...Stages of Development from Early Childhood Through Middle Childhood We can break child development into five separate stages. The stages consist of infancy (birth-2), early childhood (2-6), middle childhood (6-10), early adolescence (10-14), and late adolescence (14-18). For each stage there are different types of developmental achievements that will be reached. This paper will serve as a comparison for the early and middle childhood developmental periods. There will be a detailed comparison of the two age groups for each of the following developmental characteristics: • Physical development • Emotional development • Cognitive development • Intellectual development • Language development • Reading/Writing development • Social development • Interpersonal development Physical Development (Early Childhood) During the early childhood stage children begin to lose their roundish baby like appearance. Their bodies become more proportionate with the lengthening of their arms and legs. They begin to acquire fine motor skills. These newfound skills allow them to grip a pencil in more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as supervising them while they them use scissors and paper. Although it is normal for boys to be more physically active then girls both will show an increase in energy. They will develop more control over their...
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...Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals,...
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...Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals,...
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...The Piaget’s Stages of Development was thought up by a Psychologist and developmental biologist Jean Piaget. Cognitive development also known as intelligence development as described by Piaget through these four stages: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, Formal Operational. The sensorimotor stage is when children come to realize that objects exist and tend to experiment greatly by throwing stuff around or putting it in their mouth. They know the object is real even if they can’t see it. This is a sign that intelligence is developing. This stage occurs from birth up to about 2 years. Then there’s the pre-operational stage when the child becomes egocentric, they have problems distinguishing their thoughts and perception from that of others. This occurs between the ages of 2 to 7. The Concrete operational stage is when children begin to realize that their feelings and opinions are unique and may not be in unison with everyone else. (7-11 years) Lastly the Formal operational stage is when adolescents can relate a relative thought to an abstract scenario. This is when problem solving comes into play and sometimes the individual can solve the problem before it even happens. One of the limitations to this theory is that Piaget underestimates the ability of the infants and even individuals at other stages because it has been proven that even infants have a certain intellectual capacity and may surpass what is known as the norm for babies. One of the accomplishments...
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...Stages of Ego Development Jane Loevinger’s has stages of development. The names of these stages are impulse, self protective, conformist, conscientious-conformist, conscientious, individualistic, autonomous, and integrated. The theory is made for a way to understand an entire life span. According to Jane Loevinger’s theory and the stages of development is way to explain our experiences, to make sense of it all. We change as we go through our life but what cause these changes psychologically is unknown. This theory breaks it down into steps that we all face at one point or another in our lives. As we mature and get older we start reaching other steps or stages. According to our text material “each stage provides an overall framework of meaning that the person employs to make sense of the world. We all encounter different stages at different times, and sometimes don’t even get through one of them. Types of manifestations that occur vary. It can be through your impulse control, interpersonal mode, and conscious preoccupations. All are around how we react and cope, how we physically and mentally react, and how we carry it and let things reflect on us as individuals. We all at one point or another have suffered and dealt with the fact or being scared of not fitting in, and trying to figure out why we are here and what we are suppose to be doing, the bigger purpose of life. How we react and then apply that all plays a factor on our development and...
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...Erikson’s Stages of Development Stage|Ages|Basic Conflict|Summary| 1|Infancy1 to 2 years|Trust vs. Mistrust|The child, well - handled, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, s/he becomes insecure and mistrustful. Important Event: Feeding| 2|Early Childhood 2 to 3 years|Autonomy (independence) vs. Shame & Doubt|The young child is learning to be independent. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.Important Event: Toilet Training| 3|Preschool3 to 5 years|Initiative vs. Guilt|The child is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals, and enjoying newfound talents, but must learn to control impulses. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. Important Event: Exploration| 4|School Age6 to 11 years|Competence vs. Inferiority|The child needs to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. Important Event: School| 5|Adolescence12 to 18 years|Identity vs. Role Confusion|Teens need to develop a sense of self, and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to remain true to yourself, while failure results in role confusion and a weak sense of self.Important Event: Social Relationships| 6|Young Adulthood19 to 40 years|Intimacy vs. Isolation|Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships...
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...Erikson (2001) believed that children develop views and behaviors based upon their experiences both positively and negatively upon them. Within the child’s developmental years the problem solving abilities develop he believed within specific levels or stages. He developed three stages of development based on his own background of seeking to understand his own identity and the development of himself. Social interactions were a basis for these stages. Trust versus mistrust began developing from birth to 1 year old. Erikson (2001) reported this was the first sign of trust and it relies on the nurturing aspect of the reliability of others. Stage 2, Autonomy versus shame and doubt, was developed during the preschool years 18 months to 3 years old....
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...If we use Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development we can see where Pat early physical delay impacted her socioemotional progress, which have unable her to form proper attachment to people in her life. Through the first stage of development, infancy (to 1 year), Pat didn’t obtain the consistent, predictable and reliable support from her parents. “Infants avoid attachment or show insecure attachment, marked either by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationship,” (Myers, D. G., 2014 p. 140). Therefore, Pat developed a sense of mistrust of the adults in her life. By the second stage, toddlerhood (1to 3 years), Pat wasn’t able to develop physically, since she had a difficulties with the mobility of her legs. She would be unable to assert...
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...Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Kohlberg’s “Stages of Moral Development” is a very broad explanation of his take on moral development of people through different stages of their lives. The developmental road map is laid out and grouped a couple different ways. It is a three tier, six stage, moral development scale that groups certain rationales together based upon mental ways of thinking during maturation. Level one is titled “Preconventional Morality” and the stages contained within it are Stage I “Obedience and Punishment” and Stage II “Individualism and Exchange”. This level, according to Kohlberg, is the time in which children are learning to think for themselves and make decisions based upon how actions will benefit them and whether those actions will result in a punishment. I interpret this as the beginning stages of learning right from wrong and how to not get busted when you decide that you don’t want to do what is right. Level two is titled “Conventional Morality” and it’s stages are Stage III “Good Interpersonal Relationships” and Stage IV “Maintaining the Social Order”. The general premise of this level is that development has reached a point where selfishness and self-serving decisions are grounded by a general idea of what is considered to be wrong and what punishment or repercussion will result from doing an action. Level three is titled “Postconventional Morality” and it’s stages are Stage 5 “Social Contract and Individual Rights” and Stage 6 “Universal...
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...Eric Erikson was a worldwide famous psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was well known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. Erikson graduated from The Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute as a child analyst where he was trained by the prestigious psychoanalyst Anna Freud. He was deeply fascinated with the various theories on personality development. It was this fascination that marked the beginning of his integration of the analytic clinical perspective with the social and economic events that influence a child. So what is Erikson's Stages of Development? In this essay we will discuss this matter. Erikson life-stage virtues, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are: 1. Basic trust vs. basic mistrust - This stage covers the period of infancy. 0-1 year of age. - Whether or not the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. If successful, the baby develops a sense of trust, which “forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity“. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame - Covers early childhood - Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. 3. Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well.. ...
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...Stages of Cognitive 1 Jean Piaget: Stages of Cognitive of Development Stages of Cognitive Development Nelson Caldero Lifespan human Development Gwen Zegestowsky, PsyD Drexel University January 12, 2013 Stages of Cognitive 2 Stages of Cognitive Development Pre-operational (2-7 yrs.) Children in this stage can use language, symbols, and words to refer to things, people and events that are not physically present (Sigelman & Rider, 2012, p. 217). However, their understanding of the world is limited. This stage involves egocentrism: the child believes that everyone sees the world the way they do. The child will have difficulty understanding the idea of another person’s perspective (Todd, Jean Piaget on Development). A child in this stage will also have trouble understanding conservation: the idea that the quantity of something may remain the same even though the appearance has changed (Sigelman & Rider, 2012, p. 217). For example, they would not comprehend that a tall, slim glass could hold as much water as a short, wide glass. A parenting example would be when a child leaves the door open in winter time. It does not do any good to tell the child that he is leaving the heat go outside. A parent should only teach the child to close the door. Concrete operational (7-11 yrs.) Children in this stage use operation in logical thinking in concrete situation. They become less egocentric and can see things from other’s perspectives. They also develop a concrete...
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...12. Emotional Development The third stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory of initiative vs. guilt describes this age of development (McLeod, 2013). This means that children will start taking more initiative unless caretakers do not encourage it. That would result in the child feeling guilty. This describes both of the children I have discussed because they are both taking initiative and the teacher encouraged them instead of making them feel guilty. 13. Compare and Contrast Between both of my observations I observed various similarities and differences. Overall, each area of development differed between each program but there were some similarities. For example, the teachers in both groups communicated to the children in infant-directed...
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...loving ones, to nuclear, single, or expanded families. As they grow up, some of the experiences they dealt with when they were younger stick with them. If they were abused they may grow up to be abusive parents, and the same goes with having loving parents. That is why getting through Erikson Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development successfully is so important. First, we must deal with the first four stages of childhood. Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, and finally Industry vs. Inferiority. Then we deal with Identity vs. Role Confusion, the stage that occurs...
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...Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s views about development of children’s minds at this stage of development. How is scaffolding important? Your answer should be at least 1-2 pages long. The early childhood development stage is from ages 2 to 6 as children minds are rapidly developing and learning new things. Therefore, in this development stage every year advances motor skill, brain development, and impulse control (Berger, 2014, p. 182). However, Jean Piaget’s theory and Lev Vygotsky’s theory will described the effects of cognition during this stage of development. Jean Piaget stage two of four stages of the cognitive development theory is called the Pre- operational stage. In Paget’s first stage of cognitive development an infant’s behavior were dependent more on sensory and motor to be triggered by stimuli or reflexes. After children past the first stage of Paget’s theory sensorimotor stage, which was discussed in previous chapters, children start to use symbolic thought. Symbolic thought is when an object or word stand for something else including...
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...develop a unique personality, but also acquire attitudes and skills that make them active, contributing members of their society that recognize the development throughout a lifespan and the impact of culture” (Berk, 2014. p. 16). Based on Erickson’s eight stages, when a child is in the early childhood stage of development, they are considered to be in the initiative versus guilt stage. Just as the term indicates, initiative is when the child begins to try new things, is able to successfully communicate with their peers, and has high levels of curiosity about new concepts and objects. When receiving support from family members and the community, children are more likely to become a major contributor to society. However, when a child is criticized or under strict control, the child may develop a sense of guilt (McLeod, 2017). This stage is critical for a child as they discover themselves and try to understand their beliefs and purpose in life. Middle Childhood Developmental Stage...
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