...ID:40814010 14TH Batch MBA (Marketing), University of Dhaka. Date of Submission: 28.12.2010 Introduction Born from the great Liberation War of 1971, Bangladesh is a non-communal, progressive, democratic state that has worked to establish an economy and society free of inequality, and to nurture a culture of democracy and respect for human rights for all fostered by patriotism in all areas of social existence. Along with a tolerant democracy, the aspiration is for a more caring society based on a system of values rooted in the culture and traditions of Bangladesh. The country’s value system will develop as it progresses, and the values will translate from collective to individual perspectives creating a collective drive to work together towards national development. Bangladesh’s heritage, rich in content and diversity, shall have a place in our present and be the anchor for the country’s ambitions. Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. Economic globalization is a process of rapid economic integration between countries that is driven by the increasing liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment. Liberalization of the economy in Bangladesh seemed an inevitable measure to meet the economic challenges of globalization. Whether it has derived benefits for the country or not remains a point to be analyzed. Some argue that the country has...
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...Andre Henry Prof. Guillaume Teasdale 02-43-244-01 Tues Mar 31, 2015 Americanization in Canada Americanization is the influence of the United States on the culture of another country. The influence extends on another countries cuisine, popular culture, technology, political techniques and business practices. Americanization refers to a process of acculturation by populations to American values and cultures. Canada and the United States are allies and trading partners (Gravelle 135). The two countries share a rich history of cooperation with each other. Cooperation between the two nation has been promoted by the fact that the two countries are neighbors. Canada began developing relationships with the United States after the Canadian confederation. The nation began their reliance on the United States for their national defense. Many Canadians believe that the country’s economic, political and military dependence on the United States would not make a difference in their day to day life activities. The Americans have influence more than the Canadian culture. Aspects in relation to media, economic dependence, American propaganda, artists and political pressure from the United States have made Canada too Americanized. The factors that make Canada too Americanized reflect mainly on the social life witnessed among many Canadians. They are viewed as risk hazards because they threaten the traditions and heritage that define the nation as an independent country. The US and...
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...Private business development was not a priority during the early stages of Doi Moi. In the mid 1990’s, market institutions were still inadequate for entrepreneurship: banks almost exclusively served state-owned enterprises; there were no credit reporting bureaus; and courts able to enforce contracts between private businesses were just being created. Among entrepreneurs interviewed by McMillan and Woodruff (1999), less then 10% said that courts or the government could enforce contracts, and just 10% said that they received credit to start businesses. In consequence, entrepreneurs relied to a very high extend on building relationships with specific suppliers and customers (McMillan and Woodruff, 1999). Regardless of the above difficulties, the early reforms of doi moi triggered a boom in entrepreneurship. The new market opportunities have encouraged many people, including the poor and former state employers, to challenge their fate, and to develop various kinds of business. While many of them may have failed, there are many success stories of this early generation of entrepreneurs. The small entrepreneurship of the 1990’s has also been important for capital and skill accumulation, and thus created an important foundation for later development. Since 1999, government policy has shifted toward developing and supporting private businesses, and entrepreneurship in particular. The Company Law of 2000 has created a more conducive environment for entrepreneurs to run their business...
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...products within the framework of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA), are not actually Arab made they are instead Chinese made. Some of these products delivered in the Greater Arab Free Trade Zone are Chinese but disguised under a "made in" Arab country. This fraudulent practice causes financial losses for the state because if the lower bound generates a shortfall in taxes, the increase affects the official foreign exchange reserves. These are mostly traders who import from China practicing the value of lower bound. They continue to import from China, diverting these products from a country of GAFT, to take advantage of exemptions from taxes for illegally transferring foreign currency abroad. To obey these practices, customs recommends a review of the Convention of GAFT. Illegal transfer of currency outside of the borders, which prompted to establish urgently a device to counteract the bleeding currencies where importers of GAFT increase the value of products imported from some Arab countries Apart from the lawsuits, fraudsters are forced, in case of confirmation of their crimes to pay the difference of the increased value and transferred, and a fine equivalent to twice the against-value of the goods for individuals, and four times for corporations. What term/concept in the text does it relate to? intergovernmental agreement Is this a good or bad example of the use of this term? It is a good example, because the GAFT is a trade bloc which is a type of intergovernmental agreement...
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...and what they do to aid our everyday existence. There is an unlimited demand for electronic devices worldwide, and Foxconn has taken the helm at providing those products. They do business with some of the leading companies internationally such as Microsoft Corp., Cisco Systems Inc., Sony, Hewlett-Packard Co., Nokia and of course Apple Inc. Foxconn serves a worldwide network of distributors and original equipment manufacturer customers in the U.S., Latin America, Europe, and Asia. Foxconn’s innovative and forward thinking has indeed launched them full bore into the international export history books. Foxconn Foxconn is one of the world leaders in manufacturing, assembling and design of electronics. Foxconn is the registered trade name of the Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. a global leader in providing mechanical and electromechanical solutions to the communications, consumer, and computer industries. Founded in 1974, and listed on the Taiwan stock exchange in 1991, Foxconn is the largest exporter from mainland China; their market capitalization exceeds $12 billion USD (Foxconn Expands, 2005). Their sales revenues for 2010 exceeded $137 billion USD. Foxconn employs upwards of 1 million employees and is the worldwide leader in manufacturing graphics cards, motherboards, optical storage devices, servers, workstations, information assurance products and bare-bone systems. They manufacture products for companies including: Acer Inc., Amazon.com, Apple...
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...into the bloc and it will become a full member once all members’ parliaments ratify its accession (Bosworth, 2011). Since it was established, Mercosur has made remarkable achievements. It is now South America’s leading economic integration organization and the world's fourth largest integrated market after the European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement and the Association of South East Asian Nations. Moreover, the scope of cooperation is expanding to other areas, particularly the political and diplomatic fields. Objectives Mercosur’s main objectives include: through the effective use of resources, coordination of macroeconomic policies, to strengthen the economic complementation and promote economic development, thereby improving people's living conditions, and promoting regional economic integration process. Specifically, it aims at promoting free trade and bringing about the fluid movement of capital, goods and services among its members, and achieving a common external tariff as well. Problems The consolidation of Mercosur has contributed to regional integration in Latin America. It has enhanced trade and economic development, improved the international status of the member...
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...Globalisation can be defined as the process of the world becoming smaller in terms of connectivity, communication and breaking down trade and border barriers. It has brought about positive as well as negative effects to the world. This essay will examine how the outcomes of globalisation play a part in developed and developing countries and their impacts on Singapore. Technology can be described as a crucial factor for most globalisation processes. Technological advancements have brought about convenience and the world closer. A study by Martin Prosperity Institute (2011) ranked the top ten countries in terms of their investment in research and development and the majority are developed countries. There is heavy emphasis on research in the development of technology because of the enormous potential of economic growth by the possible improved efficiency and productivity in manufacturing processes. Nevertheless in developing countries, they look to immediate technology in order to combat poverty. Using science and technology, developing countries can accelerate the growth of fields such as medicine, electronics and farming techniques and these advances reduce poverty and human suffering (United Nations, 2005). However, technology does not necessarily benefit both developed and developing countries. Globalisation could result in the digital divide and this happens in all countries regardless if they are developed or developing. Those who have the financial ability will be wired...
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...I truly learned a lot. With an international business it has various key learning concepts including entry to new markets, trade and foreign direct investments, politics, economics and environmental variables of culture. Each of these concepts carries a different definition as well as the same intent. Globalization by definition means a “trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological independence among national institutions and economies.” (p 7) Within globalization it is very important that the particular company that plans to expand beyond the borders of their home office must understand that going global is not just looking at the global aspext and not taking the time to properly invest money, time, and strategy. For example when Apple began to go global they took the time that was necessary to properly strategize on how to get their product from beyond the four walls of the Apple brand. Globalization has good parts as well as bad parts. The good part about globalization is that the particular brand that is going global has the potential of reaching more than just one particular group. However on the reverse side of globalization when taking your company to the next level especially when going global you run the risk of having to move your production from for example “America” to a place like “China”. International trade is something that is very important in international...
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...states; China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indian, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Officially came into existence in 1985 with the adopting of its Rent at the first meeting in Dhaka (December 7-8, 1985). The idea of regional cooperation was first recommended through ‘a regional forum’ by Bangladesh in 1980, with a perspective to positioning regular regional stage solutions among nations in Southern region, Japan on concerns of typical attention and possible cooperation in financial, public and other areas. The reasoning was mainly predicated on the assumption that regional encounters anywhere in the globe had been highly successful and that the areas in the Southern region Oriental area would benefit substantially from such cooperation as it would enhance their aggressive position, both independently and as a group. The Bangladesh offer recommendation that built in sense highly validated regional cooperation, particularly among Southern region China, because the nations in the area enjoy regional contiguity, traditional, public and cultural affinities which would act as synchronization and to reducing of deal costs. First Conference: The international assistants of the seven Southern regions China accordingly decided at their first conference in Colombo (21-23 Apr 1981) to engage in cooperation in five wide places, namely farming, non-urban growth, telephony, meteorology, and wellness and inhabitant’s solutions. The international assistants also decided to set up a Panel of...
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...Free Trade Area of the Americas Free Trade Area of the Americas Introduction There are many different regional blocs around the world such as the current one effecting North America called North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Another trade agreement that has been under hot debate is the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), which further extends the NAFTA to include other countries from Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean. This essay will discuss the FTAA, whether the concept of the FTAA is good for advancing the economy of the United States, and finally the impact it might have on North American firms. What is the FTAA? The Free Trade of the Americas (FTAA) is a potential trade bloc encompassing the western hemisphere. As of November, 2005 the negotiations have been stalled and are a continued work in progress (Hill, 2013). The FTAA, first held discussions in December 1994 at the first summit of the Americas where 34 democratically-elected Heads of State of the Western Hemisphere met and came to the conclusion of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) (“Fast Facts,” 2009). The intention of the FTAA was to open up trade by eliminating trade barriers on goods and services between the 34 different participating countries. It took another 3 years, April 2008, for second summit where the 34 heads of state to sat down and formally inaugurated talks that established a deadline date...
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...Unit 1 Review Assignment 1. Explain the difference among these four types of economic systems. Give an example of a country that illustrates each type of system. Market capitalism is an economic system in which the price and productions of goods and services are determined by their availability and consumer demand rather than by government or state regulation. An example of market capitalism would be the United States’ mixed market economy from which goods are produced, bought, and sold with prices and production being determined by consumer demand with limited interference from government regulation. Centrally planned socialism differs from market capitalism in that the government or state determines what goods and services will be produced and consumers demand is not a significant focus. China would be an example of a country that uses this type of economic system, the states decide which goods consumers’ need and that is what is produced. Centrally planned capitalism is similar to centrally planned socialism in that the government or state determines what goods are to be produced, but allows private companies to produce them. Sweden is an example of centrally planned capitalism due to two-thirds of businesses being owned by the government, the remaining companies produce what is perceived to be needed. Market socialism differs from the other economic systems in that it is complete and self-regulating; production is communally owned and operated with profits...
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...………………………………..………………………3 * Literature Review …………………………………………………..7 * Agadir Agreement Overview and Objectives ………………………………………….9 * Impact of Agadir …………………………………………………..15 Impact on Egypt’s trade ……………………………………………16 * SWOT Analysis …………………………………………………….18 * Conclusion ………………………………………………………….20 * References …………………………………………………………..22 * Appendix ……………………………………………………………..23 * Introduction Failing Arab, Middle Eastern and Maghreb regional integration has led to an increasing number of bilateral FTAs among the AMPC since the second half of the 1990s. With straightforward timetables for customs tariff reduction, they went beyond the traditional accords that rarely included more than a few shallow trade preferences and loose promises of co-operation. This was especially true for several major Arab countries, such as Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan, which had already launched structural adjustment and economic liberalization programs. At the end of the 1990s, all of these countries had concluded bilateral FTAs with each other to accelerate the relatively slow-moving ten-year Pan-Arab trade liberalization program. From a global point of view, however, these economies were too small to realize considerable bilateral trade potential; reciprocal provisions proved to be incompatible at times, and hindered the development of extended production chains involving several countries in the region. At the same time, these economies began...
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...APEC progress. The goals of “free trade and investment in the region” clearly asks the member economies to make commitments to liberalize their trade and investment regime. Unfortunately, however, the progress to achieve the Bogor goals for the past 10 years has been so disappointing and undermined the momentum of the APEC process. He comes the importance of Bogor Goals. In spite of varying perception, it is the single most important goal of APEC cooperation. Next session will be more on ASEAN summit in Singapore 1992. And will show its ASEAN free trade area as a framework of initial cooperation. The third session will be much more interesting, will report about Osaka Agenda 1995 its 3 pillars of action, Shanghai Accord 2001 on trade facilitation plan and the APEC meeting in Busan 2005 for mid term stock. The mid term stock relates to the Bogor Declaration of 1994. The Bogor Goals set out in the declaration underpin all APEC plans and actions. Specifically, all member economies have determined to realize free and open trade. Table of Contents 1.0 Research into the original goals of forming APEC as an informal grouping 2.0 Include the resolutions of ASEAN Summit in Singapore in 1992 in launching an ASEAN Free Trade Area schedule as a framework of initial cooperation 3.0 Elaborate on the following landmark summits ; 3.1 The Osaka Agenda 1995 and its 3 pillars of actions 3.2 The Shanghai Accord 2001 on trade facilitation plan 3.3 APEC...
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...uncertain situation as they focus to defend their own domestic products all whilst maintaining a steady external trade. A continuing worldwide economic power house, Mercosur continues to struggle with certain facets of trade and political structure. Background South America throughout past decades has seen bloodshed and political instability, and despite much improvement there is still reoccurring corruption to date. Although the Pablo Escobar reign in Colombia, Noriega’s rule in Panama, and Castro’s hold on Cuba are no longer relevant, there still remains similar political instability today. Mercosur directly translated is Mercado Comun del Sur, or The Southern Common Market, and is a trade bloc for six of South America’s member nations (See Appendix A for current member countries) where they enjoy free trade, very similar to that of the North American Free Trade Agreement, where the goal is full South American economic integration. Enacted in 1991 under the Treaty of Ascuncion, Mercosur was created around the time of NAFTA, and other world trade blocs where they sought to fill the grey areas of GATT , General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, that over looked regional, political, and cultural needs for its members (Kionsky, 2012). Further issues with non-transparent trades and non-uniformity in investments through GATT allowed for investors to make under the table trades where no tariffs...
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