...Department of Chemistry PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY I Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium in a Ternary System #03 Anas Ahmed Al-Aidaros 200935483 Sec. 01 Instructor: Dr. Joanna Pajak Introduction: Objective Determination of the solubility limits in a ternary system of water and two other liquids, one of which is completely miscible and the other is partly miscible with water. According to the phase rule of Gibbs the variance F (number of degrees of freedom) of a system at equilibrium is equal to the number of components c minus the number of phases p plus 2, provided that the equilibrium is influenced only by temperature, pressure, and concentration. A system with three independent components has F=5-P degrees of freedom. An invariant point in a ternary system therefore contains five different phases in equilibrium with each other. An invariant point can for example consist of a vapor phase, a liquid phase, and three solid phases in equilibrium with each other. A ternary system with three phases (solid-liquid-vapor) in equilibrium with each other has two degrees of freedom. If the temperature is fixed, one degree of freedom remains. A phase diagram isotherm showing a ternary system with a vapor phase and a liquid phase requires therefore a line to mark the concentration range in which a solid phase is in equilibrium with the other two phases. A point needed to mark concentrations where two solid phases are in equilibrium with liquid and vapor. Experimental: Chemical...
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...Name _________________________________________________ SC ______-_______ Date ____________ EXPERIMENT 5: Electrolysis of Water and Reaction of Hydrogen & Oxygen Aim: Which are stronger bonds… those in two water molecules or those in the elements that make up water? Which is a better energy source… water or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen? Part 1: Electrolysis of water demo |Equipment: |DC power supply or 6 volt battery, Electrolysis (Hoffman) apparatus or | | |Two test tubes, trough, electrodes with wires | |Materials: |0.1 M sodium sulfate | |Two test tubes are marked with even graduation marks. |[pic] | | | | |Two test tubes are filled with 0.1 M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, and inverted in a | | |pool of the solution and clamped in place. | ...
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...plastic wrap, which is to prevent air bubbles from getting into the vessel. The vessel is then flipped and placed into the pan of water where the glass plate or plastic wrap is removed. 5) A thermometer is not present in the space (or volume) in which the CO2(g) is collected in this experiment. A. How then is the temperature of the CO2 determined in the experiment? The temperature of the CO2 is measured based on the temperature of the water in the pan. B. The mass of a gas is elusive. How is the mass of the CO2 collected over water determined in this experiment? You find the mass of CO2 by first determining the mass of the 200-mm CO2 generator and the remaining contents. You compare this pass to the mass from the beginning of the experiment. After you subtract the mass of the generator and then calculate the mass lost in the sample. 6) A 0.276g sample of a Calcium Carbonate heterogeneous mixture was placed into a gas generator, the total mass of which is 87.719 g is connected to a gas-collection apparatus. A. Determine the mass and moles of Carbon Dioxide evolved in the reaction? B. Determine the pressure of the dry carbon dioxide. C. Calculate the volume of the dry carbon dioxide at STP. D. What is the calculate molar volume of the dry CO2 ? E. How many moles of CaCO3 produced the moles of CO2 in the reaction? F. Determine the mass of CaCO3 in the original mixture. G. What is the percent ( by mass) CaCO3 in the original...
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...oxygen transfer as well as examining the relationship between KLa and other fermenter variables like speed of the impeller and air flow rate, thereby calculating the values α and β in the KLa correlation: KLa = K[Pg/V]α (Vs)β KLa is the volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient indicative of the mass transfer of oxygen dissolved in the liquid to the cell. It is calculated using the dynamic method which is usually used for vessels which are less than 1m in height because there is nitrogen gas hold-up in the vessel when air is reintroduced and the measurement of concentration of oxygen in the liquid does not reflect the kinetics of simple oxygen transfer until a hold-up of air in established. The measured parameters included gassed power (Pg), impeller speed, flow rate (indirectly superficial gas velocity) and DOT%. It was seen that as the power input was increased, the KLa increased for the same flow rate and that this increase was greater than increase in the flow rate of the gas, which shows confirms the results described in the literature. Introduction (326 words) Cells in aerobic cultures require oxygen for metabolism and growth. The rate of oxygen transfer from aerated liquid to the cell is especially important at high cell densities, when cell growth is likely to be limited by the availability of oxygen in the medium. The solubility of oxygen in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature and pressure is only about 10 ppm, (Doran, 1998) which is quickly consumed by...
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...CHARACTERISTICS OF REFRIGERANTS Pure R-12 (CC 1425F425) is colorless. It is odorless in concentrations of less than 20 percent by volume in air. In higher concentrations, its odor resembles that of carbon tetrachloride. It has a boiling point of -21°F at atmospheric pressure. At ordinary temperatures under a pressure of approximately 70 psig to 75 psig, R-12 is liquid. Because of R-12’s low boiling point at atmospheric pressure, you must always protect your eyes from contact with liquid R-12; the liquid will freeze the tissues of the eyes. Always wear goggles if you is to be be exposed to R-12. R-22 (CHC1F425) and R-11(CC1435F) are colorless, nonexclusive, nonpoisonous refrigerants with many properties similar to those of R-12. Because of the similarities between R-22, R-11, and R-12, only R-12 is discussed. Mixtures of R-12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not irritate your eyes, nose, throat, or lungs. The refrigerant will not contaminate or poison foods or other supplies with which it may come in contact. The vapor’s nonpoisonous. However, if R-12 concentration becomes excessive, it can cause you to become unconscious or cause death because of lack of oxygen to the brain.R-12 is nonflammable and nonexclusive in either liquid or vapor state. R-12 will not corrode the metals commonly used in refrigerating systems.R-12 is a stable compound capable of undergoing the physical changes required of it in refrigeration service...
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...CHAPTER 1:UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 1. i) ii) iii) Write the SI prefixes for : nano and deci milli and mega kilo and centi 2. 6.0 km is how many micrometers? 3. How many milliliters is 0.005 L? 4. Lead melts at 601.0 C. What temperature is this in F? 5. Many home freezers maintain a temperature of 0 F. Express this temperature in C 6. Liquid nitrogen boils at –195.8 C. Express the boiling point of liquid nitrogen in kelvin. 7. Dry ice (carbon dioxide) changes from a solid to a gas at –78.5 C. What is this temperature in F? 8. How many square kilometers are equivalent to 28.5 cm ? 9. Report the results of the following calculations to the correct number of significant figures. i) 423.1K to°C ii) 6.167 + 83.1 5.3 iii) (13.7 + 0.027) × 8.221 iv) 8.52010 ×7.9 + 1.93 v) 218.7201 – 218.63 –4 vi) (1.5 ×10 × 61.3) + 2.01 10. Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following measurements. i) 311.080 K ii) 0.0899 g/L 5 iii) 4.300 x10 atoms iv) 2.0 kg 9 v) 1.050 vi) 1.3070 11. The density of ammonia gas under certain conditions is 0.625 g/L. Convert its density into ng/mm . 12. Convert 6020 cm to nm . 13. How many significant figures are indicated by the following? 2 a) 3.340 x10 b) 0.0030 c) 1.080 d) 2.12 14. Consider a single piece of aluminum foil that is 1.0 m long, 304 mm wide and 0.60 mm thick 3 and the density of Al is 2.70 g/cm . a) How many grams of Al are there in the piece of foil? 3 3 3 2 O O O O O O O 15. In 1828, the diameter of the U.S. dime was changed...
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...approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the shape (round, oval, elongated), the mass and most importantly, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Methane with a mass of 16 does not engage in H-bonding and is a gas at room temperature while water (mass 18) boils at 100oC. While we can often guess the relative boiling points of a series of compounds, it is rather difficult to calculate a boiling point based on first principals. Similarly,...
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... Data: | Pressure (atm) | Temperature(degrees Celsius) | Gas Volume(L) | Liquid Volume(L) | Ice Volume(L) | Heat change | Room Temperature | 1.000 | 20.00 | 0.000 | .1470 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 4 atm. | 1.000 | 200.0 | 317.6 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | .5 atm | .5000 | 150.0 | 566.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 412.0 | Lowest atm found | 0.004 | -20.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | .1600 | -144.8 | Questions: 1. At what temperature does the water begin to boil and start turning into vapor? 100 degrees Celsius. 2. At the boiling point when you have a mixture of liquid and vapor and you are applying heat, does the temperature change? No. 3. After all of the liquid has boiled off and turned into vapor, does the temperature increase? Yes. 4. How does the vapor volume compare with the original amount of liquid volume you had when you started the experiment? Vapor volume increased as the liquid volume decreased until the liquid volume reached zero liters. 5. At what temperature does the vapor start condensing into liquid? 144.83 degrees Celsius. 6. How does the volume of water you have now ( at room temperature) compare with the volume of water you started out with? Same volume of .147 liters. 7. While the water is freezing does the temperature continue to deop? Yes. 8. Is the ice volume higher or lower than the original volume of water? The ice volume is higher. 9. Why are they different? Ideal gas law states an increase in pressure yields a higher temperature...
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...The article on cold plasma and how its used and created is very interesting, helpful, and informational. It was interesting because not only did the article give facts about the cold plasma but also described what devices uses it, from magentas to circuit boards. Helpful and informational because it tells you about the pros and cons of creating cold plasma, and gives information about hot plasma. For example hot plasma is as hot as lightning. where as cold plasma has a temperature of 65 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The article also talks about the storage of the cold plasma. Its stored in a housing unit having a high voltage electrical inlet port and a gas compartment having a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port. The embodiment also has a modular electrode disposed within the gas compartment, wherein the modular electrode is coupled to the high voltage electrical inlet port. But with creating and storing cold plasma the exhibited electrode degradation and overheating difficulties through continuous device operation. The process conditions for enabling a dense cold plasma electron population without electrode degradation and/or overheating are difficult to achieve. The quality of this article is well put together and very informational; because it not only tells you everything there is to know about cold plasma, but it also gives what they do and how its stored. and also the tools and items that use cold plasma. Which is very helpful and makes one understand the article more...
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...Module 6 – Written Assignment – Analysis of a Specific Medical Advancement – Jeffrey Fischbein – 2/11/14 Rocket-Powered Prosthetic Arm We have all heard the cliché “you don’t appreciate what you have until it’s gone”. For some it can be a materialistic thing as a car or a cellphone. Others are boyfriends or girlfriends that recently broken up. But for some, it can be something much more than that. Something that is more personal to them. To others it can be a limb that was lost from war, an accident, and diseases such as diabetes. We can only imagine on how hard life can be without the use of our hands. Unfortunately it is a brutal reality to others who do live day by day with only one or no arms at all. Prosthetic arms have very limited actions as some don’t bend with just a hook at the end of it. Some of the other more advanced prosthetic arms only bend and move from two places, the elbow and the wrist. With today’s technology increasingly advancing, and with the help of a university professor, the six million dollar man with robotic limbs is not too far from becoming a reality. Professor Michael Goldfarb from University Vanderbilt and his team have developed what looks to be the beginning of new prosthetic arms to be human like and very functional. “The prototype can lift (curl) about 20 to 25 pounds – three to four times more than current commercial arms – and can do so three to four times faster. "That means it has about 10 times as much power as other arms despite...
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...Lab - Disturbing An Equilibrium System OBJECTIVE: To study factors which can disturb an equilibrium system MATERIALS: Spatula, several test tubes, beakers, foil, test tube rack, pipette, test tube clamp PROCEDURE: General Procedure: 1. Obtain a test tube rack and six test tubes (clean!). 2. Prepare a hot water bath (one per table) using a 250 mL beaker, tap water and hot plate. 3. Prepare an ice bath (one per table) using a 250 mL beaker, crushed ice and tap water. Reaction #1 – Iron (III) and thiocyanate 1. Half-fill the first test tube in your rack with distilled water. 2. Add 2 drops on 0.1 M Fe(NOɜ)ɜ and 2 drops of 0.1 M KSCN to this tube. Mix the contents thoroughly. 3. If the contents of the tube are not red-Orange, repeat Step 2 until the solution is red-orange. 4. Divide the red-orange solution in the first tube among the other tubes so each tube contains the same volume. Fe ³ (aq) + SCN‾ (aq) ↔ FeSCN ² (aq) + heat 5. Leave tube #1 undisturbed; use it as the control. 6. Use a clean, dry spatula to add a small crystal or two of solid iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NOɜ)ɜ, to tube #2. Mix. Record what you added to change the system and what you observed. 7. Use a clean, dry spatula to add one or two small crystals of solid potassium thiocyanate, KSCN, to tube #3. Mix and record info. 8. Add 5 drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH, to tube #4. Mix, record info. 9. Use...
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...EXPERIMENT 3 GROUP B AIM: To find the overall efficiency of plate column operating under total reflux, for a binary system (iso-propanol & n- propanol). APPARATUS: * Distillation Column with reboiler * Automatic digital refractometer * Two fluids with different volatilities. PROCEDURE: * Distillation column was filled with the two fluids. * Then we switched on the heater and set the temperature to 126.6 ̊C * And then we allow the system to reach the equilibrium. * The equilibrium was tested by taking out the samples (from reboiler & distillate) at the interval of 10min such that the refractive index hence concentration was made constant. THEORY: Distillation is one of the most common separation techniques used in the chemical and petroleum industries. It is defined as “a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat. Distillation provides the basis for separating numerous substances into valuable components. The components of a mixture are separated based on relative volatilities, which depend on the differences in boiling temperatures of the components making up the mixture. The separation becomes easier as the difference between the relative volatilities increases. The component with the lowest boiling point flows to the top of the column as a vapour, condensed and exits the column as the distillate. A percentage...
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...Melanie Mickens February 21, 2014 Statement of Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to determine the freezing temperature of the pure solvent, lauric acid, as well as finding the freezing temperature of a mixture of lauric acid and benzoic acid. Along with that, the freezing point depression of a mixture was to be calculated and along with the molecular weight of benzoic acid. Background: Colligative properties are properties which depend only on the number of solute molecules present in a solution and include freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. The equation is ∆T=Kf *m Procedure: For part 1, add around 300 mL of tap water with a 20-25 C temperature into a 400 mL beaker, then putting it on the base of the ring stand. Use the utility clamp to get a test tube with the hot, melted lauric acid in it. Put the temperature probe in the lauric acid and secure the utility clamp to the ring stand. Lower the tube into the water making sure the water level outside the test tube is higher than the lauric acid level on the inside. Stir the acid up and down for ten minutes. After the data collection, use a hot water bath to melt the lauric acid enough to remove the temperature probe. Find the freezing temperature by mean temperature on the graph that had a fairly constant temperature. For Part 2, get a test tube that has the melted solution in it. After that, repeat the steps stated above starting at the part...
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...The purpose of this experiment was for the student to be able to perform the dehydrobromination of meso-stilbene dibromide in order to produce an alkyne, diphenylacetalyene. The dehydrobromination of meso-stilbene dibromide requires removal of two hydrogen bromides—in other words, a double elimination. In order for the elimination of the halogen to happen, the hydrogen being attacked and the leaving group need to be on the same plane. More specifically, the molecule has to be in an anti-periplanar orientation in order to have the elimination reaction happen more efficiently. Even though a molecule in a syn-periplanar orientation also has the hydrogen and leaving group in the same plane, the fact that both groups are on the same side makes the molecule sterically hindered. The staggered conformation of the meso-stilbene dibromide is orbitally more favorable than the eclipsed conformation making the anti-periplanar orientation the more favorable orientation for an elimination reaction. Fortunately, the fact that meso-stilbene dibromide had a single bond allowed for this molecule to develop the anti-periplanar orientation by having rotated the bond until the hydrogen and the leaving group were on opposite sides of the molecule. When producing alkynes, there are two steps involved in the reaction: the formation of an intermediate alkene with a vinyl halide followed by the elimination of the halide to result in an alkyne. For the creation of the intermediate vicinal bromide in this...
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...Assignment- 6 6.a State of matter Student Name: Urbashi Dewan Student ID: UKDLP 7712 Course Title: IGCSE Combined Science We are all surrounding by a lots of matter. Everywhere we look we can found matter. In science, matter is such a thing that has mass and can takes up space. Generally, matter is not transparent like water. We can also observe matter. From this definition, we can say that matter has some criteria so that we can identify matter as a matter. Matter has four to five states according to scientists. In general they are formed in four categories. These states are as following: 1. Be Condensates 2.Solids 3.Liquids 4.Gases 5.Plasmas These states change one to another by changing their situation. This called physical change and it occurs usually when heat(energy) is either added or taken away. Each of these states also known as a phase. For example; when an ice cube melt by heating it turns in to liquid. Then if we still give heat on melted water it turn in to gases and start to disappeared in the air. By this way, energy transformed the matter in several states. Now, we are going to write down about the main forms of these states in details as below: Solid is one of the state of matter. The properties of solid is depending, how the particle are packed. Solid could be soft or hard. In solids, the particle are closely packed in...
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