and ignition sources such as flames, hot surfaces and hot electrical equipment. Open flames can only be used after ensuring that there is no flammable solvents and materials in the vicinity. Work with flammable solvents only in a well ventilated area and a fume cupboard. Experiments involving the use of flammable solvents and decanting of these solvents should be conducted in a fume cupboard while at the same time ensuring that there is no ignition sources around. Store only minimal quantities of flammable solvents and combustible materials required in the laboratory. Store them in well ventilated areas to prevent build-up of vapors or in flammable liquid storage cabinets if available. Refuse and waste materials should not be allowed to accumulate in the laboratory. Gas tubing should be regularly inspected and replaced if it shows signs of degrading such as cracks. Do not smoke in the laboratory. Know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers, fire hoses, fire blankets and safety showers. Know the proper methods of using the fire fighting equipment. Know how to extinguish a clothing fire. A person whose clothing catches fire should lie horizontally whilst another person smothers the flames with the fire blanket.

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

34

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

Know the location of all exits. Maintain corridors and exits in an uncluttered condition at all times. Know the whereabouts of visitors, contractors or cleaners. Lab Officers should inspect premises for fire safety as well as the condition of fire fighting equipment in their laboratories. All staff new to the laboratories should be alerted to the fire safety procedures and fire escape plans.

5.3 Emergency Procedures and Evacuation Fire in laboratory calls for prompt action to extinguish the fire and to evacuate occupants safely. In the event of fire: Alert other staff in the immediate vicinity of the fire and the lab officer present is to take control. (ii) If the fire is small, endeavor to extinguish it by using the fire-fighting equipment available. But remember that personal risks should not be taken. (iii) If the fire cannot be controlled, call the fire brigade immediately. (iv) When the automatic fire alarm fails to ring, try to activate it manually or request the operator if possible, to alert the staff of other laboratories in the same block. Then evacuate the building by the nearest exit and proceed to the designated assembly point (refer to separate fire escape plan in your laboratory). (v) On hearing the continues alarm bells or on being informed by the telephone operator, leave the building quickly by the nearest exit and proceed to the designated assembly point (refer to separate fire escape plan for your laboratory). If possible, turn off gas and electricity supplies at the benches, close doors and windows before evacuation. (vi) Do not take personal risks by returning to your own room/laboratory or go anywhere else in the building for any reason. Return only when clearance from the fire brigade has been given. 5.4 Fire Extinguishers (i)

Fires are classified according to their burning characteristics and this classification helps to determine the type of fire extinguishers to be used:Characteristics Suitable Extinguishers Wood, paper, clothing, etc. Water, CO2 Oils, organic solvents, etc. CO2, dry powder. Electrical CO2, dry powder.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

35

All laboratories are equipped with CO2 and dry powder extinguishers and fire blankets. All blocks are also equipped with fire hose reels. Learn the location of all fire-fighting equipment and their methods of operation.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

36

6 Biological Hazards 6.1 Introduction All staff analyzing biological specimens may be exposed on a routine basis to specimens which may contain infectious agents. The level of hazard of such specimens will vary according to: (a) The nature and concentration of the infecting agent. (b) The route of entry into the body by the infecting agent. (c) The susceptibility of the exposed worker. Biological hazards are greatly increased through unsafe conditions and procedures in a laboratory handling biological specimens, whether human or animal. Biological specimens such as blood and urine and post-mortem biological specimens (viscera, blood and urine) are submitted for analysis. Sometimes inadequate or no preservatives are added to the specimens and this greatly increases the risk to the health of the laboratory workers as the deceased may have been suffering from some contagious disease (e.g. Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, AIDS, etc). Such specimens if handled indiscriminately can result in infection to the workers. There are several routes of entry into the body by the infecting agents. They are:(a) Absorption Through open cuts and scratches on the skin, penetration of intact skin or eyes or other mucous membranes by contact with contaminated hands or tools or stationery (e.g. pencil) or mouth pipetting. (b) Direct Inoculation May occur by broken glassware, needles, etc providing a direct means of injection of infection into the bloodstream. (c) Oral ingestion May occur via smoking, eating, nail biting or drinking prior to hand washing. (d) Aerosol Formation Infectious agents may become airborne through centrifuging, vortexing, homogenization, incineration, flaking of dried blood stains and uncapping tubes (particularly the flip top type) or accidents such as spillages, splashing and inhalation of the air above the specimens or when plastic bag containing moist blood-stained clothings is opened. To prevent laboratory infections, it is important to use the correct working techniques. A special warning should be given to trainees concerning the biological hazards most likely to be encountered.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

37

6.2 General Safety Precautions In general, the following basic safety precautions should be conscientiously observed and practiced to prevent or reduce the risk to health from biological hazards. They are:1. All specimens are to be treated as potentially infectious. 2. Any procedure (e.g. homogenization and sample preparation) likely to cause aerosols should be performed in fume hood or biological safety cabinet. 3. Disposable gloves must be worn when handling visceral specimens, blood specimens, blood soiled items, body fluids, excretions and secretions as well as surfaces, materials and objects exposed to them. 4. Gloves are to be removed before leaving the toxicological preparation area or on completion of laboratory tasks and to be disposed of in waste bins. They are not to be used when using a telephone or when performing any other office work. 5. Other personal protective equipment such as safety goggles; mask and lab coat must also be worn. 6. At all times lab coats are to be worn buttoned-up to the neck when in the toxicological preparation area. Lab coats worn in the toxicological preparation area or during analysis are to be removed and not to be worn to the instrument or office areas. 7. Remove lab coat, aprons and gloves and wash hands with soap and water before leaving the laboratory task area. Lab coats are not to be worn outside the laboratories or when going from one laboratory to another. 8. Laundry the lab coats as soon and as frequently as possible. 9. Wash hands frequently with soap and water before going for tea or lunch, going home or back into the laboratory. Door knobs, light switches or instrument may have been contaminated. 10. Precautions are to be taken to prevent injuries caused by needles, scalpels, knives and other sharp instrument. 11. All glassware and other apparatus that have had contact with the specimens are to be cleaned of organic matter (rinse with water) and sterilized overnight. For (a) Plastic/glassware-use hypochlorite bath (0.5% available chlorine) (b) Metal-use 70% denatured ethyl alcohol. Note1: Chlorine rapidly combines with proteins so is not suitable for use with large amounts of organic matter. Note2: Chlorine bath need to be freshly prepared. 12. Used pipettes and slides should be carefully immersed into a disinfectant to avoid splashing. Transfer overnight disinfected pipettes and other apparatus to a container partly filled with soap water and autoclave. 13. Avoid touching the face or unprotected body with hands or gloves. Hand washing is to be done in designated sinks and dried with disposable paper towels.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

38

14. Biological fluid spillages must be cleaned up immediately. The spill should firstly be mopped up with paper tissues, and then the area should be disinfected with hypochlorite or Haztab solution containing 5000ppm available free chlorine. The chlorine solution should be allowed to remain in contact with the surface for ten minutes before mopping up. Botulisum toxins should be covered with saturated sodium carbonate. 15. After each stage of work, wipe the bench thoroughly with disinfectant and wash your hands with soap and water. Keep work bench clean and tidy. 16. Avoid spilling or splashing cultures onto hands, face, clothing or bench. Avoid production of aerosol created during withdrawal of a loopful of broth culture, flaming of a wet loop. Discharging contents from a pipette, vigorous shaking or high speed blending of liquids, and when wet screw caps or wet cotton wool stoppers are removed from containers. 17. When working with swollen cans or whenever hazardous material might be spilled, cover work areas or work bench with absorbent paper, preferably polythene backed. 18. Do not taste any spoiled or incubated canned food. 19. Open cuts must be covered with waterproof plaster before donning gloves. 20. Potassium cyanide broth should be detoxified by adding ferrous sulphate and an alkali before being autoclaved, or discarded. Disinfectant used:- (i) 70% ethanol (ii) 1-2% Lysol (iii) 100ppm chlorine 21. Biological samples and waste generated from culture media, etc should be sterilized by a suitable autoclaving procedure or by complete destruction in an incinerator designed for that purpose. 22. All direct pipetting by mouth is forbidden 23. Pens used in toxicological preparation area are to remain there. No calculators are to be taken into the preparation area. 24. Avoid placing objects (e.g. pens/pencils) which may be inadvertently contaminated into the mouth. 25. Utensils, food or drink should not be brought into the laboratory work area. 26. Sealed screw capped tubes are to be used in centrifuges and in ultrasonic and vortexing devices, where possible. 27. All equipment such as centrifuges, water baths and refrigerators must be cleaned and disinfected before being sent for repairs. 28. Permanent paperwork should not be placed on a potentially contaminated surface, e.g. bench tops. 6.3 General Instructions to Laboratory Staffs Benches, equipment, glassware and door handles, etc could have small quantities of infectious organisms and these surfaces should be disinfected regularly. You are unlikely to catch an infection from the lab if you take the following precautions:

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

39

1. Wear plastic or rubber gloves at all times when handling unwashed material within the laboratory. 2. Wash your hands before you leave the laboratory. 3. Do not place paperwork or other material, which you intend to take out of the lab, on to benches. 4. Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply makeup, or take foodstuffs into these areas. 5. Each laboratory has their own procedure for glassware washing. Please make sure you know what to do. If in doubt, ask a senior staff member. 6. If you should be cut by glass or get other forms of skin wound or eye damage, inform your supervisor and make sure that the accident is recorded in the Accident Book. This information may be needed later. Emergency Response Procedures for Biological Spills Three biosafety levels for the containments of biological spills involving a microorganism can be identified. They are:• Biosafety Level (BSL) 1 Containment. • Biosafety Level (BSL) 2 Containment. • Biosafety Level (BSL) 3 Containment Notes and Precautions Biological spills outside biological safety cabinets will generate aerosols that can be dispersed into the air throughput the laboratory. These spills are very serious if they involve microorganisms that require Biosafety Level (BSL) 3 containment, since most of these agents have the potential for transmitting disease by infectious aerosols. To reduce the risk of inhalation exposure in such an incident, occupants should hold their breath and leave the laboratory immediately. The laboratory should not be reentered to decontaminate and cleanup the spill for at least 30 minutes. During this time the aerosol will be removed from the laboratory by the exhaust air ventilation system. Appropriate protective equipment is particularly important in decontaminating spills involving microorganisms that require BSL2 or BSL3 containment. This equipment includes lab coat with long sleeves, back-fastening gown or jumpsuit, disposable gloves, disposable shoe covers, safety goggles and mask or full face shield. Use of this equipment will prevent contact with contaminated surfaces and will protect eyes and mucous membranes from exposure to splattered materials.

Spills involving a Microorganism requiring BSL 1 Containment • Wear disposable gloves. • Soak paper towels in disinfectant and place over spill area. • Clean spill area with fresh towels soaked in disinfectant. • Place towels in plastic bag for disposal

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

40

Spill involving a Microorganism requiring BSL2 Containment • Alert people in immediate area of spill. • Put on protective equipment • Cover spill with paper towels or other absorbent materials. • Carefully pour a freshly prepared 1 in 10 dilution of household bleach around the edge of the spill and then into the spill. Avoid splashing. • Allow a 20-minute contact period. • Use paper towels to wipe up the spill, working from the edge into the centre. • Clean spill area with fresh towels soaked in disinfectant. • Place towels into a plastic bag and decontaminate in an autoclave. Spill involving a Microorganism requiring BSL3 Containment • Attend to injured or contaminated persons and remove them from exposure. • Alert people in the laboratory to evacuate. • Close doors to affected area. • Call Biological Spill Emergency Response number (Pathology Laboratory of the hospital) displayed in the laboratory. • Have person knowledgeable of incident and laboratory to assist emergency personnel. Sterilisation of Safety Cabinets and Fume Hoods. Before any maintenance work is carried out on biological safety cabinets or fume cupboards, they should be made safe by sterilizing. Safety cabinets with HEPA filters in particular should be sterilized before the filter is touched. (The filter will normally be replaced and tested by a qualified testing authority). The simplest sterilization technique is to seal the cabinet with plastic sheeting and place a formaldehyde generator inside for several hours (preferably overnight) prior to servicing. Formaldehyde may be generated either by boiling 100-200mL of formalin on a hot plate for one hour or by addition of 30 rams potassium permanganate to 100mL 37-50% formaldehyde (formalin). The latter recipe tends to foam and a large (1 liter) beaker should be used inside a larger dish. Excess permanganate should not be used. Care should be taken to minimize human exposure to formaldehyde fumes by venting the laboratory and washing the formalin containers as soon as possible after opening the sealed cabinets. UV sterilizing lights are not effective for blood splashes or for the filter (which is protected from the light). Fume cupboards (without HEPA filters) should also be sterilized prior to servicing of the ducts or motors.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

41

Toxicology Glassware Washing Instructions General All non disposable glassware should be scrubbed clean of visible dirt and rinsed with tap water before soaking in detergent solution. Please be careful not to trap air bubbles while placing tubes, etc in detergent solution. After soaking overnight or longer, thorough rinsing is required (empty and refill 2-3 times). Extra care is needed with narrow diameter tubes. Alcohol or acetone may help for difficult-to-wet surfaces. Small Tubes and Stoppers These are stewed in 2% detergent solution. This detergent can be recycled 2-3 times for economy. The rinsed glassware is placed into basins or trays for oven drying before further chemical treatment. Larger Glassware and Beakers These are soaked in disinfectant solution overnight. After rinsing they are placed on the drying racks to dry. NOTE: Biologically “dirty” glassware must be sterilized by soaking in a fresh solution of disinfectant before washing.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

42

7 Chemical Hazards 7.1 General Guidelines for Handling Chemicals Many chemicals handled daily in laboratories possess hazardous properties. Special care is needed when working with chemicals that are known to have such properties as these chemicals are not only taken into the system by ingestion, but may also be inhaled or absorbed through the skin. With newly developed chemicals, there may not be any toxicity or other hazard data available it is therefore best to assume or treat all such chemicals as hazardous. It is important to understand the hazard in each case and certain basic rules are therefore to be observed and followed when handling chemicals in order to reduce the probability of mishaps. Remember where appropriate, work in a well ventilated fume cupboard and use the proper protective equipment. Basic rules are:(a) Read the label on the container carefully and ascertain that the chemical is the one required before opening the container. (b) Do not use any chemical which is without a label/identity. (c) Make sure that you are familiar with the warning signs on the label and follow the instruction or procedure recommended. (d) Wear appropriate protective equipment such as lab coat, eye protection and hand gloves. (e) Open the container carefully in the fume cupboard. (f) Avoid physical contact with chemicals. Spatula must be used to dispense chemicals. (g) Chemicals must never be tasted or unnecessarily smelled. (h) Avoid using contaminated apparatus and equipment. (i) Close container tightly after use. (j) Do not eat, drink or smoke while handling and using chemicals. (k) Wash hands regularly, and change contaminated clothing. (l) Apparatus which have been used to contain poisons should be washed up by the person concerned immediately after use. (m) Deal with spillages using precautions and methods appropriate to the hazards. (n) Seek medical aid immediately if affected by chemicals and use appropriate first aid medical attention is available. 7.2 Label and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Information such as product identification, hazardous ingredients, physical and chemical properties, health hazard data, fire and explosion hazard data, reactivity data, spill and disposal procedures, storage and handling precautions and last but not least protective or control measures about a chemical can normally be obtained from the label on the container or the chemical and/ or its MSDS. The label is probably the first opportunity to instruct and warm about the hazards of a chemical. Its effectiveness will be minimized if you do not bother to read it. If you face difficulty trying to understand the language used, consult your supervisor.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

43

On the other hand, the MSDS of a chemical will provide more detailed and indepth information about a chemical. There are books, references, CD rom and other computer based access from which the MSDS of a chemical can be obtained. A registry of hazardous chemicals used by each laboratory had been individually prepared by the laboratories and staffs are advised to refer to it too. 7.3 Responsibility of Person Handling Chemicals (a) Must be familiar with the properties of the chemicals used. (b) Must develop safe work habits and always remain alert to dangers. (c) Must give continuous attention to safe usage, storage and disposal of the chemicals. (d) Be responsible for your own and others’ safety in the laboratory. 7.4 Emergency Response Procedures for Chemical Spills 7.4.1 Note and precautions The range and quantities of hazardous substances used in laboratories requiring preplanning in order to response safely to chemical spills. The clean-up of a chemical spill should only be done by knowledgeable and experienced personnel. Spill response kits with instructions, absorbents and reactants as well as protective equipment should be available to clean up minor spills. A minor chemical spill is one which the laboratory staff is capable of handling safety without the assistance of safety and emergency personnel. All other chemical spills are considered major. 7.4.2 Minor Chemical Spill • Alert people in immediate area of spill. • Wear protective equipment, including safety goggles, gloves and long-sleeved lab coat. • Avoid breathing vapors of spill by wearing half-mask respirator with exchangeable cartridges. • Confine spill to small area by using the boom from the spill response kit. • Use the sorbents to absorb the spill. • Collect residue, place into a container and disposed off as a chemical waste. • Clean spill area with water. • Vermiculite, dry sand or diatomaceous earth can also be used to absorb the spill. Major Chemical Spill Attend to injured or contaminated persons and remove them from exposure. Alert people in the laboratory to evacuate. If spilled material is flammable, turn off all ignition and heat sources. Close doors to affected area. Have person knowledgeable of the incident and the laboratory to assist the emergency personnel. 44

7.4.3 • • • • •

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

7.5

Classes of Chemicals

Chemicals in laboratories can be broadly classified into 4 main classes. They are:I Flammable chemicals II Reactive chemicals III Toxic chemicals IV Corrosive chemicals 7.5.1 Flammable Chemicals (see Appendix A)

This class of chemicals includes most of the organic solvents which are volatile. They are the most common source of fire in the laboratories as they may catch fire when there is a source of ignition or heat such as a spark or open flame nearby. Basic safety measures/precautions for the safe handling of flammable chemical include:- Handle only in area free of ignition source. - Work in fume cupboard or well ventilated area to prevent the accumulation of flammable/explosive vapours. - Never heat flammable chemicals by using an open flame. Use water or oil bath or heating mantle. - Never mix flammable solvents with oxidizer or other reactive chemicals. - When transferring flammable liquid in metal containers, ground the containers to avoid static generated spark. 7.5.2 Reactive Chemicals (see Appendix B)

This group of chemicals are substances which show violent reactions. It includes explosives, water-reactive chemicals, air-sensitive chemicals, unstable mixtures of oxidizers and reducers. Water-reactive chemicals such as sodium and potassium metals react explosively with water and also react violently with carbon tetrachloride and other halogenated hydrocarbons. They should be stored under hydrocarbon oils containing no oxygen, eg. Liquid petroleum, kerosene, naphtha, paraffin, etc.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

45

Air-sensitive chemicals such as white phosphorus or yellow phosphorus ignite spontaneously in air and has to be stored under water. Basic safety measures/precautions for the safe handling of reactive chemicals include:- Isolate reactive chemicals. Store them as a group by themselves, away from other groups. - For water-reactive chemicals, do not allow water-based fire extinguisher and sprinklers in the storage area. - Store reactive chemicals in cool, dry area protected from sunlight. - Keep minimum quantity of the chemicals in the laboratory. - Protect reactive chemicals, especially explosive, from shock. - Store away from flammable and toxic materials. - Wear adequate personal protective equipment. 7.5.3 Toxic Chemicals (see Appendix C)

These are chemicals that are hazardous to health and may cause death. Effects are either chronic or acute depending on the dose taken into the body either through inhalation, ingestion or contact with the skin and eyes. Chemicals which are human carcinogens would have this chronic effect to health while some chemicals are so lethal that death can be instantaneous. Basic preventive measures/precautions for handling toxic chemicals include:Unless you know definitely that a chemical is not toxic, always take it as toxic and take all necessary precautions when handling it. Cover exposed areas of skin by wearing protective equipment such as hand gloves, apron or lab coat, safety glasses/goggles, etc. Use respirator of gas mask where appropriate. Use the fume cupboard. Use care in handling contaminated glassware all the time. Change protective clothing as required. Wash hands thoroughly after handling the chemicals. Do not eat, drink or smoke in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware for eating and drinking.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

46

7.5.4 Corrosive Chemicals (see Appendix D)

Corrosive chemicals such as concentrated acids, alkalis, organic acids, solvents and others destroy body tissues or attack metals by direct chemical action. Burns and irreversible changes to tissue may result from their corrosive property. Basic preventive measures/precautions when handling corrosive chemicals include:Wear personal protective equipment such as safety glasses/goggles, acid resistant hand gloves, lab coat/plastic apron, closed-toe shoes and others. Never mix concentrated acids with caustics. Never mix caustics with chlorinated solvent. Never mix acids with organic solvents. Always add concentrated acids or caustic powder/solids to water with constant cooling, never the reverse.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

47

8 Radiation Hazards

8.1 Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards UV light sources include UV light boxes, the UV equipment and hand-held UV sources. UV light may also be encountered when using Polylight equipment at the crime scenes. Ultraviolet light may give rise to superficial eye damage and burning of the skin. A few seconds’ exposure of an unprotected eye at a distance of several metres may cause an extremely painful condition known as “eye flash”. The characteristic symptoms are a feeling as if there is sand in the eye accompanied by intense pain; intolerance to light, watering of the eyes and possibly a temporary loss of vision. In a laboratory where ultraviolet light is used in a confined space, there is a possible danger from exposure to excessive concentration of ozone produces in that space. Ozone has an irritant action on the upper respiratory tract and it is also known to cause headaches. 8.1.1 Personal Protection from Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards Always wear UV-rated eye protection when using a UV source though ordinary spectacles will in many instances offer adequate protection. When UV-rated eye protection is not available, use safety glasses or goggles with solid side pieces to prevent the radiation from reaching the eyes from the sides. Chemists and laboratory assistants should strictly adhere to this precaution when dusting currency notes with anthracene powder and examining these under UV light. Minimize skin exposure by wearing a lab coat and gloves. The skin usually adequately protected by ordinary cotton lab coats and the hands by rubber or cotton gloves. To guard against the danger of exposure to ozone, the room should be adequately ventilated. 8.2 Infrared Radiation Hazards Infrared light sources include the IR spectrophotometer. Infrared radiation is readily absorbed by surface tissues and does not inflict any deep injury. In the case of the eyes, the heat absorbed by the lens of the eyes from the IR radiation is not readily dispersed and cataract may be produces.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

48

8.2.1 Personal Protection from Infrared Radiation Hazards When examining exhibits under IR light, the eyes should be protected from the intense radiation. Approved goggles or eye-shields should be worn. 8.3 Electron Capture Detector Most electron capture detectors in the gas chromatograph use radioactive nickel 63 or tritium as the ionization source. Many EC detector cells are factory sealed to guard against the possible accidental release of the radioactive materials into the laboratory environment. EC detector cells should never be disassembled by the user. Gas chromatograph with tritium EC detector must not be overheated. Overheating will drive off the isotope into the carrier gas stream causing an irreversible damage to the detector and may create a radioactivity hazard in the laboratory. The maximum operating temperature of a titanium/tritium cell is 225ºC and that of a scandium/tritium cell is 325ºC. These limits must not be exceeded even for a short time. Because of the low temperature limit of the tritium source, nickel 63 is used. Nickel sources are usable at temperatures up to about 370ºC, but this figure varies depending on the amount of nickel used and the physical structure of the cell. The safest procedure is to check the operating manual for the particular detector you have and follow the recommendations on safety precautions and others strictly. 8.3.1 Precaution The effluent from the electron capture detector may contain radioactive materials and should not be left to discharge into the confined space of the room. It should be discharged to the outside atmosphere.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

49

9 Radioactivity Hazards 9.1 Handling Radioactivity 1. Radioactive substance must not be bought from suppliers or borrowed for use in the laboratory without discussing the details of the experiment (or test), intended safety precautions, and ultimate disposal of the radioactive material with the supervisor. 2. Any rooms or areas in which radioactive substances are used must be suitably marked as a warning to other staff, fire services, etc. 3. All discussed and agreed safety precautions must be available and made known to all staff involved with the test or experiment before starting work. 4. Radioactive substances must not be used until the group using the radioactive substance has in place a procedure to document on a daily basis, the following:When the radioactive substance is used? The amount of substance used at any time? Who uses the substance? Where it was used? How is the substance disposed of? 5. Areas in which radioactive substance have been used must be checked after use by each person. 6. If there is potential for the radioactive substance to be spilt then there must be in place procedures to monitor the area at risk and clean up spills. 7. When an area ceases to be used for experiments or tests involving radioactive substances, then the area must be cleaned and tested to be free from contamination, to the satisfaction of the radioactive substances safety officer.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

50

10 Disposals of Hazardous Materials 10.1 Introduction Hazardous materials such as flammable organic solvents, reactive chemicals, and poisonous and carcinogenic materials used in the laboratory from time to time. The wastes generated need to be disposed of when:I there are organic solvent wastes II there are wastes generated from chemical reactions III a spillage or breakage occurs IV there is old and unlabelled chemicals lying around These wastes need to be disposed of in a safe and orderly manner and there are two main points which should be considered before disposal. (a) Can the wastes be recovered economically and safely for reuse by recycling? (b) Can they be disposed of with minimum danger to personnel and buildings and with minimal environmental impact? 10.2 Responsibility Responsibility for collection and treatment of wastes lies with the laboratory that generates them. As for wastes that cannot be treated and have to be disposed of through the service of a private company, the person responsible has to be informed of the types and quantities of wastes so generated to enable him/her to plan a proper schedule of disposal. Information about an acceptable procedure for disposal of the materials may be obtained from the person responsible but the actual work, if it involves chemical treatment, must be carried out by the laboratory responsible for their generation. Wastes that are to be disposed of by a private company must bear labels clearly describing their nature, origins and their quantities. 10.3 Principles and Disposal 10.3.1 General Guidelines I Wastes generated should be recovered or disposed of as soon as possible. Do not allow wastes to accumulate. II Wastes should not be mixed indiscriminately. Acid waste must be mixed with acid waste; caustic with caustic; halogenated organic solvent waste with halogenated organic solvent waste, non-halogenated with non-halogenated, pesticide waste with pesticide waste and so forth. III All hot chemical wastes should be allowed to cool before pouring into waste container.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

51

IV Containers for wastes must be clearly labeled with the word ‘WASTE’ and the names of the waste should be stated on the label. V If possible, all reactive/toxic wastes must be deactivated to harmless products before disposal. 10.3.2 Specific Guidelines (1) Organic solvent waste Should never be poured down the sink. (a) Recoverable organic solvent waste- should be collected for recovery by subsequent distillation. A staff member of the laboratory should be trained and made responsible for the recovery of solvents. (b) Non-recoverable organic solvent waste-small quantities of noncombustible solvent wastes that cannot be recovered should be evaporated by a controlled method which does not present a health hazard. For large quantities, use the service of a private company. (2) Wastes generated from chemical reactions Reactive chemicals should be neutralized by a reagent to render them less hazardous. Where possible, toxic soluble materials should be rendered insoluble. (a) Reactive and toxic chemical wastes-must be deactivated or decontaminated before disposal. Proper deactivation and decontamination methods can be found in the Manufacturing Chemists Association (USA) Laboratory Waste disposal Manual. Example, cyanide waste should be treated with excess hypochlorite solution (bleach) and left for 24 hours before disposal. (b) Non-reactive and toxic chemical wastes- Solution should be carefully neutralized and diluted before washing down the sink. Examples are acids or alkaline solutions. (3) Spillage or breakage Main concern is to contain the spill to ensure that it does not spread. Before any “mop-up” operation, report all spillage or breakages to the laboratory supervisors for advice. For small spills, use the spill response pack in your laboratory. Wear (a) protective equipment such as gloves, boots, plastic apron and safety glasses/goggles when cleaning up the spillage or breakage. Wash spilled area with copious amounts of water.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

52

For small spillage of corrosive acids, use the spill response pack to contain and neutralize with industrial grade sodium bicarbonate before disposal. Wash spilled area. (b) For big spills, warm others to evacuate the area and cordon off the area. Get heip. (4) Old and unlabelled chemicals Old chemicals whether with or without labels must be disposed off by professional chemical waste disposal companies.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

53

11 First Aid 11.1 Introduction First aid facilities are a must for an organization as persons trained in first aid are likely to be the first life-savers in an emergency when time is the crucial factor. It must be ensured that first aid treatment is available at all time to all employees. Employees on their part should ensure that they obtain first aid treatment for all injuries, however small, while management must ensure that a sufficient number of persons are trained in first aid throughout the organization. Employees should be encouraged to volunteer for training in first aid techniques. Courses will be arranged and paid for the Department. Time will be given to attend courses. 11.2 First Aid Procedures General Instructions It is the responsibility of all staffs to take precautions to prevent the incidence and cause of accidents. All staff should: 1. 2. 3. 4. Know the location of first aid box in their area. Know who the First Aiders are in their area. Report all accidents to the First Aid Officer. All new staff be given a copy of the Safety Manual.

11.3 First Aid Facilities (a) First Aid Box- Every laboratory is provided with a First Aid box and quantity of stock is to be kept up to standard. The box should be maintained in a clean condition and care must be taken to ensure that packages of sterile dressings remain sealed until use.

A note should be maintained to record any of the contents of the First Aid box that have been used and the use of such content should be reported in the Monthly Safety Inspection Sheet in order to enable the person responsible to update and maintain the stock.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

54

Entries in the note book can be made under the following headings:1 Date and time of accident 2 Name of person injured 3 How accident occurred 4 Nature of injury 5 Treatment (what has been used) 11.4 Training Staffs from each laboratory who have been trained in First Aid are required to attend a refresher course every 6 months. Their certificates are valid for two years only, after which the course and examination must be taken again. Each laboratory should display a list of First Aiders in their block so that in case of any emergency requiring their assistance, they can be readily contacted.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

55

12 Guidelines on the Preparation of Dilute Acids To Prepare Dilute Acids from Concentrated Acids Remember that:• Concentrated acids are very corrosive -Wear safety equipment (e.g. Lab coat, hand gloves, safety glasses or goggles or even face shield, etc) Exothermic reaction –Hot -place the container in ice water to lower the temperature when diluting



DO & DON’T (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) DO Use a measuring cylinder to measure the required volume of concentrated acids Use large beakers or wide mouth containers for dilution Add acid to water Take the necessary precautions Do not Use burette or pipette Dilute directly into a narrow neck volumetric flask Add water to acid Rush or take short-cut

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

56

Example- To Prepare Dilute Sulphuric Acid To prepare one litre 3M dilute H2SO4 from concentrated H2SO4 (18M) Steps:1. 2. 3. 4. Measure 165ml of concentrated H2SO4 with a measuring cylinder Place about 750 of diluted water into a 1500-2000ml beaker Place the beaker in a plastic basic containing ice water. Add in the concentrated acid SLOWLY as shown below and keep stirring.

5. Allow the HOT solution to cool. 6. Transfer the cooled solution to a 1000ml volumetric flask and make up to volume with distilled water.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

57

Diagrams Showing the Proper Ways to Cut and Insert Rod and Glass Tubing Cutting glass tubing

proper method of holding glass tubing Inserting glass tubing into a stopper

Fire polishing (note rotation of the work).

Proper way to insert glass tubing

Improper way to insert glass tubing

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

58

Some Examples of Flammable Chemicals 1. Organic The following common solvents and reagents have flash points below 30ºC n-Hexane* Methanol Methyl ethyl ketone Pentane Petroleum Propanol Pyridine Tetrahydrofuran* Toluene Vinyl acetate Xylene

Acetaldehyde* Acetone Acetonitrile (methyl cyanide) Amyl acetate Benzene Carbon disulphide (auto-ignition Temperature 100ºC)* Chlorobensene Cyclohexane* Cyclohexene** Diethyl ether (auto-ignition Temperature 180ºC)** Dioxane** Ethanol Ethyl acetate 2. Inorganic and Organometallic

Sodium and other alkali metals are readily ignited by heat or contact with water. Metal in a finely-divided form may be spontaneously combustible, e.g. Raney nickel, pyrophoric iron, Finely divided aluminium, magnesium, zinc, etc are easily ignited. It is both dangerous and ineffective to use other than appropriate dry-powder extinguishers. Metal hydrides and methyl alkyls such as aluminium hydride, trimethylaluminium are spontaneously flammable compounds. They should not be used except under expert supervision. Protective clothing must be worn. Fire precautions must include provision of dry-powder extinguishers. Phosphorous (yellow) ignites on contact with air. It must be kept under water. *These substances have a low auto-ignition temperature. Carbon disulphide may be ignited by steam pipes or even low energy electronic devices such as hearing aids. **Forms peroxides.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

59

Some Examples of Reactive Compounds Warning: These chemicals react with water to yield flammable or toxic gases or other hazardous conditions. (A) Water Reactive Compounds 1. Alkali metals (e.g. lithim, sodium) 2. Organometallic compounds (e.g. tetramethylaluminium) 3. Halides (e.g. acetyl chloride, titanium tetrachloride) 4. Hydrides (e.g. doborane, sodium hydride) 5. Peroxides (e.g. sodium peroxide) 6. Carbides (e.g. calcium carbide) 7. Oxides (e.g. calcium oxide, sodium oxide) 8. Phosphides (e.g. aluminium phosphide) 9. Anhydrides (e.g. acetic anhydride) 10. Other Hydrolyzable compounds (e.g. chiorosulfonic acid, aluminium tribromide) (B) Air Sensitive Compounds 1. Metallic Dusts (e.g. zinc, nickel, titanium) 2. Alkali Metals (e.g. cesium, potassium) 3. Hydrides (e.g. diborane tetrachloride, dimethyl arsine, sodium amide, cyclopentadienyl sodium, and many organiometallics) (C) Strong Oxidizers 1. Fluorine 2. Ozone 3. Chlorine 4. Persulfates 5. Peroxides 6. Peroxy Acids 7. Perchlorates 8. Dichromates 9. Chromates 10. Permanganates 11. Hypochlorites 12. Nitrates 13. Nitrites 14. Nitrous Oxide 15. Liquid Oxygen 16. Liquid Air 17. Chlorosulfonic Acid 18. Nitromethane 19. Hypochlorites 20. Chlorates 6. Sodium 7. Lithium 8. Potassium 9. Butadiene 10. Acetylides

(D)Strong Reducers 1. Finely Divided Metals 2. Hydrazine 3. Hydrides 4. Hydrogen 5. Aniline

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

60

(E)Common Explosive Compounds 1. Acetylenic Compounds a. Acetylene b. Copper(I) Acetylide c. Ethoxyacetylene d. Propyne e. Propyne Peroxide f. Disilver Acetylide 2. Azides a. Benzenesulphonyl Azide b. Carbonyl Diazide c. C. Silver Azlde d. Lead Tetrachloride 3. Azo Compounds a. Diazirine b. Azomethane c. Diazomethane 4. Chlorite/Chlorate/Perchlorate Compounds a. Silver Chlorite b. Silver Chlorate c. Potassium Chlorite d. Lead Tetrachloride 5. Fulminates a. Silver Fulminate b. Mercury (II) Fulminate c. Sodium Fulminate d. Copper(II) Fulminate 6. Nitro Compounds and Nitrate Esters a. Nitromethane b. Nitroglycerine c. Nitrocellulose d. Trinitrotoluen

7. Other Nitrogen Containing Compounds (Diazonium Compounds (Diazonium Salts Nitroso Compounds, Amidas, Nitrides) a. Silver Amide b. Silver Nitride c. Nitrosylcyanide d. Disulfur Dinitride 8. Picrates a. Picric acid b. Lead Picrate 9. Peroxides a. Diacetyl Peroxide b. Zinc Peroxide c. Dimethyl Peroxide 10. Strained Ring Compounds a. Benzvlene b. Prismane 11. Polymerizable Compounds a. Acrylic Acid b. Ethylene c. Butadiene d. Styrene e. Vinyl Chloride f. Cyclopentadiene

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

61

Some Examples of Toxic Chemicals/ Human Carcinogens Warning: These chemicals are dangerous or extremely dangerous to health and life when inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. Take proper precautions to avoid contact. (A) Solids 1. Antimony compounds 2. Arsenic compounds 3. Barium compounds 4. Beryllium compounds 5. Cadmium compounds 6. Calcium compounds 7. Chromates, salts of 8. Cyanide salts of 9. Fluorides, salts of 10. Iodine 11. Lead compounds 12. Mercuric compounds Liquids 1. Aniline 2. Bromine 3. Carbon disulfide 4. Carbon tetrachloride 5. Chloroform 6. Chromic acid 7. P-Dioxane 8. Ethylene Glycol 9. Formic acid 10. Hydrazine 11. Hydrobromic acid 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Gases Carbon monoxide Chlorine Cyanogen Diborane Fluorine Formaldehyde Hydrogen bromide 13. Oxalic acid 14. Phenol 15. Phosporus, yellow 16. Phosphorus pentachloride 17. Phosphorus pentasulfide 18. Picric acid 19. Potassium 20. Selenium compounds 21. Silver nitrate 22. Sodium 23. Sodium hydroxide 24. Sodium hypochlorite 12. Hydrochloric acid 13. Hydrofluoric acid 14. Hydrogen peroxide 15. Mercury 16. Nitric acid 17. Perchloric acid 18. Phosphorus trichloride 19. Sulfuric acid 20. Tetrachloroethane 21. Tetrachloroethylene

(B)

(C)

8. Hydrigen chloride 9. Hydrogen cyanide 10. Hydrogen sulfide 11. Nitrogen dioxide 12. Ozone 13. Sulfur dioxide

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

62

HUMAN CARCINOGENS Asbestos Benzene Benzidene Naphthylamine Nickel sulphide fume and dust 4-Nitrodiphenyl Vinyl chloride SUSPECT HUMAN CARCINOGENS Acrylonitrile 1,3-butadiene Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chromates of lead and zinc Hydrazine Methyl iodide Toluidine Vinyl bromide

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

63

Appendix D Some Example of Corrosive Chemicals Corrosive chemicals destroy body tissues or attack metals by direct chemical action. (A) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Inorganic Acids Chlorosulfonic Chromic Hydrochloris Hydrofluoric Nitric Sulfuric Other Inorganics Bromine Phosphorus Trichloride Silicon Tetrachloride Sulfuryl Chloride Thionyl Chloride Peroxides Organic Solvents Dichloroethylene Ethylene Chlorohydrin Perchloroethylene Methyl Ethyl Ketone Gasoline (B) 1. 2. 3. 4. Organic Acids Acetic Butyric Chloroacetic Formic

(C)

(D)

Caustic Solutions 1. Ammonium 2. Sodium Hydroxide 3. Potassium Hydroxide

(E)

(F)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Other Organics Acetic Anhydride Liquified Phenol Triethnolamine 2-Aminoethanol

WARNING: CONTACT LENSES SHOULD NEVER BE WORN WHEN USING CORROSIVE CHEMICALS

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

64

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Laboratory Enh

...Laboratory Enhancement Project Created for: San Pedro College By: National Laboratory Incorporated Introduction The Laboratory Enhancement Project brings you a complete facility of equipment and machinery in a laboratory. The project proposes an updated materials in handling corrosive chemicals and heating or boiling plates. The company will be of help of renewing materials for the advantage of the incoming students. Also, this project will conduct a 5-day seminar for the employees in the stock holder room and teachers for a discussion of proper ways of how to handle with care of the new substances. The company will administer the materials to be delivered upon their transportation in order for your school to have a less difficulty of transferring the products. They are affordable for they are made of recycled residue. Background The school lacks apparatus for the laboratory purposes. Students can not commit fulfilment for the experiments and specimens. A lack of equipment leads to a lack of knowledge because without the certain material the experiment could not be achieved. The process will fail because the procedure cannot be completed without the object. In order to develop a generation of curious students who are socially aware, academically trained and technological-savvy, the school wants to build a new, well-equipped science lab and classroom. At the moment, the San Pedro College is delivered in a regular classroom through frontal, theoretic teaching. The current...

Words: 679 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

The Science Laboratory

...in science laboratories, swishes our nose. On the right, in the spacious lab, there is a small, wooden cabinet filled with chemical liquids. Sanguine, emerald, metallic grey, xanthous and yet the colours go on. As we take a detailed look at the liquids, we automatically lean closer to the cabinet, and its frowzy, stuffy smell hits our nose. In a hitech science laboratory, we would not have imagined such smell. In the entire room, there are only ten tables for the individual learning. A teacher is more useful, when they teach individually, especially when it comes to a scientific subject. Each table has an electronic balance, a huge, intact microscope and an aseptic lavatory. After a quick survey of the interior, our eyes come to a woman, sitting near to the window. Brown, short, straight hair, slender, attractive face with black, thick frame glasses. She reads with great concentration, her eyes rarely look up from the book. Every now and then she takes a long, deep breath and her shoulders slowly rise and fall. Her metal bracelet clings on the grey, hardware table with every move, when she turns a page. Suddenly, an agonised, thin voice splits in the air. As we look at a young experimenter, who sits near to the reading woman, we see a beaker full to the brim with scarlet liquid in front of him. He quietly swears as he tries to undo his last, obviously failed step. The woman looks at him perplexedly. He seems younger, than anyone else in the laboratory, therefore...

Words: 721 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Importance of Laboratory Report

...Lab Report Lab report is one way we used during of after an experiment in a laboratory to subtly record and discuss the experiment. During a lab, we sometimes can observe only the physical part of the experiment, or may be some visible chemical changes. These changes indicate that the experiment we do is successful or not. However, in order to understand and achieve more from just simply doing the experiment, we write lab report to more profoundly understand the internal meanings of the experiment we do, and the eventual purpose of the lab. Doing a lab report are also essential to making corrections for further experiments similar to previously done ones. Pass experiences can help improve and better the new lab in many ways such as the procedure. We can make the procedure clearer and more precise. By doing so, we can do our best to limit the possibility of ingredients that may alternate final results popping up during a lab. Without a precise data and purpose, a lab would not be a lab because it has no means of proving anything that we don’t know of. Too many alternating factors always cause a lab to be useless because we cannot focus on the specific thing we are looking at. Thus, a lab report is essential not just for the lab that the report is for, but essential for bettering future similar experiences. A lab report contains many different parts. One part of the lab report is the analysis of the experiment, which really stands most importantly to a lab. The analysis part...

Words: 350 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Importance of Laboratory Reports

...Importance Of A Lab Report Lab Report Lab report is one way we used during of after an experiment in a laboratory to subtly record and discuss the experiment. During a lab, we sometimes can observe only the physical part of the experiment, or may be some visible chemical changes. These changes indicate that the experiment we do is successful or not. However, in order to understand and achieve more from just simply doing the experiment, we write lab report to more profoundly understand the internal meanings of the experiment we do, and the eventual purpose of the lab. Doing a lab report are also essential to making corrections for further experiments similar to previously done ones. Pass experiences can help improve and better the new lab in many ways such as the procedure. We can make the procedure clearer and more precise. By doing so, we can do our best to limit the possibility of ingredients that may alternate final results popping up during a lab. Without a precise data and purpose, a lab would not be a lab because it has no means of proving anything that we don’t know of. Too many alternating factors always cause a lab to be useless because we cannot focus on the specific thing we are looking at. Thus, a lab report is essential not just for the lab that the report is for, but essential for bettering future similar experiences. A lab report contains many different parts. One part of the lab report is the analysis of the experiment, which really stands most importantly...

Words: 356 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

The Efficacy of Laboratory Facilities

...2: Ortega, Krissa Claire Proposed title: The Efficacy of Laboratory Equipment and Facilities towards The Performance of Health Sciences Students of Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Variables: Independent Variable: Laboratory Equipment and Facilities Dependent Variable: Performance of Health Sciences Students I. Proposed Title with discussion of the two variables Proposed title: The Efficacy of Laboratory Equipment and Facilities towards The Performance of Health Sciences Students of Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Discussion of Variables (Independent and Dependent) This research study was designed to investigate the effectives of laboratory equipment and facilities towards the performance of Health Sciences students. The variables under consideration are the laboratory equipment and facilities as our Independent variable and the student’s performance as our dependent variable. A laboratory (informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Labs used for scientific research take many forms because of the differing requirements of specialists in the various fields of science and engineering. Despite the great differences among laboratories, some features are common. Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or...

Words: 2084 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

How Much Water Is in the Hydrate? Laboratory Report

...HOW MUCH WATER IS IN THE HYDRATE? LABORATORY REPORT PREPARED BY: CHEMISTRY 113 LAB February 2016 PROFESSOR TEACHER ASSISTANT: Introduction: A hydrate is a substance that water. It is important to know how much water is in the hydrate because when performing scientific experiments, it is required to know the mass of each substance. If the substance is heated, then the hydrate can lose the water and the water evaporates, which is called an anhydrous substance. Since water is polar and has interactions with ions, hydrates are made in the substance.  How much water the substance can have, depends on the structure of the substance. An example of a hydrate is magnesium sulfate, which the chemical formula is MgSO4. To find the percentage of water in the hydrate, this formula should be used: mass % water of hydration = (g water/ g hydrated salt) x 100%. Procedure: First, set hot plate on maximum heat. Next, you will weigh the mass of the crucible with crucible lid and record data. Weigh out 2.00g-2.50 grams of hydrate; put hydrate into crucible. Using crucible tongs, place crucible with lid and hydrate inside, on top of hot plate for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, remove lid partially while keeping crucible on hot plate; time for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes is up allow to cool for 5 minutes. After cooling period, record mass of crucible with lid and hydrate and subtract findings from initial mass of empty crucible. For trial 2 place crucible back onto plate and...

Words: 448 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Laboratory Computer System Selection

...REQUEST FOR BID SPECIFICATIONS LABORATORY/PATHOLOGY SERVICES AND OUTPATIENT SERVICES LAB GENERAL: 1. Must provide total integrated system that includes general laboratory, microbiology, blood bank, pathology, and EMR. 2. Must include instrument or foreign system interfaces currently working in existing client sites for a. Beckman Power Pro Automation Line b. Nova CCX Blood Gas Analyzer c. Beckman Datalink Multiplexor d. Sysmex XT1800 Hematology Analyzer e. Sysmex XE2100 Alpha Hematology Analyzer f. Sysmex SP100 Slide Maker/Stainer g. Beckman CX5 Chemistry Analyzer h. Clinitek Urinalysis Analyzer i. Beckman Advance Coagulation Analyzer j. Urisys Urinalysis Analyzer k. Sysmex UF50 Urine Microscopic Analyzer l. Vitek 2 Microbiology Analyzer m. Bac T Alert Blood Culture Analyzer n. Centaur Immunochemistry Analyzer o. RALS Point of Care System p. Sebia Capillarys 2 Electrophoresis System q. BD ProbeTec PCR System r. BioSite Triage System s. Mayo Reference Lab t. ARUP Reference Lab u. Nichols Institute Reference Lab 3. Must provide database to include the following: CPT codes, LOINC, LMRP for medical necessity. If provided from 3rd party, list sources. 4. Must support multiple laboratories at different locations. Logic must be included that traces all work by location. 5. Must support patient registration through the lab information system. Abbreviated registration required that merges with hospital registration. Only minimal information required...

Words: 1174 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

P4 - Describe the Procedure for Storing Scientific Information in Laboratory Information Management System

...P4 A Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is programming that permits you to adequately oversee tests and related information to enhance lab effectiveness. LIMS is programming that permits you to viably oversee tests and related information to enhance lab proficiency. By utilizing a LIMS, your lab can mechanize work processes, coordinate instruments, and oversee tests and related data. Labs utilizing LIMS help their level of polished skill and their capacity to take care of client demand in two ways: * LIMS helps labs produce exact, reproducible results quicker and all the more dependably * LIMS makes information from sequencing runs simpler to store, track, and survey after some time and crosswise over investigations with the goal that labs can assess and enhance operational effectiveness The fundamental component of a LIMS is the administration of tests which comprises of registering and tracking them. After the sample container arrival and registration, the LIMS tracks it and records its area. This may include printing barcodes to recognize the sample compartments. In any case, it is likewise used to build the measure of integration with instruments and applications what is done by making documents which will lead the operations on the example; and to record and trade electronic data what should be possible through Oracle, SQL and Microsoft Access database. Information can be entered into the LIMS by uploading laboratory instrument generated files...

Words: 331 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

...Jet Propulsion Laboratory by vpnacek | studymode.com Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Business School Case 9-110-031 1.1 Should Gentry Lee recommend launch or delay for the Mars Biological Explorer (MBE) mission? Gentry Lee should recommend the launch for the MBE mission. As stated in the case study, Gentry Lee is introduced to the project with a significant amount of experience working with NASA and interplanetary exploration missions (Kaplan and Mikes, 2010). Multiple review boards took place to discuss in detail the consequences and likelihood of risks occurring. Tiger teams were established to find resolutions to existing problems weeks before the launch date. The case study eludes to a high probability of the budget increasing if the launch is delayed, and the probability the mission would not be successful was low. Because of this, Gentry Lee should recommend the launch of the MBE mission. 1.2 What are the most important factors to consider in this mission? JPL invested substantial time “Identifying, measuring, and applying risk factors against the value opportunity and the cost of failure” (VMware 2013). This methodology was a key process to deciding to launch or delay the launch of MBE. One factor that had an impact is regarding the current team members. Because CalTech operated Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), it is likely that the majority of engineers part of the mission team, were new graduates from CalTech. At that moment in the project life cycle...

Words: 1774 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Laboratory Supplies Required in Processing Stat Baby Specimens

...Laboratory Supplies Required in Processing Stat Baby Specimens Laboratory services are critical to providing patient care at the medical center. The Clinical Laboratory orders thousands of items that include very specific laboratory products such as analyzer reagents, and gloves common throughout the medical center. There is a full time employee dedicated to ordering and distributing supplies for the Automated Laboratory. Laboratory specific supplies come in two broad classes; those that are specific an analyzer and general lab supplies. The examples we will use for this summary are creating reagent for the Roche Chemistry Analyzer, and transfer pipets that are used to aliquot specimens in every hospital and research lab in the medical center. Creatinine level is a very common analysis performed on virtually every patient sample. It must be purchased from the manufacturer of the analyzer, which makes it difficult to negotiate pricing separately from the equipment. In addition, the reagent has an expiration date, and must be refrigerated making the holding costs very expensive. There is only a nominal additional cost to order product. As a result, this item is counted and ordered weekly to bring supplies up to a par value. However, this frequency can be problematic for many reasons, which includes more stock rotation and a need to repeatedly work up lot changes on the analyzer. In contrast, the transfer pipettes are purchased from our preferred vendor, but can be bought from...

Words: 453 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Affects of It on the Healthcare Industry - Laboratory Information System (Lis)

...Affects of IT on the Healthcare Industry Laboratory Information System (LIS) There has been numerous technological advances in the past decade that have affected the healthcare industry. With the networking and communication systems development, the amount of information exchanged between healthcare professionals has also risen dramatically. IT has had a significant impact on the healthcare delivery system in all areas and it is believed that it will continue to do so into the next century. In this research, I will only discuss the Laboratory Information System (LIS) and also briefly explain the Hospital Information System (HIS), that are being used in the healthcare industry. Laboratory Information System A laboratory information system (LIS), is a type of software that handles receiving, processing and storing information generated by Medical laboratory processes. These systems must interface with instruments/analyzers and other information systems such as hospital information systems (HIS). An LIS is a highly configurable application which is customized to facilitate a wide variety of laboratory workflow models. Deciding on an LIS vendor and installing of an LIS software could take a lab from a few months to a few years, depending on the complexity of the organization. LIS’s are complex software applications. There are as many variations of LIS’s as there types of lab work. Disciplines of laboratory science include many aspects such as hematology...

Words: 1654 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Answers

...Slovenia, 5-8 September 2011  2011 WIETE Remote engineering laboratories for collaborative experiments A. Nafalski, Z. Nedić & J. Machotka University of South Australia Adelaide, Australia ABSTRACT: Personal and professional attributes of university engineering graduates have become local and national priorities in Australia and elsewhere. These include communication skills, the management of information, a capacity for creation and innovation, commitment to professional and ethical responsibilities, leadership and team skills, capacity for lifelong learning and appropriate professional attitudes. This paper reports on selected collaborative remote engineering laboratory developments that can address some or all of the above competence items, and allow experiments to be conducted with partners sitting at the same computer next to each other or at computers dispersed around the world. The Internet enables the global collaboration and information interchange in social media and also in more professionally oriented remote engineering and science laboratories, where students may work together being geographically located elsewhere. INTRODUCTION Remote laboratories offer great opportunities for local students’ worldwide access to facilities elsewhere in the city, in the country and in the world, the facilities being either unique, expensive, or allowing for interaction via the Internet [1-3]. Few remote laboratories offer a co llaborative working environment, even though engineers...

Words: 1543 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Explain the Processes Involved in Storing Information in a Scientific Workplace.

...scientific information in a laboratory management system. LIMS (laboratory information management system) is used in a laboratory for the management of samples, standards, instruments etc. The instruments are used in the laboratory network in order to be able to receive worklists from the LIMS so they are able to update any information that is relevant to other systems. An example of where LIMS is used is in industry as it maintains the information in the systems. Overall, LIMS have some special functions for example the registration of a sample, the storage of data and the equipment that is used in the analysis of the sample. The main feature of a LIMS is the sample management which involves tracking them. For instance if a sample container arrives the registration must be completed and the LIMS would track it and record its location. This could consist of printing off barcodes in order to identify the sample containers. LIMS could exchange and record electronic information. Along with all these functions of LIMS, it also manages the communication with your clients and the related documents. Also, all information is centralised. Some of the main types of information that would need to be stored on your lab’s LIMS would be COSHH records (control of substance hazardous to health) to ensure the awareness of health and safety, waste disposal to show how much waste is disposed and how much is actually produced, security because different types of laboratories have different levels of...

Words: 363 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Sections and Services of Crime La

... Topic : Sections and services of crime laboratory Date : 2016.01.13 Table of contents Contents page 1. Introduction………………………………………………………3 2. History and background ….……………………………………...3 3. Aim and Objective……………………………………………….4 4. The role of crime laboratories……………………………………4 5. Research tools * Budget…………………………………………..…………5 * Data collection and analysis……………………….……...5 * Work plan………………………………………….……...5 6. Limitations and Conclusion………………………………..…….6 7. Reference……………………………………………..………….6 1. Introduction Crime laboratory is one of the most valuable tool for a crime investigator. It is a scientific lab using primarily forensic sciences for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases. It provides answers to some or all the questions asked such as how the crime was committed, who committed it, and can also determine whether a crime has been committed or not. The crime laboratory seek answers for the questions mentioned above through scientific analysis of physical material collected primarily from the scene of a crime, suspect or the person affected. It provides an even more integrated approach to the analysis of exhibits and the presentation of expert evidence. Generally the aim of the crime laboratory is to effectively prevent and combat crime. 2. History and background of crime laboratory The Forensic Science Laboratory of the South African Police Service was formed...

Words: 1042 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Love

...ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I COURSE OUTLINE AHS 131 Professor: Kevin M. Costa Course Description: The study of cell structure and function, tissues, skeleton, muscular system, nervous system, and special senses. Required of all students in Physical Therapist Assistant, Surgical Technology, Medical Laboratory Technology, Respiratory Care, Nursing, Radiologic Technology and Radiation Therapy. (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours). Required Text Book: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Ninth Edition Frederic H. Martini Lab Manual: Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology, Fourth Edition Michael G. Wood, Prentice Hall, N.J. 2001 Grading Policy: 50% - Lecture 50% - Laboratory Grading System: 90 – 100% A 85 – 89% B+ 80 – 84% B 75 – 79% C+ 70 – 74% C 65 – 69% D+ 60 – 64% D < 60% F Withdrawal Policy: It is the responsibility of the student to withdraw officially from courses by filing a properly completed Drop/Add form. If you fail to file a signed form with the Office of the Registrar within 24 hours of my signing, you will receive a WU or F grade for the course. You have 24 hours to officially withdraw from the course after the return of your 3rd exam or your grade will stand as is or earn an F. ...

Words: 635 - Pages: 3