...means that it is inborn within you. From a religious perspective, an innate conscience is one which is God given or the voice of reason as a moral guide to what is right and wrong, whereas if it is argued that the conscience is not innate then it is described as being learned or developed according to psychologists. There are three key approaches to defining conscience psychologically wise. The first one by Freud and developed by Piaget and Fromm, argues that conscience is the result of environmental factors. Freud's definition of conscience is linked to an individual's feelings of guilt and fear of punishment. As such, it could be seen as an unreliable guide to ethical decision-making as it may inspire actions simply to gain approval. There is then the an entirely different approach to conscience, existing within the Christian tradition, is to define conscience as an innate or intuitive sense. This view has perpetuated from the early Christian writings of St Paul to Cardinal Newman's work at the end of the 19th Century. Another important proponent of an intuitive conscience was Joseph Butler, who identified conscience as the ultimate moral decision maker. Placed within us by God, it must be obeyed. However, a main criticism of this is why do we behave immorally if it is God's voice within us? This questions his supposed Omni benevolence. Freud (1856-1939) believed that the human psyche was inspired by powerful desires that begin at birth and need to be satisfied. These are critical...
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...field of specialization, there is no generally accepted conception of what a theory is. Because your dissertation must contribute to theory, you must have a clear understanding of the variety of conceptions of theory, types of theories, and ways of contributing to theory and be able to justify how, exactly, your study contributes to theory. Part 1 Using Gelso (2006), Harlow (2009), Stam, H. (2007, 2010), Wacker (1999), and five additional peer-reviewed articles from your specialization, discuss scholarly views on the nature and types of theory. Compare and contrast at least three views of what constitutes a theory, including the view you will use in Part 3 of this question. Be sure to distinguish theory from related concepts, such as hypothesis, paradigm, model, and concept. Part 2 Using Ellis & Levy (2008), Harlow, E. (2009), and five additional peer-reviewed articles, review the scholarly literature on the relationship between theory and research and the ways research (quantitative and qualitative) can contribute to theory. Discuss at least three ways research can contribute to theory. Part 3 Pick a theory (in one of the views of what constitutes a theory that you identified in Part 1) of current interest directly related to the topic area of your dissertation. A theory is currently of interest if there are articles published on it in the past five years. Using at least 10 published, peer-reviewed research articles: 1. Explain how the theory adds or may add to...
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...In many descriptions of psychology history, it was the start of the very first psychology lab that officially marked psychology's beginnings as a separate and distinct discipline. This discussion will be explaining exactly when the first lab of psychology formed and who was responsible for this important event in psychology history (Cherry, Kendra). In this paper the philosophers that historically relate to the beginning of psychology as a discipline will be identified. The major philosophers in the western tradition whom were primarily contributors to the formation of psychology, and the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century will also be discussed. In the Beginning Wilhelm Wundt, a German doctor and psychologist, was responsible for creating the world's first psychology lab. Wundt established this lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany, and by doing so created an academic laboratory that was dedicated to the study of experimental psychology. Wundt officially took psychology from a less disciplined part of philosophy and biology to a scientific discipline (Cherry, Kendra). William Wundt is known to be the father of psychology. He is famous for his findings on introspection, which is the experiments and reporting of the conscious inner thoughts desires and sensations. Introspection relies on thinking, reasoning, and explaining one’s own thoughts. A student of Wundt, G. Stanley Hall, stated that the first experimental psychological...
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...The Field of Psychology We humans are a strange species and our behavior is often inconsistent. Some of us smile when we're angry, others cry when we're happy. And all of us expect other people to figure out what in the world we are thinking. Not only are we different from other species, we're radically different from each other. Thankfully, our differences can be examined more easily through the lens of psychology—the science that tells us how the mind, brain, and body work together. This lesson introduces you to the field of psychology—its origins, history, key perspectives, research methods, issues, and current trends. This lesson presents the following topics: • What is Psychology? • The History of Psychology • Modern Psychology Perspectives • Types of Psychological Professionals • The Science of Psychology • Ethics of Psychological Research What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior includes outward or obvious actions or reactions such as facial expressions or movement. These actions and reactions are sometimes referred to as body language. John wants to ask Susan for a date, and Susan wants him to ask her out. John worked up his courage, was about to ask her out when he walked by her desk, but Susan looked up with a frown on her face. Assuming that she was frowning at him, John walked quickly back to his own office. Susan, who had a horrible sinus...
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...before this takes place in understanding the development behavior in why it has come to this and how ethical principles can help others to turn their lives around in a positive way. Focusing on what is right or wrong is not the issue; it is about putting life in perspective. In using the ethical way in developing a way in teaching clients to incorporate these ethics in their everyday lives to be free and stay free from mind altering chemicals for the rest of their lives. I am in a position as a counselor to engage in the ethical manner that I must abbey by as well in making sure that the clients adhere as well while participating in the program. There are factors that play a part in substance abuse counseling field. Not only teaching to stay sober but also learning a new way of living without drugs and alcohol. The personal values that I have tried to instill in my life I try to pass it along to the clients who I see in everyday life are values taught and carried down as a child growing up. This has made me the woman that I am today in despite of the past. Values I have learned to value in my personal life that has meaning to the person I am. For example: I was taught to always to be a lady at all times is respectable and look up to my elders. The childhood was fun growing up with family and close friends through my life. The values and morals with principles which, clients do not have because of their behavior that brought them to recovery. Teaching values to clients...
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...the development of a number of different theories about how personality develops. Different schools of thought in psychology influence many of these theories. Psychologists seek to describe personality characteristics and to explain how personality develops. As psychologists seek to define personality, a theory of personality is developed. This research paper examines six major tenants that are fundamental to the development of a personality theory. First, research is provided to explore the tenants of nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self. These tenants build the basis under a broad area of foundations of personality. Second, research is provided to examine the tenants of development, motivation, and maturation. As these tenants are studied, a view on the progression of personality is developed. A third aspect of this research is an investigation into Biblical principles of developing a personality theory. To explore the six major tenants of a personality theory, this research paper analyzes scholarly journal articles and scholarly books published from 2007 to 2014. The findings of this research are valuable in developing a theory of personality that includes important Biblical integration. A Theory of Personality How is a theory of personality developed? Psychologists have long studied the development of human personality. The debate of “What influences the things people do and do not do?" has been ongoing since the psychoanalytic...
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...What is Organizational Psychology? In this paper, the discussion will pertain to Organizational Psychology. A definition will be obtained and explained. This paper will also discuss the evolution of the field of Organizational Psychology. There will also be an analysis of the role of research and statistics. The application of organizational psychology principles to recruitment socialization will also be explained. Organizational Psychology Defined Organizational psychology is a theme that employs scientific methodology to get a better understanding in the behavior of individuals in an organizational setting. This has been applied in different ways in order to help organizations to function effectively. Such as being productive, provide higher-quality services. In the private organizations success can result in increased shareholder wealth and job securities for employees and for the public organizations means high quality services and cost savings to taxpayers. Organizational psychology can help in determining prior to hiring and promotion that an employee will perform his or her job effectively. According to Latham, performance is concerned with two issues. The first issue is the criterion development in which this can help in identifying the invention of the individual employee. They are used not only to authenticate the individual’s techniques, they are used to determine whether the employee should be advanced, reduce in importance, reassigned, given a bonus or salary...
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...(3) state that "ethics are principles of action based on a commonly accepted system of values," thus relating professional ethics to social values. The APA code of ethics (1, p. 49) states that a cardinal obligation of the psychologist "is to respect the integrity and protect the welfare of the person with whom he is working." This is clearly an expression of the value of the individual in our society, as is recognized in Principle 1.13: "The psychologist should express in his professional behavior a firm commitment to those values which lie at the foundation of a democratic society, such as freedom of speech, freedom of research, and respect for the integrity of the individual" (1, p. 10). Philosophy of Counseling. From ethics and values to philosophy is only a short step. A philosophy is an integration of values, usually resulting in statements of postulates and assumptions, or principles. It is only natural, and to be expected, that philosophies of counseling and psychotherapy should reflect the philosophies How Values Affect Counseling of the societies in which these activities and Psychotherapy operate. The prevailing philosophy of our Besides the fact that many of the client's society is a democratic one. This is more problems involve values and value conflicts, than a political term, although Meehl and there are other ways in which values af- McClosky (15) would make it primarily fect the therapeutic relationship. such. Democratic principles and values Values and Counseling...
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...Olivarez College – Graduate School in Business | Principles on the Theories of Motivation | Human Resource Management | Engr. Mary Jane A. Badillo | PRINCIPLES ON THE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION WHAT IS MOTIVATION? Many people incorrectly view motivation as a personal trait. Some people have it, and others don’t. But motivation is defined as a set of forces that causes an individual to behave in a particular way. It is generally what energizes, maintains and controls behavior, it acts as a stimulus for desirable actions. Motivational concerns would be addressed if we were to ask, for example, What motivates employees to go to work each morning? Many people get great satisfaction from their work and take great pride in it; others may view it as a burden, and simply work to survive. This question of motivation has been studied by management theorists and social psychologists for decades, in attempts to identify successful approaches to management. From a manager’s viewpoint, the objective is to motivate people to behave in ways that are in the organization’s best interest. THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION What people want from an organization and how they think they can achieve it plays an important role in determining their motivation to work. Some people want money, some want challenge and some want power. The difference between highly effective organizations and less effective ones often lies in the motivations of their members. Managers strive to motivate...
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...40-65, and the eighth stage is the late adulthood stage age 65 to death. The eight stages are called Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. These stages describe how a human should develop as they pass through life .Each stage that is conquered successfully means that a person conquers new challenges. Each stage builds as you successfully complete earlier stages. If the stages aren’t successfully completed, they can resurface as problems in the future. In the second stage, which is early childhood the development process is Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt Description: Children have newfound power at this stage as they have developed motor skills and become more and more engaged in social interaction with people around them. They now must learn to achieve a balance between eagerness for more adventure and more responsibility, and learning to control impulses and childish fantasies. Positive outcome: If parents are encouraging, but consistent in discipline, children will learn to accept without guilt, that certain things are not allowed, but at the same time will not feel shame when using their imagination and engaging in make-believe role plays. Negative outcome: If not, children may develop a sense of guilt...
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...psychotherapy, the relationship between the therapist and patient, or client, is much more important than in other medical treatments. The therapist’s personality influences the patient and may be used quite deliberately to achieve therapeutic ends. Psychotherapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments, especially psychotropic drug therapy (seePsychoactive Drug; Psychiatry). These drugs may be prescribed by a mental health professional, usually a psychiatrist (a physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems). (See also Mental Disorders; Mental Health.) Attempts to ameliorate emotional and mental disorders through psychological means date from ancient time. Psychotherapeutic practices based on scientific principles date from about 1772, when the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer defined and used a form of hypnosis called animal magnetism. Neuroses were treated in the 19th century with such physical agents as water or painful electrical currents, both of which also depended for effectiveness on the use of suggestion. Hypnotism as a method of suggestion for alleviating certain psychological disturbances reached its height late in the 19th century, as practiced by the French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot and his associates at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris....
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...A Constructivist Pedagogy For Career And Technology Education In this article, I explored tenets of constructivism that could be directly applied to the Career and Technology Education Standards for Career and Technology Education Teachers. This article provides a proposed constructivist pedagogy for the Vocational Technology studies. Though I do not consider myself to be a strict- constructivist teacher, when I compared my educational philosophy to this proposed pedagogy, I realized how much the study of constructivist theory and practice had influenced my beliefs and methods of instruction. As a future Technology Education educator, I applied these constructivist principles to my own teaching style and methods. A Constructivist Pedagogy for Career and Technology Education The National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium states: “career studies should be taught in manners that are consistent with a constructivist view of learning” (NASDCTEC, 1999, p. 7). While this may sound good in theory, one underlying problem exists: the lack of a clearly defined, agreed-upon constructivist pedagogy. This article will (1) explore the definition and variations of constructivist theory, (2) present a pedagogy for constructivist teachers of career and technology studies, and (3) compare and relate those pedagogies to the existing standards for powerful career and technology studies as defined by the NASDCTEC. “Constructivism is a topic...
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...copy all or part of the contents of this document for scholarly purposes provided that no fee for the use or possession of such copies is charged to the ultimate consumer of the copies. Proper citation to ACA must be given. Introduction Counselors are often faced with situations which require sound ethical decision making ability. Determining the appropriate course to take when faced with a difficult ethical dilemma can be a challenge. To assist ACA members in meeting this challenge, the ACA Ethics Committee has developed A Practitioner's Guide to Ethical Decision Making. The intent of this document is to offer professional counselors a framework for sound ethical decision making. The following will address both guiding principles that are globally valuable in ethical decision making, and a model that professionals can utilize as they address ethical questions in their work. Moral Principles Kitchener (1984) has identified five moral principles that are viewed as the cornerstone of our ethical guidelines. Ethical guidelines can not address all situations that a counselor is forced to confront. Reviewing these ethical principles which are at the foundation of the guidelines often helps to clarify the issues involved in a given situation. The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each...
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...wish to copy all or part of the contents of this document for scholarly purposes provided that no fee for the use or possession of such copies is charged to the ultimate consumer of the copies. Proper citation to ACA must be given. Introduction Counselors are often faced with situations which require sound ethical decision making ability. Determining the appropriate course to take when faced with a difficult ethical dilemma can be a challenge. To assist ACA members in meeting this challenge, the ACA Ethics Committee has developed A Practitioner's Guide to Ethical Decision Making. The intent of this document is to offer professional counselors a framework for sound ethical decision making. The following will address both guiding principles that are globally valuable in ethical decision making, and a model that professionals can utilize as they address ethical questions in their work. Moral Principles Kitchener (1984) has identified five moral principles that are viewed as the cornerstone of our ethical guidelines. Ethical guidelines can not address all situations that a counselor is forced to confront. Reviewing these ethical principles which are at the foundation of the guidelines often helps to clarify the issues involved in a given situation. The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute truths in and of...
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...Management Guidelines for Success INTRODUCTION How do the most effective teachers… • manage behavior in their multi-ethnic, multi-cultural classrooms? • develop and use classroom rules and routines? • use classroom consequences that work? • design positive behavioral supports for challenging behaviors? • avoid career- and health-threatening frustration and burnout? The establishment and maintenance of safe and supportive classrooms that contribute to high quality student achievement are critical skills that are rarely taught at the university. Consequently, those skills must be crafted and honed “on the job.” Each school and each classroom presents its own unique challenges, and because every year brings a new group of students, teachers must become lifelong learners. The foundation of this learning lies in just a few research-supported principles and actions, TeachSafeSchools.com and the Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment have condensed the information for ready consumption. Everything starts with TEACH: T.E.A.C.H. T – Tailor for diversity. Make it a point to know as much as possible about your students, including their diverse cultural, ethnic, behavioral, and learning characteristics, along with stressors they may experience outside of school. E – Encourage positive behavior. Aim for a 4:1 ratio of positive comments to negative corrections for all the students. A – Arrange the environment for success. ...
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