...Unit 7 Assignments Multiple Choice: 1. A 2. A,B 3. A,B 4. B 5. D 6. B,D 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. B,C 14. C 15. B,C 16. B,D 17. C 18. D 19. C,D 20. B,C Key Terms: Switched circuit- A circuit created by the phone company in reaction to signaling (the user tapping telephone keys or a modem sending in the same digits), with the telco tearing down the circuit when the user is finished. Dedicated circuit- An electrical circuit created by a telco on behalf of a customer, with the circuit staying up all the time, dedicated for use by the one customer that ordered the circuit. Also known as a leased line, leased circuit, and point-to-point line Circuit switching- The overall process by which a series of telco devices called circuit switches connect a circuit from one customer device to the other, with the device’s logic taking incoming bits on one segment in the link and forwarding those bits out the matching outgoing segment, without storing the bits Packet switching- the process of forwarding customer data in a WAN by looking at the header of the messages sent into the WAN by the customer and making a per-message decision as to where to forward each message. Leased line- A physical link between two locations, provided by a telco, that allows two-way communication between sites. Because the customer does not own the physical line between sites, but rather pays a monthly fee for the service...
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...that are transmitted through a medium that may be shared by multiple simultaneous communication sessions. Leased line - connects two locations for private voice and/or data telecommunication service. Time-division multiplexing -a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern. T-carrier system – one of several digital transmission systems developed by Bell Labs, sometimes called T-CXR. DS0 – a standard digital transmission rate for digital telecommunications, stands for Digital Signal Zero. DS1 – a T-carrier signaling scheme, devised by Bell Labs, that is widely used standard in telecommunications, stands for Digital Signal 1. Frame relay - Telecommunications technology that breaks data stream into small data packets called frames, to provide transmission speeds of 64Kbps to 2.4Gbps at relatively lower costs. Acronyms ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode DTE - Data Terminal Equipment...
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...Frame Relay Congestion Control CIS532004016-201003: Network Architecture and Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1- Introduction …………………………………………………………. 3 Chapter 2- Background …………………………………………………………. 4 Chapter 3- Review and Findings ………………………………………………. 11 Chapter 4- Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 12 References ……………………………………………………………………... 13 Frame Relay Congestion Control This document is a study of the principles of congestion control within the frame relay protocol. From examining existing congestion management efforts to up and coming possible solutions there are a multiplicity of efforts intent on solving network congestion issues. These efforts include work by independent research groups as well standards groups like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and IEEE (802.1Qau - Congestion Notification). Congestion is defined as the condition in which demand exceeds available network resources (i.e., bandwidth or buffer space) for a sustained period of time. Congestion control deals with the resource allocation and traffic management mechanisms that avoid or recover from conditions causing congestive situations. (McDysan, Spohn (1999). The methods for congestion control in frame relay involve congestion management and avoidance. Congestion management attempts to make sure the network never experiences congestion. One method of management attempts to avoid congestion entirely. This involves network designers allocating proper resource...
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...MIS589_WK4_Mini-case-MegaCorp_PC Questions: MegaCorp is a large manufacturing firm that operates 5 factories in Dallas, 4 factories in Los Angeles, and 5 factories in Albany, New York. It operates a tightly connected order management system that coordinates orders, raw materials, and inventory across all 14 factories. What type of WAN architecture and WAN service would you recommend? Why? Recommendations: When designing a WAN, numerous factors must be considered. Organizations attempting to connect multiple factories or offices and remote personnel must take into account a number of variables that will impact overall costs and network functionality. When designing and implementing wide area networks (WANs) that integrate voice, video, asynchronous and synchronous data and LAN traffic, all aspects of the organization's goals must be factored into the WAN design. Specific attention must also be paid to upfront cost, line charges, network throughput, security, and the inclusion of application and emerging technologies. Requirements will change, depending on whether you are creating a new network, modifying an existing network or integrating an existing network with other networks. Assuming there is an existing network, the next step is to inventory the network, identifying the circuits and all associated hardware (routers, firewalls) and software supporting the network, and summarizing all network-related expenses. Finally, access to network performance statistics (such as throughput...
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...linked to router (R2) with IP address 154.78.0.244 complete the following: Explain the steps required to configure router R1 and R2 to use Frame relay your explanation should include the commands used. Frame relay is fairly simple to configure. Remember that by default, Cisco uses High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) as a serial link encapsulation. This is a proprietary encapsulation and can only be used if you’re connecting two Cisco routers with a point-to-point link. Frame relay allows you to connect multiple vendors’ routers because of the frame relay standards created. The configuration of each router is very simple and looks something like this: R1 Router>enable Router#config t Router(config)#hostname R1 R1(config)# interface serial 0 R1(config-if)#ip address 154.78.0.1 255.255.0.0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config-if)#exit R1(config)#exit R1# R2 Router>enable Router#config t Router(config)#hostname R2 R2(config)#interface serial 0 R2(config-if)#ip address 154.78.0.244/255.255.0.0 R2(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config-if)#exit R2(config)#exit R2# The two routers can now communicate point to point. If a company had large streams of data that constantly needed to be sent, this would be a good solution. For the sake of our example, let’s say that this company only sends a few text documents and e-mail. Frame relay would be a good solution for this company because it can provide the same connection speed but at about half the price. The physical network...
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...WAN Design with Frame Relay David Horton CST-443 Abstract This paper gives a high-level overview of how to design a Wide Area Network (WAN) using Frame Relay technology. Aspects of the WAN design process are explored through the use of a fictitious manufacturing company called Zippy's Chips. The Zippy's WAN design covers the topics of weighing alternative technologies, setting up basic Frame Relay Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) connections, adding redundant links and scaling the network for future growth. Table of Contents Frame Relay in a Nutshell.......................................................................................................................... 2 Terminology.......................................................................................................................................... 2 Basic Concepts...................................................................................................................................... 2 A Sample Design...................................................................................................................................3 Deciding if Frame Relay is Right for the Network.................................................................................... 4 Advantages of Frame Relay...................................................................................................................4 Disadvantages of Frame Relay..............................................................
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...What's the best WAN connection type for you? 14Comments more + * Email * Print * Add to Favorites * Del.icio.us * Digg * Hacker News * LinkedIn * Reddit * Technorati By Warren Heaton August 16, 2000, 7:00am PDT When designing a wide area network (WAN), one of the most challenging issues is choosing the correct connection type. You need to consider several factors before implementation can begin—and a solid understanding of all the connection types is critical to making the right choice. Most carriers offer three connection types: 1. Circuit-switched connections 2. Packet-switched or cell-switched connections 3. Dedicated connections Each type of connection has its advantages and disadvantages. This article will summarize what each connection type has to offer, with consideration given to bandwidth, availability, cost, and ease of management. Circuit-switched connections Circuit-switched connections are currently the most popular type of WAN connection. Circuit switching transmits data streams and datagrams across dedicated physical circuits. To provide asynchronous dial-in and ISDN services, the telephone companies use circuit switching. Asynchronous dial-in The public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses circuit-switched technology to provide asynchronous services (otherwise known as normal telephone service). Asynchronous dial-in connections offer a low-bandwidth, easily managed, cost-effective solution that...
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...Mohamad Alshaar Assignment 4 What are common carriers, local exchange carriers. And interexchange carriers? Common carriers are private companies like AT&T and sprint that provide communication services to the public. LEC are common carriers that provide local telephone services, and IXC are common carriers that provide long distance services Who regulates common carriers and how is it done? In the US the FCC (Federal Communications Commissions) is an agency that regulates voce and data communications, where each state has their own public utilities commission where communications is regulated within its borders. What is cloud architecture? The user lease connection points into the common carrier’s network, where a person dials the telephone number of the destination computer and establishes a temp circuit between two computers. What is POTS? POTS is plain old telephone system where dial-up was used to connect to the internet, it is obviously outdated with the new high speeds available (e.g.T-1) How does ISDN work? ISDN works in a way to combined voice, videos, and data over the same digital circuit, BRI vs. PRI ISDN BRI is basic access service that provides 2 64Kbps digital transmission channels where PRI is primary access service that provides 23 64Kbps digital transmission channels. What is 2B+D? 2B+D is another name for BRI that is basic access service that provides 2 64Kbps digital transmission channels. How do VPN services differ from common...
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...medium-sized business that will need to consider WAN technology using Frame relay technology within the company for the future expansion to other towns and cities. The Frame relay analysis will include the operation of frame relay, what equipment is needed, what switching technologies are employed by frame relay and how frame relay is actually brought into the business premises. Frame Relay in a WAN Frame Relay Frame Relay is one of the most common WAN protocols. This high performance protocol operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI, performing any type of serial interface. This technology was developed at an attempt to resolve some of the communication problems that the other protocols would not. There was an increased need for higher speeds, an increased need for larger bandwidth efficiency, an increase in intelligent network devices that lower protocol processing, and the need to connect LANs and WANs. The Frame relay evolved passed the X.25 as a less careful, but less burdensome protocol designed to transmit packets across a network. (Horton, 2010) Frame relay is known all around the world in many different networks. There are many terms that describe and refer to Frame relay and Wide Area Networking in telecommunications. These terms are also noted when referring to Local Area Networking as well. The table below describes these terms. (Horton, 2010) Table 1 – Frame Relay Terms CIR Committed Information Rate – the minimum level of throughput...
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...Part-1 1. What are common carriers, local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers? A common carrier is a private company that sells or leases communication services and facilities to the public. Common carriers are profit-oriented, and their primary products are services for voice and data transmissions, both over traditional wired circuits as well as cellular services. Common carriers often supply a broad range of computer-based services, such as the manufacturing and marketing of specialized communication hardware and software. A common carrier that provides local telephone services (e.g., BellSouth) is commonly called a local exchange carrier (LEC), while one that provides long distance services (e.g., MCI) is commonly called an interexchange carrier (IXC). As the LECs move into the long distance market and IXCs move into the local telephone market, this distinction may disappear. 3. Explain how cloud architecture works. Cloud architecture is represented as a cloud with connection points. Users of circuit switched services lease the connection points (e.g., telephone lines) into the common carrier’s network, which is called the cloud. This architecture is very flexible and hides its internal details. Circuits can be established as needed between any computers attached to the cloud at any point. However, data can only be transmitted while a circuit is established, and only to the one location it connects to. These designs are simpler for...
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...Professor Jeffrey Robinson August 20, 2013 Abstract In this discussion we look at some of the history around frame-relay. We then look at some of the equipment necessary to create the frame relay connections, as well as how the connections work both logically and physically. Some limiting factors are discussed as well as committed information rates, burst rates, an error handling. Some of the positive aspects of frame-relay are identified along with some options for the future of WAN technologies. Frame-Relay Operating at the physical and datalink layers of the OSI model, frame relay is a high-performing WAN protocol. It was originally designed for use with ISDN integrated services digital network interfacing. It has evolved into being used on multiple types of network interfaces. In 1984 the initial proposal for frame-relay standardization was presented to the CCITT Consultative Committee on international telephone and telegraph. Because interoperability standards were lacking, frame-relay did not fully take off until the 1990s. In 1990 StrataCom, Northern Telecom, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and Cisco created a consortium that focused on the technical development of frame-relay technology. While the CCITT was already discussing frame-relay, the consortium established specifications that while still conforming to the frame-relay protocol, enhanced the protocol with additional features to accommodate more complex internetworking environments...
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...Don MCcauley NT1220 10/28/14 Ch7 1. A user of a home telephone picks up her phone and makes a telephone call to a friend’s home telephone in another part of town. Which of the following is likely to be true about this call? b. It uses a telco service called packet switching. 2. Which of the following are services that telcos have offered as WAN services over the years? (Choose two answers.) a. Switched analog circuits b. Dedicated digital circuits 3. This chapter claims that IP routers work well as devices that connect to many different types of interfaces, including LANs and WANs. Which of the following answers list the reasons why routers do well in this role? (Choose two answers.) b. Router vendors sell many different types of physical interface cards, so the routers have the right physical connectors to connect to different types of networks. d. Routers discard old data-link headers and insert new data-link headers as part of their logic, which treats each interface’s lower-layer details as independent from each other. 4. An enterprise network has many routers that connect to both a LAN as well as the WAN. Which one of the following statements best describes how routers typically use and think about their WAN connections? d. As an interesting and complex technology-filled network of its own, with such features as circuit switching, packet switching, SONET, ATM, and others 5. An enterprise builds a WAN design on paper. The main site, where...
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...connections is mandatory. ____ 5. The Frame Relay map can be built automatically or statically depending on the Frame Relay topology. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 6. PPP is an Internet standard protocol defined in RFCs 2153 and ____. a.|1551|c.|2234| b.|1661|d.|2532| ____ 7. The ____ is used at the Data Link layer to establish, configure, and test the connection. a.|NCP|c.|IPCP| b.|ATCP|d.|LCP| ____ 8. In a production environment, you can use the ____ command from interface configuration mode, which will automatically shut down that interface when looping is detected. a.|off-looped-interface|c.|down-when-looped| b.|looped off|d.|off-when-lopped| ____ 9. ____ checks the reliability of the link by monitoring the number of errors, latency between requests, connection retries, and connection failures on the PPP link. a.|LQM|c.|CHAP| b.|PAP|d.|LCDI| ____ 10. Once you have completed configuring your PPP interface, you can verify the changes using the ____ command. a.|show ppp|c.|show connection| b.|show link|d.|show interface| ____ 11. ____ is a communications technique for sending data over high-speed digital connections operating at anywhere from 56 Kbps to 44.736 Mbps or higher. a.|Frame Relay|c.|Slip| b.|PPP|d.|DLCI| ____ 12. The Frame Relay switch is also called the ____. a.|FRAP|c.|FRND| b.|PDN|d.|FRAD| ____ 13. Frame Relay separates...
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...ITT Technical Institute NT2640 IP Networking Onsite Course SYLLABUS Credit hours: 4.5 Contact/Instructional hours: 56 (34 Theory Hours, 22 Lab Hours) Prerequisite(s) and/or Corequisite(s): Prerequisites: NT1210 Introduction to Networking or equivalent Course Description: This course explores network design and implementation by applying the TCP/IP protocols to provide connectivity and associated services. Planning and deployment of network addressing structures, as well as router and switch configurations, are also examined. IP Networking Syllabus Where Does This Course Belong? This course is required in the associate degree program in Network Systems Administration and associate degree in Mobile Communications Technology. The following diagrams indicate how this course relates to other courses in respective programs: Network Systems Administration NT2799 NSA Capstone Project NT2580 Introduction to Information Security NT2670 Email and Web Services NT2640 IP Networking PT2520 Database Concepts NT1330 Client-Server Networking II NT1230 Client-Server Networking I NT1430 Linux Networking PT1420 Introduction to Programming NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic NT1201 Introduction to Networking NT1310 Physical Networking CO2520 Communications SP2750 Group Theories EN1420 Composition II EN1320 Composition I GS1140 Problem Solving Theory GS1145 Strategies for the Technical Professional MA1210 College Mathematics...
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...NT2640 IP Networking INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Onsite Credit hours: 4.5 Contact /Instructional hours: 34 Theory, 22 Lab Prerequisite: NT1210 Introduction to Networking or equivalent Course Revision Table Change Date Updated Section Change Description Change Rationale Implementation Quarter 07/18/2011 All New Curriculum New Curriculum September 2011 02/19/2013 All Updated labs across the course to map the 2nd edition of lab manual Immediately 02/27/2013 Midterm and Final Examination Answer Keys Added examination keys Immediately 03/18/2013 Answer Keys for Midterm and Final Updated some answers to address the accuracy March 2013 04/19/2013 Assignment labels on Pages 43, 52, 61, 78, 87, 97, 106 and 132. Added labels to identify additional assignments in affected units Clarification of additional assignments March 2013 Table of Contents COURSE OVERVIEW 5 Catalog Description 5 Goals and Expectations 5 Learning Objectives and Outcomes 6 Career Impact 6 INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES 7 Required Resources 7 Additional Resources 7 COURSE MANAGEMENT 9 Technical Requirements 9 Test Administration and Processing 9 Replacement of Learning Assignments 10 Communication and Student Support 10 Academic Integrity 10 GRADING 11 COURSE DELIVERY 13 Instructional Approach 13 Methodology 13 Facilitation Strategies 14 UNIT PLANS 15 Unit 1: The TCP/IP Model, LANs, WANs, and IP Networks 15 Unit 2: TCP/IP Network, Transport...
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