...Foreign Exchange Market B. Spot Market C. Forward Market Chapter 7: The Foreign Exchange Market 1 Foreign Exchange (FX) Market Foreign exchange market allows one currency to be bought/sold for another currency ie. permits transfers of purchasing power denominated in one currency to another. Interbank market – wholesale market in which major banks trade with one another. Accounts for ~95% of foreign exchange transactions (Retail mkt . ~ 5%) Spot market – where currencies are traded for immediate delivery Forward market – where contracts are made to buy or sell currencies for future delivery Swap transactions – involve a package of a spot and a forward contract 35% 53% 12% Spot Transactions Forward Transactions Swap Transactions Chapter 7: The Foreign Exchange Market 2 Trading in Foreign Exchange Markets OTC Exchange Traded Spot exchange market: – settlement is T+2 Currency futures market: – standardised contracts for delivery at a future date Forward exchange market: – settlement is >T+2 Currency options markets: – standardised contracts giving the right to buy or sell Swap market Chapter 7: The Foreign Exchange Market 25731 International Finance 3 BIS Triennial survey Last survey was in April 2010 (next one will be conducted in April 2013) Summary findings: Global FX market turnover increased from $3.3 to $4 Trillion mostly due to turnover in the spot markets rising from $1 to $1...
Words: 2254 - Pages: 10
...FX OPTIONS TRADER HANDBOOK Understanding the relationship between CME FX Options on Futures and OTC Options. cmegroup.com/fx As the world’s leading and most diverse derivatives marketplace, CME Group (cmegroup.com) is where the world comes to manage risk. CME Group exchanges offer the widest range of global benchmark products across all major asset classes, including futures and options based on interest rates, equity indexes, foreign exchange, energy, agricultural commodities, metals, weather and real estate. CME Group brings buyers and sellers together through its CME Globex® electronic trading platform and its trading facilities in New York and Chicago, and is in the process of launching a London-based derivatives exchange. CME Group also operates CME Clearing, one of the world's leading central counterparty clearing providers, which offers clearing and settlement services across asset classes for exchange-traded contracts and over-the-counter derivatives transactions. These products and services ensure that businesses everywhere can substantially mitigate counterparty credit risk. FX PRODUCTS CME – The Premiere Global Marketplace For FX Averaging $109 billion in daily liquidity and $220 billion in open interest,*CME is not only the world’s largest regulated FX marketplace, we are also the leading FX platform of choice for an increasingly diverse and global customer base. Our high-volume futures and options markets are growing at rates that continue to outperform the broader...
Words: 4582 - Pages: 19
...FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS MARKET SIZE AND LIQUIDITY MARKET PARTICIPANTS KINDS OF FX TRANSACTIONS COMPONENTS OF FX TRADING EXCHANGE RATES AND ITS USES GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET TRENDS DIFFERENT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS WHICH LINKS THE FOREX MARKET GLOBALLY BASIS OF COMMUNICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS CONCLUSION BIBLOGRAPHY Page no. 7 9 11 12 14 16 22 25 35 37 39 40 42 5 GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS 6 Introduction The foreign exchange market is the biggest financial market in the world. Every day, transactions worth about 3.98 trillion dollars are carried out within the market. The major aim of introducing the foreign exchange market is to facilitate international trade by enabling businesses to perform transactions outside their local currency. The market operates round the clock from Monday through Friday. Foreign Exchange is the simultaneous Buying of one currency and paying for it with another at an agreed price (exchange rate) for settlement on an agreed date. FOREX is an acronym for FOReign Exchange. In the foreign exchange market today, a trader can purchase some amount of international currencies by paying with a different currency. This type of foreign exchange market started to develop in the 1970s, which was about thirty years after foreign exchange was introduced. Some important features about the FX market include the following: 1. It has a very large number of daily participants...
Words: 11549 - Pages: 47
...Price Discovery in Currency Markets Abstract This paper makes three contributions to our understanding of the price discovery process in currency markets. First, it provides evidence that this process cannot be the familiar one based on adverse selection and customer spreads, since such spreads are inversely related to a trade’s likely information content. Second, the paper suggests three potential sources for the pattern of customer spreads, two of which rely on the information structure of the market. Third, the paper suggests an alternative price discovery process for currencies, centered on inventory management strategies in the interdealer market, and provides preliminary evidence for that process. [JEL F31, G14, G15. Keywords: Bid-ask spreads, foreign exchange, asymmetric information, microstructure, price discovery, interdealer, inventory, market order, limit order] September 2006 Corresponding author: Carol Osler, cosler@brandeis.edu or Brandeis International Business School, Brandeis University, Mailstop 32, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Tel. (781) 736-4826. Fax (781) 736-2269. We are deeply grateful to the bankers who provided the data and to William Clyde, Pete Eggleston, Keith Henthorn, Valerie Krauss, Peter Nielsen, Peter Tordo, and other bankers who discussed dealing with us. We thank, without implicating, Alain Chaboud, Yin-Wong Cheung, Joel Hasbrouck, Thomas Gehrig, Michael Goldstein, Rich Lyons, Albert Menkveld, Anthony...
Words: 16757 - Pages: 68
... b) Assume for this question that the daily exchange rate returns for AU$/SWF do not follow a normal distribution and not independent across dates either. Based on the historical data, there is typically 5% of chance that SWF will depreciate by more than 150 basis points relative to AU$ in 10 days, and there is also 5% of chance that SWF will appreciate by more than 100 basis points relative to AU$ in 10 days. What is 10-day VaR for the bank’s SWF position? 2. Foreign exchange risk a) OZ Bank issues a one-year Australian certificate of deposit to finance a US$1 million investment in one-year fixed rate U.S. bonds. The interest rate of AU$ CD is 5% per annum. and the yield to maturity of the US bond is 10% per annum. Currently, spot exchange rates are...
Words: 1477 - Pages: 6
...exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global, worldwide decentralized financial market for trading currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies. The primary purpose of the foreign exchange is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business' income is in US dollars. It also supports direct speculation in the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation on the change in interest rates in two currencies. About 70% to 90% of the foreign exchange transactions are speculative. In other words, the person or institution that bought or sold the currency has no plan to actually take delivery of the currency in the end; rather, they were solely speculating on the movement of that particular currency for a profit. The foreign exchange market facilitates international trade. These markets have no physical form. They exist through a sophisticated network of communications involving telephone, telex and computer links. The markets in different countries are closely associated. The foreign exchange market is unique because of • its huge trading volume representing the...
Words: 2894 - Pages: 12
...across the Globe. We have seen numerous risk management policies failures. To name a few... UBS, JPM Morgan, Libor manipulations by European, US and Japanese banks and prominent accounting scandals like Lehman… As rightly said by Albert Einstein “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.” and when you can't solve the problem, then manage it and don’t be dependent upon science as Science is always wrong, it never solves a problem without creating ten more. The same is the case with Foreign Exchange Risk Management Policies (FXRM) which if can’t be managed properly then would lead to either systematic shocks or negative implications at the bottom line of the corporate, banks, FI and trading houses P&L A/cs. That is something risk management struggles with, say the experts. In Richard Meyers’ estimation, risk managers or traders do not socialize enough. “It’s all about visibility,” he said. Meyers, chairman and CEO of Richard Meyers & Associates, a talent acquisition and management firm in New Jersey, relates the story of a firm that decided to adopt an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) strategy. Instead of appointing its risk manager to head ERM, the company brought in someone else. Why? Time has come when organizations across the world have to do deep amendments in their Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) policies covering foreign exchange hedging programs, diversification in derivatives portfolio, Enterprise risk management...
Words: 9364 - Pages: 38
...Abstract If there was only one currency in the world, there would not have been any need for foreign exchange market, foreign exchange rates or foreign exchange. But in a world of many national currencies, the foreign exchange market plays the crucial role of providing the requisite machinery for making payments across borders, transferring funds and purchasing power from one currency to another, and determining the exchange rate. The fundamental changes in foreign exchange, or FX, market began to take form in 1970′s along with the increasing internationalization of financial transactions and the change of many economies into floating exchange rate system from fixed rate system. Over years, these changes have transformed the foreign exchange market into the world’s biggest and most dynamic market today. The daily turnover of global FX market currently amounts to many trillions of dollars. The objective behind this entire project is to get the basic understanding about an Indian foreign exchange market, Forex Instruments available in India, its functioning, Forexregulators& players. Project has emphasis more on numerical data gathered through different reliable sources to comparing and analysis the performance so far by Indian foreign market with other countries and their currencies which holds a dominant position in the global foreign exchange market. As in the rest of the world, in India too, foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in existence. The...
Words: 14130 - Pages: 57
...Hedging FX Exposures: Which Strategy is Right for Your Business? This article addresses foreign exchange (FX) risk, examines a large Swiss multinational company and the impact on its financial statements (second half of 2011), and suggests various hedging strategies using FX options. Udi Sela - Vice President - Numerix - 27 Oct 2011 Since the sub-prime crisis, the markets have witnessed unprecedented levels of volatility across all asset classes. The impact of unpredicted volatility could be significant for the core businesses of corporations across the globe. In response, various hedging strategies were prepared towards the end of August 2011, and subsequently measured the performance of all strategies six weeks later (the beginning of October 2011). The FX Market: Facts and Figures The foreign exchange (FX) market is the most liquid market today, serving a crucial role in facilitating international trade. According to the latest Bank of International Settlements (BIS) survey, published in April 2010, the market’s daily volume is US$4 trillion. This represents a 20% growth rate, as compared to April 2007 when the previous survey was carried out. Over the same period, FX derivatives volume has increased by 9%. Interestingly, the market has become more global as the cross-border trading represents now 65% of all FX trading. Corporations Hedging A new survey shows that 94% of the world’s largest corporations report using derivatives to manage business and macroeconomic...
Words: 3280 - Pages: 14
...this paper, the objective is to critically analyse how the European sovereign debt crisis affects foreign exchange markets. The theme focuses on the contagion on the markets. The contagion phenomenon exists between foreign exchange spot and derivative markets. One of the channels is the investor sentiment, which makes large scale of influences on both markets and volatility dynamics (Corredor, P., Ferrer, E., Santamaria, R., 2015). It makes sense on aspects like trading volume, effective transaction costs and so on. This paper has two main parts. The first part is to evaluate impacts on foreign exchange spot market through analysing the political channel, bank channel and financial markert channel. The second part is to investigate impacts on foreign exchange derivatives, especially on the foreign exchange swap. 2. Contagious impact on the foreign exchange market 2-1 Impacts on foreign exchange spot (impacts on euro) In this part, we explain how the debt crisis makes impacts on the foreign exchange spot market, especially, we focus on the exchange rate of euro against dollar. In FX spot market, two parties sign a contract to exchange different currencies on the spot date. The exchange rate where the transaction is done is named the spot exchange rate (David W. Blackwell et al, 2007). The effects of the debt crisis can be caused by political, bank and the financial market channel. Figure 1 The exchange rate of euro...
Words: 2683 - Pages: 11
...Prof. Dr. Streitferdt International Financial Management Winter semester 2015/16 1. Prologue 1. Prologue 2. Foreign exchange markets 3. Foreign exchange exposure management 4. Financial management of multinational corporations 5. Financial management of multinational corporations 6. Corporate Governance 7. Mergers & Acquisitions 8. Risikomanagement Prof. Dr. Streitferdt: International Financial Management 1 1. Prologue Discounting Calculating present value 0 t=1 t=2 t=3 2,000 t=0 4,500 3,000 t=4 t=5 3,500 6,000 How much would you be willing to pay for this stream of future cash flows, if the interest is at i = 5.65%? Why is the result today’s value of the future cash flows? What are the assumptions of this calculation? Prof. Dr. Streitferdt: International Financial Management 2 1. Prologue Discounting Calculating present value 10/28 10/14 6,000 0 How much would you be willing to pay for this stream of future cash flows, if the two week Euribor is at i = 5.65%? What makes this calculation different from the last slide’s calculation? How many days has a year? Prof. Dr. Streitferdt: International Financial Management 3 1. Prologue Discounting Interests for investments with less than one year maturity Interests are always quoted for one year: A company has in 2012 an overdraft credit of 100,000 €...
Words: 7775 - Pages: 32
...CHAPTER 7 FUTURES AND OPTIONS ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. Explain the basic differences between the operation of a currency forward market and a futures market. Answer: The forward market is an OTC market where the forward contract for purchase or sale of foreign currency is tailor-made between the client and its international bank. No money changes hands until the maturity date of the contract when delivery and receipt are typically made. A futures contract is an exchange-traded instrument with standardized features specifying contract size and delivery date. Futures contracts are marked-to-market daily to reflect changes in the settlement price. Delivery is seldom made in a futures market. Rather a reversing trade is made to close out a long or short position. 2. In order for a derivatives market to function most efficiently, two types of economic agents are needed: hedgers and speculators. Explain. Answer: Two types of market participants are necessary for the efficient operation of a derivatives market: speculators and hedgers. A speculator attempts to profit from a change in the futures price. To do this, the speculator will take a long or short position in a futures contract depending upon his expectations of future price movement. A hedger, on-the-other-hand, desires to avoid price variation by locking in a purchase price of the underlying asset through a long position...
Words: 3766 - Pages: 16
...derivative instruments to reduce the risks associated with the everyday management of corporate cash flow 3 1 Foreign Currency Derivatives Derivatives are used by firms to achieve one of more of the following individual benefits: Permit firms to achieve payoffs that they would not be able to achieve without derivatives, or could achieve only at greater cost Hedge risks that otherwise would not be possible to hedge Make underlying markets more efficient Reduce volatility of stock returns Minimize earnings volatility Reduce tax liabilities Motivate management (agency theory effect) 4 Foreign Currency Derivatives What are they? Forward contracts Futures contracts Options Swaps 5 Foreign Currency Futures A foreign currency (FX) futures contract is an alternative to a forward contract that calls for future delivery of a standard amount of foreign exchange at a fixed time, place and price. It is similar to futures contracts that exist for commodities such as cattle, lumber, interest-bearing deposits, gold, etc. In the US, the most important market for foreign currency futures is the International Monetary Market (IMM), a division of the Chicago Mercantile...
Words: 2580 - Pages: 11
...Management Goldman, Sachs & Co. October 2008 Table of Contents Introduction to the FX Markets I Market Update II FX Hedging III Slide 2 Introduction the FX Markets Statistics FX is the largest / most liquid global market Daily Turnover Bid / Offer Number of securities FX Market 3.2 Trillion 4 bp (0.04%) 150 (40 actively traded) Bond Market 900 Billion 5 bp 2,000,000 Equity Market 400 Billion 15 bp 20,000+ Source: BIS (September, 2007) Slide 3 Market Dynamics Short Term Drivers of the Market Market sentiment Release of new data (economic and political) Equity and bond market performance Positions of market participants Central Bank intervention Options activity Hedging mechanism, and protection from a knockout level are reasons for heavy trading Technical analysis Slide 4 Market Dynamics Long Term Drivers of the Market Supply/demand Current account vs. capital account + reserves “Current account” associated with trade flows “Capital account” associated with investments and speculation “Reserves” associated with central bank activities FX and Interest Rate policies are closely linked Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), e.g. the Economist Magazine’s “Big Mac” index Central Banks Mission is to preserve economic stability, in particular to preserve price stability Interest rates can drive FX markets... “Interest Rate Defense”: Raising interest rates can attract foreign investment & support...
Words: 2045 - Pages: 9
...YEN RUN: WILL NEW LEADERSHIP FOLLOW THROUGH? p. 6 Strategies, analysis, and news for FX traders February 2013 Volume 10, No. 2 Dollar index challenging support: Tendencies after breakdowns p. 14 Q&A: Garen Ovsepyan of Sharpe+Signa p. 24 Currency-stock correlations: More (or less) than meets the eye p. 18 The S&P and the Euro p. 10 CONTENTS Contributors .................................................4 Global Markets Winds of change blowing in Japan ...........6 But what will they usher in? As economists debate the BOJ’s recent announcement regarding monetary policy, traders gauge the yen’s ability to sustain its trend. By Currency Trader Staff On the Money Bad vibrations .......................................... 10 A pullback in the S&P could be Euro negative — if we don’t expect it. By Barbara Rockefeller Spot Check U.S. dollar index ...................................... 14 The dollar is sniffing around support early in 2013. The question, as always, is, how low can it go? By Currency Trader Staff Advanced Concepts State-dependence of currency-equity correlations .................. 18 The past is not necessarily prologue when it comes to the relationship between currencies and stocks. By Howard L. Simons Q&A Garen Ovsepyan ...................................... 24 Money management firm Sharpe+Signa taps FX potential. By Currency Trader Staff Global Economic Calendar ........................ 26 Important dates for currency traders. Currency Futures Snapshot...
Words: 578 - Pages: 3
