...A Review of Literature of MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE and its AFFECTS Introduction Body image is a central part of mental and physical well-being, and because the mass media are pervasive communicators of social standards, they greatly influence people’s perception by setting unrealistic standards for what is “normal” for body weight and appearance. Thus, reinforcing people to emulate and believe what they see and hear. There is an extensive amount of studies on the effects of media exposure on body dissatisfaction and the experience of negative thoughts and esteem about one’s body, which is linked to a range of physical and mental health problems, including eating disorders and low self-esteem. Body Image: Self-Esteem and Identity Several individual variables predict or influence the relationship between media exposure and body disturbances. Most of the research has been done with women and girls, for whom the “body perfect” ideal is ultra-thin, and whose media models are typically underweight (Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). To determine whether viewing images of thin models influences how women feel about their bodies, there were many studies done using the social comparison framework, finding that women engage in “upward social comparisons,” comparing themselves to the thin models depicted in the media. When women believe that they do not measure up to the models, they feel more negatively about their own weight and body. For example, Lin and...
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...helped form a lot of the theories that have been formed do to pscyhoanylasis. It helped formed the pscyhoanalysis like the subconscious.He anaylzed the theory simple enough for people who did not suffer from mental disorders so that they could understand. We try to get rest when we do not want to deal with the pressures of life and try to go to bed. When you get tired we withdraw from the things that are going in life and we take a pause in engaging in the things that are going on.These are one of the main charecteristic that a person is getting sleepy. We try to fall asleep in most cases with silence and we cut the lights of in our room,but some people like to sleep with the lighs off and television and music plugged in their ears. Frued derived dreams symbols from the resistence of dreams interpretation. He stated from his research that you resisted certain things while dreaming happened no matter what even with people who do not have a mental disability. He stated that some parts of manifest dreams coincide with latent dreams. Manifest means clear and obvious. Latent dreams means it is the hidden psychoanylasis meanining of the dream. Dreams According to Freud are the royal road to unconsciousness. He thought that dreams could be recognized through symbols. These symoblic...
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...Paper name Psy 360 your name Instructor date Freud and Jung: Early Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two influential theorists in psychology (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud was considered the father of psychology and believed that human behavior was the result of unconscious conflict deep in the mind of individuals (Nystul, M., 2005). Jung’s theory developed directly out of Freud’s psychoanalytic approach; however he refuted several of Freud’s key points and placed an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytic approach to psychology; however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the seed for many subsequent theorists’ work. His main assertion was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals’ unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the primal drive for all human needs (e.g., sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal values and standards (e.g., the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational part of thought that controlled the impulses of the id and superego. Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger within reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected...
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...Abdinasir hussein Soc 401 Professeor Roberts Mid-term paper Freud and Marx will never be forgotten as their legacies carry on through their respective theories. Each of their theories are extensive however, for the purposes of this essay I will compare and contrast their theory regarding freedom and the relationship between the individual and society. Freud and Marx, it can argued were both, as individuals, dissatisfied with their societies. In the process of discussing both Freud’s and Marx’s positions regarding these areas of focus their answers to the following question will be evident and their reasoning explained. Is it possible for human’s to create a society that would not cause so much suffering and, therefore maximize the happiness of all individuals in society? Or in other words, is the desire for freedom and pleasure of the individual irreconcilable with the needs and demands of society? Freud’s response is no. Marx’s answer is yes. In the following paragraphs I will provide a synopsis of Freud’s main argument in Civilization and It’s Discontent and in doing so explicate his support for his answer, then I will do the same for Carl Marx in the Marx / Engels Reader, and lastly I will discuss which theory I find more persuasive and why. Since it is necessary to discuss and define key concepts and terms in order to understand Freud’s support for his answer I will give a synopsis of the book titled Civilization and It’s Discontents. Freud begins this book by defining...
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...Paper name Psy 360 your name Instructor date Freud and Jung: Early Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two influential theorists in psychology (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud was considered the father of psychology and believed that human behavior was the result of unconscious conflict deep in the mind of individuals (Nystul, M., 2005). Jung’s theory developed directly out of Freud’s psychoanalytic approach; however he refuted several of Freud’s key points and placed an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytic approach to psychology; however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the seed for many subsequent theorists’ work. His main assertion was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals’ unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the primal drive for all human needs (e.g., sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal values and standards (e.g., the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational part of thought that controlled the impulses of the id and superego. Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger within reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected...
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...| | | Psychoanalysis is a method of modern psychotherapy that can be very useful for people who are struggling with longstanding difficulties in the ways that they think and feel about themselves, the world, and their relationships with others(1). For centuries great minds such as, Sigmund Freud, Erick Erickson, Carl Jung, and Alfred Alder have explored and experimented their theory’s against human behavior. In this paper we will discuss the influences of frueds work and how his prodecssor viewpoints expanded his thougts into the present view point of todays culture. Dr. Sigmund Freud “Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. As the originator of Psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an intellectual giant. He pioneered new techniques for understanding human behavior, and his efforts resulted in the most comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy ever developed”(3). “Dr. Sigmund Freud explored the human mind more thoroughly than any other who became before him. His contributions to psychology are vast. Freud was one of the most influential people of the twentieth century and his enduring legacy has influenced not only psychology, but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children”(2). Dr. Freud’s theories became highly influential to the field of pyschoanlysis. His work was unparrel and his theories have foreve changed physconlaues to this very day. “Freud (1900, 1905) developed a topographical model...
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...Teresa Durstine PSYC 250 – DOL 1 Professor Stone October 28, 2013 Beyond Biography A person’s character and personality will leave a great impression on others. Although some of these impressions are positive ones; however, others may be negative. A person’s childhood will often have a great influence on a person’s personality and character. An individual’s identity will be a reflection of their religious beliefs, ethnic background, gender, as well as their birth order. All of these will aid in the development of their own uniqueness. In a sense, we become a product of our childhood, or our up-bringing. The first theorist is Alfred Alder, he was the younger of two siblings and this made him become competitive. Whereas, his is older brother, Sigmund was very healthy, robust, and full of energy; Alfred suffered from poor health and required extra attention during his childhood. Alfred developed a combative side, and he would often challenge authority. He also strived for superiority over Sigmund. Because his older brother was domineering, competent, and intelligence, Alfred always felt inferior to him. This would cause Alfred to feel like he was the underdog, who was constantly competing against a very powerful foe. All this aided in Alfred developing a fierce rivalry against his brother Sigmund. When Alfred was just five years old, he almost died from pneumonia. Young Alfred went skating with an older boy who abandoned him on the freezing, ice cold skating...
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...Things can stress us keep us blocked from our blessings but if you have time for God he has time for you. Sometimes you have to stop everything and pray, and other times you have to be silent and let God voice tell you what he wants for your life. Sometimes the Lord calls you and you can’t hear him because of everything around you is so loud. Like your pain, lack of money, relationship problems, children, health family, friends, job. When Samuel was called by the Lord he didn’t hear him, it wasn’t until he stopped what he was doing to hear what the Lord was trying to tell him. The youtube video “Let Go Let God” teaches you/instructs you to meditate in the Lord and draw yourself closer to him. Rhonda had five basic steps. 1. Sit in a comfortable position 2. Back Straight 3. Hands to the side or in the lap 4. Close your eyes and “Check inside you” 5. Breathe She claims that we as humans tend to disconnect between our mind, body, and spirit. She also asks you to set intentions for how you wish to feel after you are done with the meditation. My intentions for day 1 was to come out peaceful and to get closer to God That morning I said my morning prayer and I meditated for 20 minutes and listened to what was going on in my mind. I had nothing but my daily to-do list running through my mind at first because I couldn’t let go and loose myself in the silence. Then when I finally did I got the answer that I need. The Lord told me that peace comes from my mind; I must have a clear...
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...happiness. As Micu points out, “The dream characterizes a very particular state of mind when the individual’s consciousness is suspended. This doesn’t make them any less credible in the message they convey but it does make them more difficult to decipher and often harder to accept, taking into account that part of the message of the dream was once conscious but it was repressed, and the other part never made it to consciousness” (Micu, 80). Dreams are very complex but are like a whole other world to people. Some look at dreaming as an escape from reality, others are terrified to fall asleep due to nightmares and even night terrors. Micu shares, “Perhaps one of the most significatnt ideas conducted by Frued was that “nothing is arbitrary or undetermined in the psychic life” (Frued, pg152). Frued’s entire work is a remarkable demonstration of the fact that symptoms, dreams, lapses have extremely complex determinations, that often have unexpected ramifications and roots in the unconscious” (Micu, 81). One does not understand the importance of a dream until it is explained or broke down. Many have the same dreams...
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...Technological Institute of the Philippines College of Arts / HSSD SOCIOLOGY WITH FAMILY PLANNING QUIZ Objective OBTL (constructivism) To measure students Intended Learning Outcomes with aligned Assessment task. (Prelim exams) PART I: SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY _____/20 points Direction: From the list choose a sociological topic. 1. CULTURE 2. FILIPINO VALUES 3. SOCIALIZATION 4. DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR 5. SOCIAL GROUP Step 1. (____/3 points) from the chosen topic write an interesting TITLE _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ Step 2. (______/4 points) list down important related literature 1. Foreign Literature: ____________________________________________________ 2. Foreign Studies: _______________________________________________________ 3. Local Literature: _______________________________________________________ 4. Local Studies: __________________________________________________________ Step 3. (_____/ 2points) Formulation of Hypothesis or assumption ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Home Page » Other Topics Historical Materialism In: Other Topics Historical Materialism INTRODUCTION "In the Marxian view, human history is like a river. From any given vantage point, a river looks much the same day after day. But actually it is constantly flowing and changing, crumbling its banks, widening and deepening its channel. The water seen one day is never the same as that seen the next. Some of it is constantly being evaporated and drawn up, to return as rain. From year to year these changes may be scarcely perceptible. But one day, when the banks are thoroughly weakened and the rains long and heavy, the river floods, bursts its banks, and may take a new course. This represents the dialectical part of Marx’s famous theory of dialectical (or historical) materialism." Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is a theory of socioeconomic development according to which changes in material conditions (technology and productive capacity) are the primary influence on how society and the economy are organised. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. Social classes...
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...consciousness respectively) he attempted to classify the structures of the mind in a way a chemist breaks down chemicals into the component parts. William James (1842-1910) Psychologist and philosopher, and was recognized for writing the principles of psychology, which is considered to be a monumental work in history of psychology. Known for the James-Lange Theory, according to James and emotion is simply the minds interpretation of certain physiological processes that occur as a response to certain stimuli. Functionalism Functionalism was the psychology school of thought that followed structuralism and moved away from focusing on the structure of the mind to a concern with how the conscious is related to behavior. Sigmund Frued (1856-1939) Known as “The Father Of Psychoanalysis”, a method for treating psychological pathology by means of dialogue between the patient and the Psychoanalyst. He was also known for proposing a theory of personality based on the stages of psychosexual development. Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936) He is best known for his work describing the psychological phenomenon he also laid the foundation for Behaviorism, which dominated the field of psychology from the 19th century until the first half of the 20th century. He also introduced many conditioning terms, including Conditioned Response, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Unconditioned Stimulus. John Watson (1878 – 1958) He is mostly known for being the father of behaviorism...
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...relationships between all the systems in Freud’s theory. According to Sigmund Frued analyses, human personality consists of three interacting systems: the id, suger ego, and the ego. These elements of personality work together to create complex human behaviors. The id consist of primitive and impulsive drives impelled by the pleasure principle consisting of basic physiological needs such as thirst, hunger, and sex which the individual seeks immediate satisfaction without concern for the specific means. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is established in early life such as an infant that is hungry, he or she will cry until the demands of the id is met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or logical. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle we might find ourselves indulging or participating in wrongful behaviors not thinking of the outcome. In comparison the super ego is conceptualized as the individual’s expression of society’s moral and ethical codes of conduct. The super ego’s role is to ensure the individual’s needs are met in a socially acceptable fashion. Lastly the ego is the individual’s conscious control. The ego’s role is to monitor and balance the impulsive demands of the id and the sociocultural constraints of the superego. In integration to designating a structure for personality, Frued accentuated that an individual's personality is composed as he or she...
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...The need to express the discomfort is display through certain action such as isolation, or aggressive reaction, etc. According to the defend mechanism theory by frued it was stated that a displacement is an action to which an individual display a chain of action in reaction to another event. For example; a child get caught in between the argument of its parents and the emotion and frustration build up, hence in the following day the child may reacted aggressively towards his/her peer. Nonetheless other study have suggested that dysfunctional family causes more than just social learning and defence mechanism issue, but biological as...
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...so to raise the money required for this journey, he published his 'Poems in the Scottish Dialect' in 1786, which was an immediate success. He was persuaded not to leave Scotland by Dr Thomas Blacklock and in 1787 an Edinburgh edition of the poems was published. Ladies and Gentlemen, it falls to me, your allocated Lassie for this evening, to take up the challenge of replying to Ed's toast. And what a great toast it was, so I'd like to thank him very much for being so lovely about us Lassies. Unfortunately it falls to me to lower the tone and talk about men - not that I'm in any way suggesting those two things might go hand in hand. But no, Ed was absolutely right when he said men try to please us women. Yes, they try… But like Sigmund Frued, most men don't know what women want. Some of them get very strange ideas indeed, including Roberts Burns. He wrote a poem called 'Nine Inch Will Please a Lady' - I can't imagine what that's about… Then there's the other lot, with less inches, who think they can compensate by driving a really big car. No, sometimes men just don't get it right. Women might be accused of lack of logic, but we are quite good at dealing with the unexpected. Men sometimes flounder. Burn's father-in-law, for example, who upon hearing that his daughter was pregnant with Burn's illegitimate child promptly fainted. His WIFE had to go and get the cordial to revive him. I'm going to stop comparing men and women now, because I actually don't believe in this Mars and...
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