...BIOMECHANICS The term biomechanics means the study of the structure and function of biological systems using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics studies the process of kinematics and used in the study of sports actions, such as the motion of throwing a baseball. Why do some golfers slice the ball? How can workers avoid developing low back pain? What cues can a physical education teacher provide to help students learn the underhand volleyball serve? Why do some elderly individuals tend to fall? We have all admired the fluid, graceful movements of highly skilled performers in various sports. We have also observed the awkward first steps of a young child, the slow progress of an injured person with a walking cast, and the hesitant, uneven gait of an elderly person using a cane. Virtually every activity class includes a student who seems to acquire new skills with utmost ease and a student who trips when executing a jump or misses the ball when attempting to catch, strike, or serve. What enables some individuals to execute complex movements so easily, while others appear to have difficulty with relatively simple movement skills? Although the answers to these questions may be rooted in physiological, psychological, or sociological issues, the problems identified are all biomechanical in nature. This book will provide a foundation for identifying, analyzing, and solving problems related to the biomechanics of human movement. Definition of Biomechanics The term biomechanics combines...
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...Biomechanics * Biomechanics is the area of study in which the knowledge and methods of mechanics are applied to the biological actions and structures of the body * Concerned with internal and external forces that act on the body * Mechanical physics * Basic human movements * Work environments * Daily living tasks * Goal orientated movements sports environments * Adapted human movements * Biological material properties * A better understanding of biological and mechanical aspects of human movement result in better coaching etc. * Motion- the movement of a human body , a limb, or objects propelled by a human body * Linear motion- the movement of a human body , a limb, or objects propelled by a human body in the same direction at the same speed over the same distance * Known as rectilinear motion * When it takes place on a curved path,curvilinear motion Kinematics * Is the branch of biomechanics that describes how far, how fast, and how consistently a body moves * Distance – the length of the path through which a body travels * Displacement – measured by the length of a drawn line between start and end (distance and direction) * Speed – distance cover by time taken * Velocity – displacement of the body dicided by the time taken * Acceleration – the rate at which an objects velocity changes over time (change in velocity/time elapsed = final velocity – initial velocity/time elapsed) * Momentum...
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...Engineering (Macro and Micro Biomechanics) Biomedical engineering is an emerging discipline which links medicine, biology, and technology in order to tackle medical problems using an engineering approach. As such, it is heavily influenced by engineering principles and uses applicable mathematics in nearly all of its aspects. It is important to note that applied mathematics (vector algebra, calculus, numerical approaches to solving functions, etc.) is a language, which evolved to serve the needs of science and particularly those of classical (Newtonian) mechanics. Thus, it describes and explores natural phenomena using mathematical functions and relations. As biomedical engineering incorporates many engineering spheres, it employs applicable mathematics in numerous situations. The following is an overview of the applications of mathematics in solving macro-biomechanical, and micro and nano-scale challenges in biomedical engineering. Biomechanics is a field of biomedical engineering which analyses the behaviour of structures and materials in biological or medical applications [1]. It is closely related to the field of prosthetics and uses mathematical analysis to design and test better devices. Dynamic analysis of systems involves constructing free-body diagrams and resolving forces acting on the components. Using partial derivatives and integration can vastly simplify biomechanical problems by switching between the domains of position, velocity, and acceleration. The position...
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...BIOMECHANICS MEASUREMENT REPORT 3 CALUM NICHOLL (201033796) GROUND REACTION FORCE (GRF) CONTERMOVEMENT AND SQUAT JUMP KINETICS BIOMECHANICS LAB 3- CALUM NICHOLL Introduction Using a motion analysis system (Vicon Nexus System) the class were able to analyse the forces generated whilst the subject carried out counter movement and squat jumps. The T-Series cameras (6xT160, 6xT40) and the force plate that is dived into 4 sections were used to record the forces. The subject uses the stretch shortening cycle to gain height when jumping. There are threes phases that make up the stretch shortening cycle (SSC), the concentric, amortization and eccentric contractions. These three phases refer to muscular contractions, which form the stretch shortening cycle. This lengthening and shortening cycle of muscle actions is fundamental to athletic movement. The initial eccentric phase of contraction involves the muscle lengthening or stretching under tension. This type of contraction is used to decelerate the body. A basic example of this is the running motion, when the athlete makes contact with the ground their centre of gravity drops quickly. The muscles contract and control this sinking motion. The concentric contraction quickly follows the eccentric contraction and involves a rapid shortening of the muscles. The period of time between the beginning of the eccentric contraction and the start of the concentric...
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...arms at the same time. Biomechanics, which is our main focal point, is mostly concerned with the basic laws that govern the effects that different forces have on the state of rest or motion of any living system, whereas the applied area of biomechanics deals with solving practical problems (Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens, 2012). Biomechanics also helps us breakdown skills and exercises down to their points of origin, as well as solve problems regarding specific exercises. Motor learning is the final section that will be discussed on performing the dips exercise. Within this portion there will be several areas covered to fully expand on full exercising a dip and developing the muscles use to complete a successful dip. Areas covered will include three phases of motor learning, learning cues, common errors, general feedback to use, the stages of learning, types of motor skills, information for use within a curriculum, and useful information for lesson plans to include one example lesson plan. When the average person looks at the body they would probably only consider the basics to the body such as; the arms, legs, head and the basic parts that help it operate such as the heart, lungs, blood, etc. This could all be called the anatomy of the body. Anatomy can be defined as the study of the structure and the relationship between body parts (Rodgers, 2009). But, does the average person ever think about the biomechanical aspects of the body parts? Biomechanics is the science of movement...
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...Current helmet designs are heavier, larger and designed to absorb and dissipate impact forces to a greater extent than earlier models used by football players. Currently, each type of football helmet used by high school football players must be evaluated by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE). NOCSAE performs a series of laboratory drop and impact tests on each specific helmet brand and model to ensure that each helmet meets or exceeds the standards deemed necessary to offer an acceptable level of protection for the...
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...The terminal swing phase is considered the most hazardous as the hamstring muscle-tendon units are at their longest length of the gait cycle and are most heavily activated (Opar et al., 2012, pg. 212). At this point the eccentric contraction of the hamstring muscles elicit a high force to decelerate knee extension and hip flexion. The results of previous studies demonstrate that muscle strain in eccentric contraction is the primary cause of the muscle strain injury affected by muscle strength and contraction velocity (Liu, et al., 2012, pg....
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...Name | : | Marwa binti Abd Malek. | | | | Title of article | : | The Lumbar Spine and Low Back Pain in Golf: A Literature Review of Swing Biomechanics and Injury Prevention. | | | | Author and Brief Background | : | 1) George S. Gluck, MD. * Works as an Orthopaedic Surgeon at Hand Center of Nevada, Comprehensive Upper Extremity Care from Hand to Shoulder * Member of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2) John A. Bendo, MD. * Works as a Clinical Associate Professor and Vice Chair Clinical Affairs at Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (Ortho-Spine Surgery Div) and Hospital for Joint Diseases. 3) Jeffrey M. Spivak, MD. * Works as an Assistant Professor at Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (Ortho-Spine Surgery Div) and Hospital for Joint Diseases NYU Orthopaedic Surgery Associates. | | | | Journal Title and Vol. Number | : | The Spine Journal 8 (2008) 778–788. | | | | Date of submission | : | 3rd January 2013 | MY REVIEW Introduction The article informs readers that golf swing causes great impact to lumbar spine and it lead to low back pain (LBP) among golfers. It also educate readers the details of the study on less injury swing technique, causes of LBP among golfers, the treatment and prevention techniques. It stated that the prolapsed intervertebral disc (PID), muscle strain and facet joint capsule trauma will occur when the spine is given loads of 5,448N in flexion extension movement together with rotational movement...
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...SECTION A Introduction and definitions Professional cricket is a team sport played around the World. Cricket consists of three main formats; multiple-day cricket, which is played over three to five days, and one-day cricket played over 50 and 20 overs format. Motion Analysis has established that fast bowlers cover the most ground in all formats (Hulin et al, 2013). Compared to other positions in cricket, fast bowlers covered between 20 and 80% greater distance and exerted two to seven times greater high intensity, (more distance and less recovery time between high-intensity efforts), Peterson et al, (2010) cited in Hulin et al, (2013, p708). In addition to this fast bowlers are required to laterally flex, extend and rotate, whilst absorbing forces as high as eight times their body mass during their delivery stride, (Hulin et al, 2013). A full needs analysis of cricket suggests that elite players need a high aerobic and anaerobic capacity. In addition, there are a number of multi-directional powerful movements and repeated eccentric contractions involved that require a good degree of strength, speed and explosive power for elite performance and injury prevention, (Lee, N. n.d.) This investigation will take into account the demands of fast bowling throughout a county domestic season and evaluate the importance of a planned periodised training schedule to, not only, increase the bowler’s strength but to prevent injury. Approach Taken Research into resistance training from several...
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...“One Week of Unilateral Ankle Immobilisation Alters Plantarflexor Strength, Balance and Walking Speed: A Pilot Study in Asymptomatic Volunteers” by Caplan N et al. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation © 2014 Human Kinetics, Inc. Note: This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. The article appears here in its accepted, peer-reviewed form, as it was provided by the submitting author. It has not been copyedited, proofed, or formatted by the publisher. Section: Original Research Report Article Title: One Week of Unilateral Ankle Immobilisation Alters Plantarflexor Strength, Balance and Walking Speed: A Pilot Study in Asymptomatic Volunteers Authors: 1Nick Caplan, 1Andrew Forbes, 2Sarkhell Radha, 1Su Stewart, 1Alistair Ewen, 1 Alan St Clair Gibson, and 1,3Deiary Kader Affiliations: 1Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 2Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London. 3Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK. Journal: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Acceptance Date: October 7, 2014 ©2014 Human Kinetics, Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0137 “One Week of Unilateral Ankle Immobilisation Alters Plantarflexor Strength, Balance and Walking Speed: A Pilot Study in Asymptomatic Volunteers” by Caplan N et al. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation © 2014 Human Kinetics, Inc. One week of unilateral ankle immobilisation alters plantarflexor strength, balance and walking speed: a pilot...
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...Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters Craig W. Reynolds Sony Computer Entertainment America 919 East Hillsdale Boulevard Foster City, California 94404 craig_reynolds@playstation.sony.com http://www.red.com/cwr/ cwr@red.com Keywords: Animation Techniques, Virtual/Interactive Environments, Games, Simulation, behavioral animation, autonomous agent, situated, embodied, reactive, vehicle, steering, path planning, path following, pursuit, evasion, obstacle avoidance, collision avoidance, flocking, group behavior, navigation, artificial life, improvisation. Abstract This paper presents solutions for one requirement of autonomous characters in animation and games: the ability to navigate around their world in a life-like and improvisational manner. These “steering behaviors” are largely independent of the particulars of the character’s means of locomotion. Combinations of steering behaviors can be used to achieve higher level goals This paper divides motion behavior into three levels. It will focus on the (For example: get from here to there while avoiding obstacles, follow this corridor, join that group of characters...) middle level of steering behaviors, briefly describe the lower level of locomotion, and touch lightly on the higher level of goal setting and strategy. Introduction Autonomous characters are a type of autonomous agent intended for use in computer animation and interactive media such as games and virtual reality. These agents represent a This stands...
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...strenuous endurance sport in which efficiency and energy delivery are deemed very important to achieve a high performance. Recently, shorter sprint competitions have been adopted; skiers are subjected to time-trial qualification race with three knockout heats. The heats take approximately 3-4 minutes and 20 minutes between the heats. Therefore, the ability of the skiers to reproduce subsequent technique, high efficiency, and energy is very imperative in the sport. Sessions of intense competition produce anabolic mechanism and chronic stress, which is shown by the decrease in peripheral venous and vasoconstriction. Straining-type sports and exercises produce dramatic, and heightened increase in blood pressure since the sustained muscular force compresses peripheral arterioles and therefore increasing blood flow resistance. In recovery, after the intense cross-country sprint skiing, there is a decrease in the systolic blood pressure (Rusko, 2008). Collection of blood in the lower limbs and visceral organs reduces blood volume available in the central process, which cause a decrease in the blood pressure. Nitric oxide (NO), an endothelium-derived vasodilator, prevents muscular contraction and causes body relaxation. The release of Nitric oxide (NO), in the body, reduces psychological and physical stress during recovery. The changes are due to the enhancement of iNOS activity; the strongest NO-releasing enzyme. The consequent increase of IL-8 encourages the survival and enrollment...
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...______________________________________ Dr. Carlo Menon, P.Eng Senior Supervisor Assistant Professor – School of Engineering Science ______________________________________ Dr. Shahram Payandeh, P.Eng Supervisor Professor – School of Engineering Science ______________________________________ Dr. Bozena Kaminska, P.Eng Examiner Professor – School of Engineering Science Date Defended/Approved: _________September 2, 2011 ______________ ii ABSTRACT With an aging population, facilitation of an independent lifestyle for the elderly and those with neuromuscular conditions is a prominent field of research. Different robotic prototypes have been proposed in order to aid patients and seniors regain their autonomy by augmenting forces exerted by the device wearer. Some of these prototypes are controlled in force by processing surface electromyography (SEMG)...
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...UNIT 1- CAR BODY DETAILS Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production, while others are of historical interest only. These styles are largely (though not completely) independent of a car's classification in terms of price, size and intended broad market; the same car model might be available in multiple body styles (or model ranges). For some of the following terms, especially relating to four-wheel drive / SUV models and minivan / MPV models, the distinction between body style and classification is particularly narrow. Please note that while each body style has a historical and technical definition, in common usage such definitions are often blurred. Over time, the common usage of each term evolves. For example, people often call 4-passenger sport coupés a "sports car", while purists will insist that a sports car by definition is limited to two-place vehicles. Body work In automotive engineering, the bodywork of an automobile is the structure which protects: ⦁ The occupants ⦁ Any other payload ⦁ The mechanical components. In vehicles with a separate frame or chassis, the term bodywork is normally applied to only the non-structural panels, including doors and other movable panels, but it may also be used more generally to include the structural components which support the mechanical components. Construction There are three main types of automotive bodywork: ⦁ The first automobiles were designs...
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...AS/A Level GCE GCE Physical Education OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Physical Education H154 OCR Advanced GCE in Physical Education H554 version 2 – February 2008 Vertical black lines indicate a significant change to the previous printed version. © OCR 2008 QAN 500/2591/0 QAN 500/2587/9 Contents 1 About these Qualifications 4 1.1 6 The Four-Unit Advanced GCE 6 1.3 Qualification Titles and Levels 6 1.4 Aims 7 1.5 2 The Two-Unit AS 1.2 Prior Learning/Attainment 8 9 2.1 AS Units 9 2.2 3 Summary of Content A2 Units 10 12 3.1 AS Unit G451: An introduction to Physical Education 12 3.2 AS Unit G452: Acquiring, developing and evaluating practical skills in Physical Education 24 3.3 A2 Unit G453: Principles and concepts across different areas of Physical Education 31 3.4 4 Unit Content A2 Unit G454: The improvement of effective performance and the critical evaluation of practical activities in Physical Education 55 62 4.1 AS GCE Scheme of Assessment 62 4.2 Advanced GCE Scheme of Assessment 63 4.3 Unit Order 64 4.4 Unit Options (at AS/A2) 64 4.5 Synoptic Assessment (A Level GCE) 64 4.6 Assessment Availability 64 4.7 Assessment Objectives 65 4.8 5 Schemes of Assessment Quality of Written Communication 66 Technical Information 67 5.1 Making Unit Entries ...
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