...• Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms – Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere – Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food (organic molecules) and O2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food Ps stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas cellular respiration releases it. • Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria – Their structural organization allows for the chemical reactions of Ps • Leaves are the major locations of Ps – Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf – Each mesophyll cell contains 30–40 chloroplasts (see next slide’s figure) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata • Chlorophyll is in the membranes of thylakoids (connected sacs in the chloroplast); thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana • Chloroplasts also contain stroma, a dense interior fluid © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis • Ps is a complex series of reactions that can be summarized as the following...
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... Use and Reaction at Chipotle Mexican Grill Control Mechanisms: Use and Reaction at Chipotle Mexican Grill Control is essential for any company to ensure their business plan is being executed efficiently to achieve its corporate goals. Part of the organization's planning includes which control mechanism best suits the business' core competency. This paper will study how Chipotle Mexican Grill utilizes Control Mechanisms and the reactions from employees and customers and to what degree Chipotle can monitor and control execution of its business plan, will determine the long-term viability of the company’s very existence. Leadership Vision Steve Ells, chef and founder of Chipotle is an inspired leader with a strong desire only to serve delicious and healthy ‘Food with Integrity.’ Integrity in the Chipotle vernacular means a strong commitment to small farmers by serving only naturally raised animals and organically grown vegetables. Culture Chipotle believes their crew members are just as important as their food for sustained success. Crew members are trained, rewarded...
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...Review Paper Inulin - a versatile polysaccharide with multiple pharmaceutical and food chemical uses. Thomas Barclaya, Milena Ginic-Markovica, Peter Cooperb,c, Nikolai Petrovskyc,d a Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 5042 Cancer Research Laboratory, ANU Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 2605 c Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide Australia 5042 d Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia 5042 b Received: 27 August 2010 Accepted: 10 October 2010 ABSTRACT á-D-glucopyranosyl-[â-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside, commonly referred to as inulin, is a natural plant-derived polysaccharide with a diverse range of food and pharmaceutical applications. It is used by the food industry as a soluble dietary fibre and fat or sugar replacement, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a stabiliser and excipient. It can also be used as a precursor in the synthesis of a wide range of compounds. New uses for inulin are constantly being discovered, with recent research into its use for slow-release drug delivery. Inulin, when in a particulate form, possesses anti-cancer and immune enhancing properties. Given its increasing importance to industry, this review explains how inulin's unique physico-chemical properties bestow it with many useful pharmaceutical applications. KEY WORDS: Inulin, polysaccharide, fructose, excipient, vaccine, adjuvant INTRODUCTION ...
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...Genetically Modified Foods Safe for Human Consumption? Arianne Liz Quila DeVry University Professor Donham-Miller/English 135 Advanced Composition December 16, 2010 It’s a sad reality that many Americans are unaware that they have been eating foods that were genetically modified. In fact, more than half of the processed and unprocessed foods sold in supermarkets have been genetically engineered and yet, 59% of us are clueless about it (IFIC, 2008). The technology of genetic engineering or genetic modification is widely used in food industry because it produces plants that have better qualities such as bigger size and longer shelf life while reducing the production cost at the same time. However, there are concerns regarding the safety of GM foods for human consumption. This is due to several health incidents in the past that have been linked to ingestion of GM organisms such as the death of 37 people in 1987 caused by a food supplement that contains GM bacteria(Taggart, 2010, par. 7). Research studies also show that GM foods could cause allergic reactions, antibiotic resistance and even organ deterioration. Although genetically modified foods possess favorable attributes, they could also introduce new allergens and toxins that are dangerous to human health making these foods unsafe for consumption. What are GM Foods? Genetically modified (GM) foods refer to food items in which the genetic make-up has been altered. Some processed foods can also be considered GM foods if one or...
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...Topic 1 Basic Molecules of Cells Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Learning outcomes: 1. Explain how a cell can make a variety of large molecules from a small set of molecules 2. Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain their functions 3. Define lipids, phospholipids, and steroids and explain their functions 4. Describe the chemical structure of proteins and their importance to cells 5. Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids and how they relate to inheritance Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Rearrange these in the correct order: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds. Methane (CH4) is one of the simplest organic compounds. – Four covalent bonds link four hydrogen atoms to the carbon atom. – Each of the four lines in the formula for methane represents a pair of shared electrons. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Three representatives of methane (CH4) Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model The four single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron. Different bond angles and shapes occur when carbon atoms form...
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...Gabrielle Albertha C. Burgos November 29, 2012AGRI 121Food Inc.(a reaction paper)Food. One of the major necessities of man. One by which no man can live without and now onethat many scientist and researchers look for ways to increase the production of food with respect to theincreasing population. Today, many technologies have made its way in the Agriculture industry. Someare GMOs, use of round-up ready corn, etc. In the film, Food Inc., it highlighted the situation of Agriculture today and most problems experienced by the farmers themselves.When we go to the supermarket, we usually pick foods that are, for us we think is healthy and atthe same time cheap. We are deceived by the labels saying they are fresh and all, but in truth animalsslaughtered in the process are abused. One of which is the poultry industry. In order to increase themeat size of the chickens, they are placed in dark, ventilated cages where they could not freely walkbecause inside the cage is too crowded. As a result, there is less energy used in walking making themfatter, but on the other hand, after 2-4 steps, the chickens could no longer continue to walk. Somechickens die inside the cage mainly because they could not stand the over-crowdedness. Other issues have been raised against major companies. One of which is the Kevin’s law notbeing implemented up until now. The Kevin’s law is a law which ma kes companies close their businessesif they are found to have failed in at least 2 tests of salmonella and such...
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...influenced and changed forever because of the technology revolution. Technological advancements come at us so quickly in the United States that we barely have time to absorb and understand the changes before the next changes are upon us. One of the most recent technological advancements is the development of GMO’s, or Genetically Modified Organisms. GMO’s are being used to develop our crops and everyday food, causing many consumers to worry about the effects of GMO’s on our health, environment, and our ecosystem. Questions are being raised as to whether GMO technologies have more negative or positive effects both now and in the future. The use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’S) in our crops is more detrimental than it is beneficial because GMO’s have possible negative environmental and health impacts and the consequences of using GMO’s is unknown and unpredicted. The benefits of using Genetically Modified Organism’s in our crops do not compare with the possible detrimental impacts on our environment and ecosystem, health, and the future of our planet. The use of GMO’s in food production is creating major environmental concerns both to the FDA and consumers. Unknown and unstudied chemicals that are being put into our environment with the GMO’s leave us uncertain about the damage being caused. Chemicals such as herbicides are being used in greater quantities to control weeds creating a possible vicious cycle. As weeds develop resistance, it forces a greater use of herbicides...
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...Marijuana is a common name for the hemp plant, cannabis sativa. However, marijuana, also known as pot, grass or weed, does not contain just one chemical. In fact, it contains 61 known relatives of the primary active ingredient, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and more than 400 known chemical toxins also have been found in marijuana. When burned, even more toxic compounds are produced. Smoking marijuana can cause faster heartbeat and pulse rate, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth and dry throat, reduce, short term memory, alter sense of time, reduces concentration and coordination. The typical reaction to the drug is known as an Acute Anxiety Panic Reaction which is an extreme fear of losing control. However the symptoms usually disappear in a few hours. Depending on the amount of THC, Marijuana use can increase the heart rate as much as 50 percent. It can cause chest pain in people who have a poor blood supply to the heart. Long-term regular users of marijuana may become psychologically dependent. They may have a hard time limiting their use and may need more of the drug to get high. Also, they may develop problems with their jobs and personal relationships and the drug can become the most important aspect of their lives. Compared to cigarette smokers, marijuana users often inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and hold it in their lungs as long as possible. As a result, the smoke is in contact with lung tissues for long periods of time, which irritates the lungs and damages the...
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...Lipton and AriZona: price competition and equilibrium in the Unites States RTD market. Group essay for Managerial Economics Authors: Serebrennikov Artem, Salzberg Arthur MIM-2015 Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 RTD Tea Industry Profile in USA market 5 Price competition on USA market 2010-2014 6 Marginal Costs 9 Using Cournot and Bertrand models 10 Abstract The purpose of this essay is to investigate price strategies of Uniliver (Lipton Iced Tea) and Arizona Beverages USA (stylized as AriZona) and find equilibrium in the ready-to-drink (RTD) market. These two companies compete in USA market and possess great market power. Our team use Cournot and Bertrand approaches to find equilibrium. We have completed a thorough analysis of : * Ready-to-Drink (RTD) tea industry * Competitive landscape * AriZona and Lipton brand perception * AriZona and Lipton sales and financial position We also believe that we can revitalize these brands through : * A better focused target market * Rebranding * Reformulation and new flavors * Increase in marketing expenditures * New line extensions * Building stronger partnerships with distributors Introduction In 2005, the tea industry reached the $1.7 billion category and it is expected to continue growing indefinitely. Market analysts believe the tea industry will continue to boom and is not expected to reach saturation level in the near future. Unilever is aiming for global processes...
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...to the Cornell University Law School website (2010, para. 4), “torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts (e.g., intentionally hitting a person); negligent torts (e.g., causing an accident by failing to obey traffic rules); and strict liability torts (e.g., liability for making and selling defective products).” This paper will examine a few of these types of torts and their possible outcomes. Scenario One In scenario one, there are several intentional and unintentional tort actions that are displayed. The torts that clearly stand out are battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Actional battery existed when Daniel came into physical contact with Malik by shoving him unnecessarily, which created a reaction of Malik falling and injuring himself. Malik would be the plaintiff in this case and Daniel would be the defendant. Daniel would be the...
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...companies use is as well. But this action didn’t work out it was supposed to be. The public reaction was shattering. Because of this reaction Cadbury was forced to withdraw its steps. The image still suffers and the sales are not the same they were before this protest. This shows the power and potential consumers have. In a positive and negative way. But do the customers feel guilty for the wrong reasons? Why do they feel guilty? 2. Industry overview People around the world share a love of chocolate, one of the most delicious and pleasurable foods on earth like many would say. But although Australia and New Zealand are not the typical nations that have the highest chocolate consumption in kg per head, like Ireland, Germany or Switzerland for example, chocolate is still a main topic. Like on the following graphic it is shown, Australia is settled in-between European countries and is even before America which is very unusual. When spoken about unhealthy food most of the people assume America would be at least in the top 5. (Graphic 2.1.) Cadbury is one of the biggest chocolate suppliers in New Zealand and Australia. But if you have a look at the international Companies all over the world on Table 2.1. Company Net Sales 2011 (US$ millions) Kraft Foods Inc (USA) 19,965 Mars Inc (USA) 16,2 Nestlé SA (Switzerland) 12,808 Ferrero Group (Italy) 9,612 Hershey Foods Corp (USA) 6,112 Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli AG (Switzerland) 2,796 August Storck...
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...Kudler Fine Foods - Marketing Research Name MKT/421 Instructor Kudler Fine Foods - Marketing Research for Kathy Kudler founded Kudler Fine Foods out of her own desire to have gourmet foods, which she loves to cook. Kudler Fine Foods is an upscale gourmet food market, offering a vast selection of the freshest and finest ingredients and products. Kudler can offer these items at a reasonable price and the stores have trained employees to assist their customers with item selections. Market Research Marketing research is defined as the gathering, analyzing, and interpreting of information about a market. Research is conducted on a product or service to be offered for sale in that market based on past, present, and potential customers. It analyzes the characteristics, spending habits, location, and needs of the target market, the industry, and the competition the business will face (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2011). After a visit to the Kudler website, it has been determined that further research is needed to determine a new course of action for the organization. The surveys currently offered at the store provide some information, but they do not give enough information to adequately chart a new marketing plan. This means that further research must be conducted to determine the organizations appropriate course of action. Defining the marketing problem. At the present it seems that not enough information has been gathered to analyze the marketing problem. Kudlers...
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...Case Study: Nabisco Ryan Manning SNHU 10/29/2015 A leveraged buyout is “a financial technique used by a variety of entities, including the management of a corporation or outside groups, such as other corporations, partnerships, individuals, or investment groups” (Gaughan, 2011, pg. 293). Simply put, a LBO is an acquisition of another business where the purchaser borrows money to purchase the newly acquired business. This gives businesses the capability to make large acquisitions without having to commit to large sums of their own capital. Similarly, LBOs have the ability to acquire smaller businesses that have little to no capital and the acquired company can benefit from organization and reform. In such an example, LBOs can help avert a company shutdown. Inversely, Leveraged Buy-outs can be hostile in some cases causing restructuring and downsizing of the acquired company, which in turn can have large impact on employees. Furthermore, there can be a conflict of interest among employees and management, including mismanagement by the buyout owners, due to a management buyout. In this case, RJR was anticipating an up rise in the popularity of tobacco consumption, and in 1913 introduced four new brands. This was considered to be a very bold move on their part. Several years later, RJR was hurt by cheaper brands during depression. Under pressure brought on by the economy and the cheaper competition, RJR decided to differentiated their products from other brands. RJR started...
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...Rosenfeld: Setting New Directions for Kraft Foods Organization : Kraft Foods Inc. Industry : Food; Consumer packaged goods Countries : Global Period : 2006-2011 Pub Date : 2012 "Servant leadership" is the most important aspect of a successful leader - the recognition that I am here to help the organization accomplish its objectives rather than they are here to meet my needs. Once you recognize that, you are able to engage the hearts and minds of your followers, and they are able to just deliver the kind of results that you are looking for." -Irene B. Rosenfeld, Chairman and CEO of Kraft Foods Inc., in 2010. Abstract The case study discusses how Irene B. Rosenfeld (Rosenfeld), CEO of US-based snack-food company Kraft Foods Inc. (Kraft), turned around and transformed Kraft into a global consumer food behemoth. Since taking up the position of CEO in 2006, Rosenfeld had fundamentally changed the footprint and prospects of Kraft. She repositioned the company to deliver top tier growth by revamping some iconic brands, transforming the product portfolio, and consolidating the company's presence in developing markets. In February 2010, Rosenfeld successfully led the Cadbury acquisition to make Kraft a market leader in the global confectionery market. A 29-year veteran of the food industry, Rosenfeld was successful in bringing about a transformational change at Kraft. Under her strategic leadership, Kraft emerged as the second largest food company in the world with its products...
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...and eating too many high-calorie snacks, play a role in childhood obesity. There are too many unhealthy food options available more conveniently than the healthier ones which is one of the primary concerns of parents in the U.S. In the recent years, parents and caregivers are becoming more aware of the healthy choices they need to make for the children and in teaching them to make healthy choices for themselves. But it isn’t always easy. BeGreen Inc. recognized a market to offer parents and caregivers nutritious foods that meets the USDA’s MyPlate guidance. It aims to be a one-stop-shop where parents and caregivers can find healthy lunch options to give to their toddlers and school going children. BeGreen Inc. is venturing in an oligopolistic market structure. According to McConnell, Brue & Flynn (2009) “Because of their “fewness,” oligopolists have considerable control over their prices, but each must consider the possible reaction of rivals to its own pricing, output, and advertising decisions” (p. 229). There are few competitors within this industry, which asserts the businesses as price makers. The competitors offer vastly differentiated products that cannot compare with the BeGreen products that match USDA’s MyPlate guidance. Therefore, the price in the market can be influenced based on quality of products and variations in the quantity being offered, keeping the reaction of the competitors in consideration. BeGreen must keep heavy advertising costs in consideration to create...
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