...between The Big Five Personality Traits (Five Factor Model-FFM) and Transformational Leadership Yunita Agustian Minjalnis (1121200127) Fatima Al-Qadhibi (1121200083) Aurora Noor Aisa (1121200128) Vasantakumaren Seri Ramalo (1111200145) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chong Chin Wei – DBA/PhD/MPhil Malaysia 26th December 2012 MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION Are you born to be a leader? Are you a “natural”? Or is leadership a set of behaviors and competencies that anyone can develop, given the right experiences, circumstances, and training? Since the 1960s, researchers have examined whether there is a relationship between the basic agreed-on factors that make up personality and leadership. The Big Five personality factors are Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion, which some researchers have labelled the CANOE personality model as an easy aid to remembering each factor (Bligh, 2009). As Tejeda (2001) asserts, “the past two decades have witnessed a great deal of scholarly attention transformational leadership behavior, which is currently the most widely accepted leadership paradigm” (as cited in Rubin, Munz, & Bommer, 2005, p.845). Transformational leadership behavior represents the most active/effective form of leadership, a form in which leaders are closely engaged with followers, motivating them to perform beyond their transactional agreements. Barling, Weber, and Kelloway (1996) demonstrated that some transformational leadership behaviors can...
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...Personality in the Workplace Personality in the Workplace Personality can be thought of as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts and reacts to other individuals (Stephen & Robbins, 2013). Research has shown that measuring personality is a useful tool in making hiring decisions and helping organizations forecast who is best for each unique position. The Big Five Model Personality Model does a great job of predicting how individuals will behave in a wide range of real-life situations, including in an individual’s work life (Stephen & Robbins, 2013). After taking the assessment, my results showed that I scored highest in openness to experience/intellect and lowest in agreeableness. Though not surprising, these results will help me reevaluate my personality and behaviors within my workplace so that I can adapt to become more successful and effective in my position. The Big Five Personality Model consists of five basic dimensions that incorporate the most important variations in human personality (Stephen & Robbins, 2013). These five basic dimensions include extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience. Research on how the Big Five Personality traits predict work performance has found significant relationships between these five personality dimensions and work performance (Stephens & Robbins, 2013). For instance, individuals who score highest on conscientiousness develop higher levels of job knowledge...
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...particular nature or personality and qualities making that individual unique capability in gaining an accurate and deep understanding, of the situation at hand. Leaders display traits through patterns in their behavior (Draft, 2011, p. 33). The leader’s self insight exercises taking the form of questionnaires, scenarios and activities provides self-assessments for learners and opportunities to experience leadership issues in a personal nature (Draft, 2011, p. xv). Therefore, knowing each individual leader unique set of qualities, characteristics, and strengths can be beneficial to the leadership role, by giving a perspective to leadership behavior (2013, p. 33). The question in this case is; does leader’s self insight assessments proves effective for learners and offers opportunities for improving leadership? In constructing this paper it was found that chapter three and chapter four contains a total of eight leader’s self-insight exercises in the form of questionnaires, scenarios and activities, all providing self-assessments for learners and offering opportunities for leadership roles. The question remains how will we perform under pressure and respond as a work group leader while, focusing on how the leader’s self-insight contributes to the learner’s leadership development. We should find the answers from the following insights; T-P Leadership Questionnaire: An assessment of style, Are you Ready?, measuring substitutes for leadership, big five personality, measuring locus...
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...article: Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do the job.[17] Teams[edit] Main article: Team Job-related attitudes and emotions[edit] Organizational behavior deals with employee attitudes and feelings. Job satisfaction is the feelings one has about the job or facets of the job, such as pay or supervision[18] Organizational commitment is the extent to which employees feel attachment to their organization.[19] Emotional labor concerns the requirement that employees display certain emotions, like smiling at customers.[20] Leadership[edit] Main article: Leadership There have been a number of approaches and theories that concern leadership. Early theories focused on characteristics of leaders, while later theories focused on leader behavior, and conditions under which...
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...Self-reflection – the key to effective leadership Most authorities on leadership development understand the importance of assisting managers and leaders to engage in self-discovery and self-reflection. Recorded statements from philosophers about the need for self-awareness and reflection for those in leadership positions goes back thousands of years to ancient philosophers and teaches like Confucius, Socrates, Plato, Jesus and Mohammed. However, research has shown that self-reflection is possibly a manager’s least favourite activity. While much has been written on the need for self-reflection and for selfunderstanding by managers, little is available that points the way forward for managers on how to commence self-reflection, what are the processes involved and how one commences on the road to self discovery. In this short article, I will endeavour to assist you to commence learning about yourself. There are two good reasons why managers and leaders should be concerned about learning about themselves. First, while some people, because of personality flaws, like narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychological personality disorders should never be allowed to lead others, most people can improve their leadership potential and performance by engaging in self-reflection. Second, research has shown there is no better bedrock for effective leadership than a secure understanding and sense of oneself. Self-understanding also provides a sound basis for understanding ...
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...Personality is the sum totals of ways an individual reacts to and interact with others. There are several personalities that affect employees’ behaviour at work. One of the ways to measure personalities is using the Big Five Personality Model, which found relationships between job performance and these five dimensions. Firstly, the extraversion dimension captures the level of comfort in relationships. Extraverts are gregarious, assertive and sociable while introverts are reserved, timid and quiet. As extraverts have better interpersonal skills, they tend to have better job performance in jobs that requires significant interpersonal skills. They are also socially dominant, which enhanced their leadership qualities. Extraverts are emotionally expressive and experience more positive feelings than introverts, thus, they are more satisfied with their job and life. However, the downside of an extravert is that they are more impulsive and are more likely to be absent from their job or engage in risky behaviours. Secondly, the agreeable dimension refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable individuals are warm, trusting and cooperative while individuals who are not are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. Highly agreeable individuals are well-liked, compliant and conforming. This results in higher performance and lower level of deviant behaviours. Thirdly, the conscientious dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is dependable...
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...resurgence in the trait personality approach to understanding work-related behaviour and performance (for a current review, see Burch & Anderson, 2008). In particular, there is growing interest in the personality of leaders. For example, a recent meta-analysis into the trait-leadership relationship found leadership to be positively correlated with extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and negatively related to neuroticism (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). While there is this developing literature considering the ‘normal’ personality of leaders, another literature is growing alongside – that of the ‘dark side’ of leadership personality, that is, more negatively connotated traits (e.g., Hogan & Hogan, 2001). The study of the ‘dark side’ of personality has an important role in helping organizations identify those with the potential for ‘derailment’, deviant behaviours, and poor work performance (e.g., Furnham and Taylor, 2004, Hogan and Hogan, 2001 and Moscoso and Salagdo, 2004). Within this literature, a relationship between the ‘dark side’ and transformational leadership has often been alluded to (see Parry & Proctor-Thomson, 2002), yet there is limited empirical research investigating this relationship. Transformational leadership has been described by Bass and Avolio (2004) as encouraging other people to perform and develop beyond what is normally expected of them, and differs from transactional leadership, which refers to a leadership style focused on interpersonal...
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...approach to assessing leadership dimensions, styles and context An Article published in Competency & Emotional Intelligence Quarterly, Winter 2003. The new Leadership Dimensions Questionnaire brings together the latest thinking on competencies, emotional intelligence and intellectual ability; its authors, Victor Dulewicz and Malcolm Higgs, explain their research process and the ways in which the LDQ can be applied. INTRODUCTION A new model of leadership It has been estimated that, in 1999 alone, more than 2,000 books were published on the topic of leadership. A recent search on the Library of Congress database revealed in excess of 8,000 books on the subject. Higgs (2002) conducted a wide-ranging review of the development in thinking on the nature of effective leadership. In particular, he looked at the literature from a “sense-making” rather than discovery perspective (Weick, 1995). One part of a pattern to emerge from his review is that the personality of the leader is a determinant of their effectiveness (eg, Hogan and Hogan, 2001; Collins, 2001). The second element of the overall pattern is that effective leaders differ from each other through the exercise of a relatively small range of skill or competence areas (eg, Kouzes and Posner, 1998; Goffee and Jones, 2000; Higgs and Rowland, 2001; Hogan and Hogan, 2001). The way in which these skills and competencies are exercised is not prescribed, but is the function of the underlying personality of the leader (Hogan...
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...Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Intrapersonal Skills 2 3. The Big Five Dimensions of Personality 2 4. Analysis and Reflection of Results 3 5. Goal Setting 4 7. Conclusion 5 8. References 5 1. Introduction Research shows that “if your emotional abilities aren't in hand, if you don't have self-awareness, if you are not able to manage your distressing emotions, if you can't have empathy and have effective relationships, then no matter how smart you are, you are not going to get very far” (Treher and Piltz et al., 2011). From a business perspective intrapersonal skills are becoming more important for everyday production. For that reason, in this portfolio, I will effectively examine my interpersonal skills and any strengths or weaknesses that lie within. I will reflect on my learning in regards to the experiences throughout the past 6 weeks of studying BSB124- working in business. My reflections will be fully justified with the use of the results from the NEO IPIP and also by the theories that have been covered. Throughout the report, I have identified an area of improvement for my professional development that will allow me to grow and be better equipped in my career as an Accountant. 2. Intrapersonal Skills Intrapersonal skills (or “often referred to as self-management abilities) are defined to be within the individual and include characteristics such as personality, attitudes, self concept, and integrity” (Lussier, 2006). Throughout this portfolio...
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...2002). The purpose of this paper is to create my own personal development plan based on the Central Michigan University (CMU) leadership competency model, leadership theories and personality tests. This will serve as a framework to allow me to identify my own weaknesses and strengths, and develop my leadership capacity, allowing myself to be able to achieve the vision I set for myself and the current business environment. The vision I had for myself is to enter the Marketing Industry, focusing on business development, and ultimately becoming an entrepreneur. Business development has been said to be a synthesis of strategic analysis, marketing and sales (The Editor, 2012). The competencies required are ‘strong research skills’, to evaluate the business environment, ‘people and communication skills’, to build partnership and rapport with other organization and with a ‘deal closing instinct’, to ensure closing of sales (The Editor, 2012). This leadership development plan will be helping me in preparing to be a future business development director or an entrepreneur at the end of my career. Lastly, I would seek a Major of the Singapore Armed Forces, who has seen me in a leadership role, to provide feedback on my personal leadership development plan. Central Michigan University Leadership Competency Model The Central Michigan University leadership competency model has identified leaders with several competencies such as skills, behaviors, abilities, knowledge and attitudes...
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...Learning Team Leadership 1 Learning Team Leadership Evaluation Thomas Hong, Ph.D., Arpad Szurgyi, Ph.D., Dawn Dobson, Ph.D., Stephanie Smith, Ph.D., David Benson, Ph.D., and Tim Halton, Ph.D. University of Phoenix Organizational Diagnosis and Intervention June 16, 2008 Learning Team Leadership Learning Team Leadership Evaluation The global economy, geographically distributed organizations, and increasingly rapid technological changes have added a level of complexity that has changed the nature of business interrelationships. Managerial self-awareness and personal reflection play an important role in the leadership development process (McCarthy & Garavan, 1999). The 360-degree feedback process, multisource assessments, and personality inventories are useful in the context of leadership development (Church & Bracken, 1997; McCarthy & Garavan, 1999). Selfassessment and personal reflection are valuable tools in achieving personal and professional 2 growth and success. The challenge, however, is that self-assessment is oftentimes a difficult task due to the subjectivity of personal perceptions of strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of this essay is to report out on the assessment of the leadership styles of individual team members and identify the most important areas for improvement. The essay commences with a discussion on the criteria used for the selection of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) as a self-awareness leadership instrument. The essay continues...
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...them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration". Weber (as cited in Robins et al. 2008) describes chiasmatic leadership as one of the best models of authority and influence. Robert House (as cited in Robins et al.) details the 'charismatic leadership theory' as leaders with vision and who are willing to take personal risks to accomplish their vision, they are responsive to subrogates requirements and to environmental demands, and they demonstrate behaviours that are out to the ordinary. Unfortunately, some charismatic leaders can become carried away and a 'dark side' is revealed. In these cases the best interests of the organisation are not fully represented (Robbins et al.). The margin separating personal interests and those of the organisation can become blurred. Robins et al., describes the worst case scenario being when 'ego-driven' charismatic leader put their own interests ahead of the organisation, or when they use the organisational resources for their own personal benefit or gain (Robbins et al.). It is clear that Carly became impressed with herself and her importance, placing her portrait next to those of the HP founders and failing to heed the warning issued by HB board members to change her style (Robbins et al.). Prior to joining HP, Carly undertook a 900 question personality test. Personality testing is used to predict performance in the workplace (Hoffman 2000). It was recognised that Carly had charismatic qualities including the...
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...is Organizational Behavior? Why do we study organizational behavior? 2. Personality What shapes personality? What are some of the key dimensions of personality? Big 5: the five dimensions of personality Core-self evaluation, Type A personality Case: Warner Cable (A&B) 3. Perception What is perception? Factors that influence perception (e.g., personality, needs, etc) How to people make attributions(cues about the causes of behavior?: consensus, consistency, distinctiveness Common perceptual errors (e.g., Fundamental attribution errors, Self-serving bias, recency, and etc.) Exercise: Alligator River 4. Motivation Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Prosocial motivation Positive reinforcement Need theory Expectancy theory Equity theory Goal setting theory Characteristics of goals (e.g., easy vs. challenging; specific vs. vague) Job Characteristic Model(designing jobs to enhance intrinsic motivation Case: Karen Leary (A) Case: Honey and Beard Company 5. Leadership Leadership theories: Trait approach, Ohio’s leadership styles (task vs. people), Contingency theories, Transaction and transformational leadership What are the differences between a manager and a leader? What are the...
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...as “individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognised by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization.” Researches have identified numerous dimensions of OCB (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1997). Organ (1988) suggested a five-factor model composed of five dimensions; altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, civic virtue and sportsmanship, which most conceptualisations of OCB are based on. Altruism refers to behaviours that involve helping another person, such as helping a colleague with a heavy workload. Courtesy involves being polite and courteous to prevent work related problems, for example, informing a coworker or a change that may affect them introduced by you. Conscientiousness refers to doing more than just the minimum to prevent and minimize error, in terms of attendance and punctuality. Civic virtue refers to employees genuine concern and interest in the existence of the organisation (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000), for example attending meetings and keeping up-to-date with issues facing the organisation. Sportsmanship involves employees tolerating less-than-ideal conditions and being accepting of changes. These five dimensions are commonly split into two distinct categories: individual-directed behaviours (OCBI) and...
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...SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE AND TRUE FALSE QUESTIONS (These are samples only and may not be the exact questions on the test) Chapter 12 Leadership Leadership is best defined as ________. A) the ability to merely project one's abilities in the lack of actual accomplishments B) the ability to reduce the dependence of team members on each other C) the ability to induce the team members to focus on individual goals rather than collective goals D) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals E) the ability to use factors like training and experience to reduce dependence on formal leadership Trait theories of leadership focus on ________. A) the special relationship that leaders establish with a small group of their followers B) the personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders C) the way the leader makes decisions D) the extent to which followers are willing and able to accomplish a specific task E) the match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been identified as the most important trait in effective leaders? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) emotional stability Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________, which reflects the consideration that leaders must be able to express. A) conscientiousness ...
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