...view of society that focuses on the way various parts of society have funtions and live in a consensus that maintain the stability and social order of the whole society. Functionalism is seen as a macro scale approach to society; it sees society as a whole rather than just focusing on some parts of it. Because of this, functionalism views society as a body (organic analogy), all institutions works together to make the society. This is particularly useful when observing the society in order to understand the way it functions and how all the institutions work together to sustain society as a whole. This can also be denoted as one of its strengths. Functionalism is also seen as a consensus theory, it sees society as fair and just, and it acknowledges that many societies including the majority of western ones, have democracy and all individuals within a particular society share the same or similar norms and values. This also could therefore be seen as a strength as it acknowledges that democracy does exists in many societies. Functionalism emphasizes a societal equilibrium. If something happens to disrupt the order and the flow of the system, society must adjust to achieve a stable state. According to Durkheim, society should be analyzed and described in terms of functions. Society is a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function without the other. These parts make up the whole of society. If one part changes, it has an impact on society as a whole. He believed...
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...behavior of particular people. There are three divisions of social perspectives; the structural-functional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the symbolic-interaction approach. The structural-functional approach contributes to how society’s functioning as a whole whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This is a relatively stable pattern of behavior. Structural-functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole. Emile Durkheim suggested that the consensus takes only one of the two forms; mechanical solidarity (a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and beliefs and engage in similar types of work) and organic solidarity (a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society are interdependent, but hold to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work). Robert Merton expands our understanding of the concept by indicating social structures have many functions such as manifest functions (recognized, obvious, and intended consequences of any social pattern) and latent functions (unrecognized, not obvious, and unintended consequences of any social pattern). The manifest function of attending a church, for instance, is to worship as part of a religious group, but its latent function may be to help members learn to separate personal from...
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...the family, education, religion, law and the mass media. Family and other sub-systems are often compared to the human body where if one of the body parts doesn’t function properly the others won’t either. Social structures work for you and society as a whole so if one doesn’t work correctly society will break up. Functionalists are interested in the positive functions of the family and how it contributes to a healthy society. Conversely, functionalists don’t look at society negatively or the negative effects family could have on you or society as whole. Also, Marxists see societies institutions as helping to maintain class inequality and capitalism therefore, the functions of the family are purely performed for the benefit of the capital system and do not help society function properly, they don’t work for you and society as a whole, they are only there for the bourgeoisie. Murdock (1949) argued that all families fulfil four vital functions and without this society wouldn’t be able to function. One of these functions is stable satisfaction of the sex drive; having a healthy sex life with the same partner, preventing social disruption caused by a social free-for-all. Another function is reproduction of the next generation; without this society cannot continue. Economic support is another one of Murdock’s vital functions, this meets societies members...
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...Social problems are buried in the structure and culture of society. Social groups are established by the development of relationships. Where social structure is concerned and how one unit or group of units relates to another, families are involved. However, linking not just families; churches, schools, businesses and communities are a part of the structure of the society also. Social structure therefore refers to the framework of a society, that is, the patterns around which society is organized and is instrumental in guiding our behavior. Larger social structures include groups and social institutions such as education and religion. More obscure structures are like those related to the economy. Not much aware of these obscure structures, nonetheless, they have great impact on the character of society overall. Social life is studied on both the micro and macro levels. Micro-sociology may focus on a social institution like the family and the quality of interaction among its members. At the macro-sociological level, we would attempt to understand a particular family structure as only one of millions of families making up this particular social institution. The single greatest contributor to and practitioner of functionalism in modern times, was Talcott Parsons. Parsons an American social thinker has had enormous impact on the development of sociological theory. His work gained prominence during 1940’s and 1950’s and his main contribution was to add to the view of society, the...
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...Assess the claim that the main function of education is to maintain social inequality Some sociologist such as functionalist argue that the inequality of education teaches children the skills needed in the workplace and economy whereas Marxist believe education passes on ruling class ideology that supports capitalism, and femmist say that the education system is patriarchal. Some sociologist may also be argue that the education system doesn’t prepare people adequately for work e.g. lack of graduates in engerineering this indicated the education system is failing. Functionalists say that education has three main functions to help society, not to maintain social inequality. Education sifts and sorts people for the appropriate job this is called the allocation function, also teaches the skill need in work and plays a part in secondary socialisation by passing on the core values. However it may be argued that education is mainly ''who you know'' than what you know in some parts of society so allocation isn’t working properly. Durkheim said that education helps to create social order based on cohesion and value consensus and parson also describes school as a bridge between the family and adult roles of society as they pass on a universal value of achievement. Parson also states education selects children into appropriate routes because it is a meritocracy. Meritocracy is when social rewards are allocated by talent and effort rather than because of a position some was born in intro...
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...sociologists use when viewing social life: Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism. I will offer a brief explanation of each theory and apply each one of these theories to prostitution. Structural Functionalism focuses on viewing society as a whole, instead of on a smaller level. The theory views social life as having many smaller parts that all work together. It is studied at the macro-level. For example, think of a fire pump. The goal of a fire pump is plain and simple – to save lives. There are many parts within the pump that must work together to make it work properly. The speed increaser/pump transmission, the impeller shaft assembly, and the pump body all play very important roles in the flow of water through the pump and into the discharge hose for firefighting operations. The structure represents how all parts of society fit together to make the whole and the function represents each smaller part and how it works together. There are two different kind of functions to consider when studying structural functionalism. The first is manifest functions. Manifest functions are beneficial consequences of a social process that are intentional and obvious. The second is latent functions. Latent functions are beneficial consequences of a social process that are unintentional and not obvious. For example, the manifest function of having dinner together as a family is to provide food for your family. The latent function of sharing a meal together...
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...RESOURCE MANAGEMENT UNIT 1 PERCEPTIVE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Human Resource Meaning: Human resources refer to the qualitative and quantitative aspects of employees working in an organization. Definition: “Human resources are considered as Human Capital. Human capital is classified under 3 categories- Intellectual capital, Social capital and Emotional capital. Intellectual capital consists of specialized knowledge, tacit knowledge and skills, cognitive complexity and learning capacity. Social capital is made up of network of relationships, sociability and trustworthiness. Emotional capital consists of self confidence, ambition and courage, risk bearing ability and resilience.” – Sumantra Ghosal. Human Resource Management (HRM) Meaning: HRM is a process of making the efficient and effective use of Human Resources so that the set goals are achieved. Definition: “Personnel management or say Human Resource Management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human resources to the end that individual, organizational and social objectives are accomplished.” –Flippo. Differences b/w Personnel Management and Human Resource Management Dimensions | PM | HRM | Nature of relations | Pluralist | Unitarist or Neo-Unitarist | Perception of conflict | Conflict is institutionalized | Conflict is Pathological | Contract | Emphasis on compliance | Beyond contract-commitment...
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...“The main function of education is to maintain a value consensus in society” According to Item “A” functionalists believe that a Value Consensus is essential for the well-being of society. A Value Consensus is an agreement among society’s members about what social values (such as getting qualifications, learning job skills, etc.) are important. Item “A” also stats that functionalists believe that school is vital because it socialises (this is known as secondary socialisation, this is where children are taught social norms and values such as respect and obeying orders through school) young people. Functionalists also believe that schools operate on a meritocratic principle and they see education as “sifting and sorting” young students (this is another term for Role Allocation which is where students are matched to work roles that suit their abilities). On the other hand according to Item “A” Marxists believe that education doesn’t transmit values about society as a whole but values that benefit the ruling class (those who own the means of production are called the ruling class or the Bourgeoisie these are a minority in society). Functionalist Durkheim identified the two main functions of education were, creating social solidarity and teaching specialist skills. Durkheim argues that society needs a sense of solidarity, without social solidarity, social life and cooperation would be impossible because each individual would pursue their own selfish desires; the role of education...
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...affected by the functionalist perspective. The functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. It has its origins in the works of Emile Durkheim, who was especially interested in how social order is possible or how society remains relatively stable. The functionalist perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part influences and is influenced by other parts. Each of the social institutions contributes important functions for society: Family provides a context for reproducing, nurturing, and socializing children; education offers a way to transmit a society’s skills, knowledge, and culture to its youth; politics provides a means of governing members of society; economics provides for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and religion provides moral guidance and an outlet for worship of a higher power. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event. Critics also claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of society's members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. Religion from a Functionalist Perspective The functionalist...
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...Functionalism emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society, focusing on social stability and shared public values. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. When one part of the system is not working or is dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and creates social problems, which leads to social change. The functionalist perspective achieved its greatest popularity among American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s. While European functionalists originally focused on explaining the inner workings of social order, American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior. Among these American functionalist sociologists is Robert K. Merton, who divided human functions into two types: manifest functions, which are intentional and obvious, and latent functions, which are unintentional and not obvious. The manifest function of attending a church or synagogue, for instance, is to worship as part of a religious community, but its latent function may be to help members learn to discern personal from institutional values. With common sense, manifest functions become easily apparent. Yet this is not necessarily the case for latent functions, which often demand a sociological approach to be revealed. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event such as divorce. Critics also claim that the perspective justifies...
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...The claim that the main function of education is to maintain a value consensus in society is portrayed by different sociologists in different ways e.g. feminists believe that to maintain a value consensus in society, patriarchy needs to be abolished. Different theorists believe in different functions of the education system, some think of it as promoting value consensus and some see otherwise. Functionalist Durkheim (1993) identified the two main functions of education were, creating social solidarity and teaching specialist skills. Durkheim argues that society needs a sense of solidarity, without social solidarity, social life and cooperation would be impossible because each individual would pursue their own selfish desires; the role of education is to produce social solidarity. School also acts as a ‘society in miniature’, preparing us for life in wider society, school serves a function that cannot be provided the family or peer groups and that individuals must learn to cooperate with those who are neither family nor friends, he says the school is a place where these skills can be learned. Modern industrial economies have a complex division of labour, where the production of even a single item usually involves the cooperation of many different specialists. Durkheim argues that education teaches individuals the specialist knowledge and skill that they need to play their part in the social division of labour, therefore the main function of education is to maintain a value...
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...Research paper The functions of management Content 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………...3 2. The nature and content of management functions……………………5 3. The main functions of management…………………………………..7 4. Characteristics of main functions of management ………………….12 4.1. The planning function……………………………………………..12 4.2. The function of the organization ………………………………….13 4.3. Function motivation……………………………………………….14 4.4. Monitoring function ………………………………………………15 5. Specific management functions……………………………………..16 6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………..17 7. Bibliography………………………………………………………...18 Introduction In general, management should be thought of as the science and art of winning, the ability to achieve goals, using the work, the motives and intelligence of people. We are talking about targeted on people with the aim of turning unorganized elements in effective and productive force. In other words, management is human possibilities through which leaders use resources to achieve strategic and tactical goals of the organization. Manager - independent profession with its own professionally-specific tools and skills, is clearly different from other professions. Encourage was achieved by the employees themselves, relates only to the trade Manager, and all other professions perform special tasks, but not task Manager. Manager is a person who has...
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...Forensic Social Work? This paper explores the many facets social work provides in collaboration with the criminal justice system escaping widespread notice as well as the roles played in the judicial court systems. This paper takes a look at the point and the many purposes of forensic social work. Covering their role in multidisciplinary mitigation teams and collaboration between social workers and lawyers in criminal defense also the type service social work practitioners provide to inmate populations; the active involvement in an inmate’s daily life both during their sentence as well as the service and assistance a forensic social worker will be providing following an inmate’s release and reintegration back into society Forensic social work is the application of social work to questions and issues relating to law and legal systems. This specialty of our profession goes far beyond clinics and psychiatric hospitals for criminal defendants being evaluated and treated on issues of competency and responsibility. A broader definition includes social work practice which in any way is related to legal issues and litigation, both criminal and civil. Child custody issues, involving separation, divorce, neglect, termination of parental rights, the implications of child and spouse abuse, juvenile and adult justice services, corrections, and mandated treatment all fall under this definition. Forensic social workers are specialized professionals who are able to apply their social work knowledge...
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...Celine RIVIERE 09004513 HRM: An introduction Learning Outcome – Assessment 1) During the first half of the 20th century, the social and human dimension will appear and grow gradually in the organisation. Human Resource Management, also known as HRM, is the function we can find within the organisation that focuses on recruitment, management, and provide direction for the employees. Humans and the potential they process are really important, they drive an organisation. Without them, everything is falling apart. Human Resource Management works to ensure that employees are able to meet the organisation’s goals. “Human Resource Management is responsible for how people are treated in the organisation. It is responsible for bringing people into the organisation, helping them perform their work, compensating them for their labours, and solving problems that rise” (Cherrington, 1995, p5). Human Resource Management deals with ensuring that the employees display the highest level of efficiency and effectiveness in the performance of the organisational functions through providing the basic conditions of work to the employees to ensure achievements of the highest levels. It is difficult to define de HRM. Some people think that it is just a modern term for the personnel management, or that it’s a generic term for all management activities. They also can think that now the HRM is more for the companies than for the employees. It’s a vague and elusive concept and we can find...
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...scientific approach, he believed that society had a structure and each element of the structure played a particular role in the functioning of society. Emile Durkheim developed these ideas into a sociological perspective which we now call Functionalism. This perspective continued to be modified and developed until the middle of the 20thC when other perspectives gained importance. Functionalists believe that society is a social system made up of interrelated parts, which have specific functions to perform. Durkheim’s organic analogy suggests that society is like a living organism, just like the human body it is made up of organs which have specific functions to perform to keep the body alive, so society has institutions which have specific functions to perform which keep society in a state of equilibrium. Functionalism is therefore a Structuralist theory, examining the structures or institutions of society to see how they work to benefit society. Durkheim believed that society existed external to the individual and controlled the actions of individuals through social integration and regulation. In his study of the individual act of suicide/culture, he attempted to show how the individual act of self harm can be influenced by society. He claims that people are influenced in their decision to commit suicide through the relationship that they have with their society. Over regulation of their behaviour will result in suicide, as will under regulation. Durkheim...
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