...Abstract: The nitration processes of methyl benzoate and recrystallization of crude product Methyl-3-nitrobenzoate were successful with the confirmation of the product’s Infrared spectrum analysis and MelTemp observation. An amount 6.566g Methyl-3-nitrobenzoate was recovered with 75.7% yield comparing to 8.66g of theoretical yield. Statement and purpose The purpose of this experiment was to nitrate methyl benzoate to generate Meta substituted Methyl-3-nitrobenzoate (C8H7NO4) Introduction Nitration of 6ml of methyl benzoate by nitronium ions which are supplied by the mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 are typical electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The ester group of methyl benzoate is electron withdrawing group will deactivate the aromatic...
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...On the night December 3rd, one of the worst industrial accidents in history occurred in Bhopal, India. A gas leak spread throughout the streets of Bhopal and devastated all of the inhabitants in the area; at least 3800 of the residents were immediately killed. The gas that leaked was known as methyl isocyanate (MIC). An estimate of forty tons of the gas was leaked. The death toll quickly rose to the tens of thousands in the following days. The total count of people affected is close to half million people. Many questions arose from this incident, such as how and why it happened and how it could avoided. The Indian government had hopes in industrializing the nation. The Indian government implemented policies that would attract foreign companies to invest in local industry. One of the companies that invested was a large chemical producing company called the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). The company built a plant that produced a commonly used pesticide, Sevin, in Bhopal. The...
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...Medication Critique Tammy Beaty Grand Canyon University NUR-641 September 24, 2013 Medication Critique Pepto Bismol (Pepto) is a popular gastrointestinal medication that has been around since the early 1900s (History of Pepto Bismoth, 2013). It is an over the counter medication that is found in many households. Proctor and Gamble is the pharmaceutical company behind this medication. The company has presented many catchy advertisements over the years. The marketing team began with advertising the claims that Pepto is the stomach first aid medication, and aids in relief of most stomach issues (2013). An active ingredient in Pepto is bismuth. This was used in as a salve as early as 1733, and in digested form in Europe in the 1700’s (Bierer, 1990). In the early twentieth century a doctor came up with a mixture of pepsin, zinc salts, salol, wintergreen oil, and a pink color, and promoted it as an agent to treat Cholera Infantum (History of Pepto Bismoth, 2013). The added wintergreen flavor, and pink color was chosen to be appealing to children, as this was the targeted population (1990). This was an illness that affected infants, resulting in diarrhea, vomiting that could be fatal (2013). Following the promotion of this medication, evidence showed that this illness was caused by a bacteria that was treatable with antibiotics (2013). The pink liquid known as Pepto Bismoth in 1919 (2013) changed slightly since this time, however it still claims to provide relief from the same...
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...The Imperial Sugar Company was once known for the vast amounts of sugar they produced, but they are now equally known for the explosion that occurred in 2008. The two main contributing factors of the explosion were poor maintenance and human error. Due to lack of maintenance, the building caught fire, taking fourteen lives and injuring thirty-six. On February 7, 2008, in Port Wentworth, Georgia, an explosion erupted which caused a chain reaction of explosions at the Imperial Sugar Company. This explosion took the lives of fourteen workers. As this explosion was investigated, CSB (Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board) found that this explosion was building up over time without anyone knowing it. This company wasn’t very good at keeping the floor and workstations clean. Sugar was spilled on the floor daily. The workers also used an airbrush to clean off the workstation, which would send sugar dust particles everywhere. They didn’t have proper ventilation systems to circulate this dust so it just built up. Over time the fine sugar particles packed into tight places such as on top of beams or light fixtures. This process was a major cause in the secondary explosion but it’s not what caused the initial ignition. The main cause happened on a conveyor belt under the sugar silos in a tunnel. This conveyor belt would sometimes get clogged with sugar blocks and cause sugar to fall to the ground and push the particles into the air. This wasn’t a problem for a while because the...
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...SIROY, Shanayne SOLAIMAN, Alyssa PATIENT D: Acetazolamide 250mg Levodopa/Carbidopa 25/250 Pilocarpine 4% Reserpine 0.25mg Diltiazem 30mg Vitamin B Complex with Vitamin C Entacapone Tablets Tolcapone POSSIBLE DRUG INTERACTIONS LEVODOPA + DILTIAZEM Levodopa and diltiazem may have additive effects in lowering your blood pressure. You may experience headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, and/or changes in pulse or heart rate. These side effects are most likely to be seen at the beginning of treatment, following a dose increase, or when treatment is restarted after an interruption. Let your doctor know if you develop these symptoms and they do not go away after a few days or they become troublesome. Avoid driving or operating hazardous machinery until you know how the medications affect you, and use caution when getting up from a sitting or lying position. It is important to tell your doctor about all other medications you use, including vitamins and herbs. Do not stop using any medications without first talking to your doctor. MONITOR: The hypotensive effects of levodopa and antihypertensive agents may be additive. Postural hypotension may occur. MANAGEMENT: Hemodynamic responses should be monitored during coadministration, especially during the first few weeks of therapy. Dose adjustments of the antihypertensive agent may be required. Patients should be advised to notify their physician if they experience dizziness or syncope. LEVODOPA...
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...Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and Reaction of a Grignard Reaction 03/03/2014 Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and reaction of a Grignard reagent Abstract: In this experiment, phenyl benzoate was made in order to react it with methyl benzoate in order to produce the compound triphenylmethanol via a grignard reaction. There was a 37.2% yield of triphenylmethanol, and the melting point obtained was 161-163°C. Introduction: Grignard reagents are usually formed when alkyl halides and magnesium react together. The carbon and magnesium have a very large difference in electronegativity. This allows the carbon to withdraw the electron density from magnesium through the process of induction.1 Grignard reagents are related to organolithium reagents which are useful and contain carbon atoms that are strongly nucleophilic. They react with a range of carbonyl compounds to make new carbon-carbon bonds. In this lab, phenyl magnesium bromide will be reacted with methyl benzoate to obtain triphenylmethanol which is a grignard reaction. Mechanism: Experiment: Place 0.5g of crushed magnesium turnings into 50 mL round bottom flask; add the stir bar, and 5mL of anhydrous ether. Construct an apparatus for slow addition of reagents and also so the reaction can go into reflux. Make up a solution of 2.4mL of bromobenzene in 5mL of anhydrous ether in a dry flask then add it to the separatory funnel. Add about 0.5mL of bromobenzene of the bromobenzene solution to the mixture of magnesium...
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...Preparation of Grignard Reagents and the Preparation of 2-methyl-3-heptanol from 2-methylpropanal and Grignard Reagents II. Introduction Organometallic compounds are substances with a carbon-metal bond (structure 1); these metals may be Li, Na, Mg, Cu, Hg, Pd, or any other transition metal (Gilbert, Martin 639). Organometallic compounds with M representing MgBr are organomagnesium compounds, or more commonly Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are unique due to their polarization. The carbon atom in the Grignard reagent is made electron-rich by the electropositive metal giving the carbon atom a partial negative charge (δ-), and the metal a partial positive charge (δ+). This unique charge distribution allows carbon to act as a nucleophile in chemical reactions. However, when carbon is bonded to a more electronegative atom, such as a halogen (structure 2) or to oxygen (structure 3), it acts as an electrophile in chemical reactions (Gilbert, Martin 639). Figure 1. Structure of an organometallic reagent (structure 1), an alkyl halide (structure 2), and a carbonyl compound (structure 3). * Due to the nucleophilic properties, organometallic compounds are commonly used in reactions to form new carbon-carbon bonds. Equation 1 is a general example of a reaction between an alkyl halide and an organometallic compound. Equation 2 is an example of a reaction of a carbonyl and an organometallic compound. In both reactions the nucleophilic carbon atom of the organometallic...
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...References: Rosenberg, Robert. (2010). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Howard University Edition. Virginia Beach, VA: Acedemx Publishing Services, Inc. McMurry, John. (2008). Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Syntheses of triphenylmethanol using the Grignard reagent Phenylmagnesium bromide Abstract A Grignard reaction was demonstrated in order to produce triphenylmethanol from the use of the reagents bromobenzene and phenylmagnesium bromide. This was accomplished by first creating the Grignard Reagent (phenylmagnesium bromide). To do this refluxing of bromobenzene with magnesium and anhydrous ether was done. The Grignard reagent produced was placed in a round bottom flask. Next, a solution of methyl benzoate and ether was slowly mixed into the flask while refluxing was being performed. Upon completion of the reaction, the crystals were isolated using ligroin and vacuum filtration. Analysis of the IR spectra and melting point supported these results. The significance of these findings shows how thoroughly the experiment was carried out. Introduction The Grignard reagent can easily be formed by the reaction of an alkyl halide, in this case bromine, with magnesium metal, in anhydrous diethyl ether. The reaction takes place at the surface of the metal, and the ether plays the role as both the reactant and the solvent. As a result, the Grignard reagent is produced at the surface of the metal. This experiment is taken for granted because from...
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...Hydrogen Peroxide 8. N- Butyl Acetate 9. Iso- Butyl Acetate 10. Naringin 11. Amyl Acetate 12. 4- Nitrophenyl-Hydrozine 13. Cadmium Carbonate 14. Tri- Ammonium Citrate 15. Thymol 16. N-Butyl Acetate 17. Aniline 18. Quick Drying Red Ink 19. Alkaline Copper Iodate Reagent 20. Potassium Antimonate 21. Agar Fine Powder 22. 2-Butoxyethanol 23. 2,7-Dihydroxy-Naphthalene 24. Calcium Hardness Indicator 25. Hydrazine Hydrate 26. Lactic Acid 27. Creatinine 28. Sodium Acetate Anhydrous 29. Potassium Hydrogen Orthophosphate 30. Ethanediol 31. Ammonium Formote 32. Ethyl Benzoate 33. Creosote 34. Vanillic Acid 35. Propionic Acid 36. Aluminium Potassium Sulphate 37. 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate I 38. Ammonium Orthophosphate 39. Methyl Acetate 40. Acetylacetone 41. Nitrobenzene 42. Dansyl-Isoleucine 43. Aneurine Hydrochloride 44. Dansyl-Cysteic Acid 45. N-Dansyl-Threonine 46. Dansyl-leucine 47. Dansyl-Aspartic Acid 48. N-Dansyl-L-Serine 49. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 50. Dansyl-L-Glutamic Acid 51. Dansyl-L-Valine 52. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinuclutide 53. α-Dansyl-L-Arginine 54. carrageenan 55. N, N’-Dansyl-L-Cystine 56. Dansyl-L-Methionine 57. Nα-Dansyl-L-Tryptophane 58. Tri Ammonium Citrate 59. Oxalic Acid 60. Ammonium Reireckate 61. N,O-Didansyl-Tyrosine 62. ‘Speedy’ Absorbent Reagent...
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...Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. a) b) c) Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne acetic acid: ethanoic acid e) toluene: methyl benzene formic acid: methanoic acid f) isopropyl alcohol: 2-propanol 3. Be able to use physical or chemical properties to distinguish between organic substances. For example, identify one physical or chemical property you could use to distinguish between the following pairs of organic substances: a) 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol: • 2-butanol is a secondary alcohol so it will undergo oxidation reactions with [O] to produce butanone (a ketone). An oxidizing agent such as KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 will change colour to indicate the reaction • 2-methyl-2-propanol is a tertiary alcohol, so it will not undergo an oxidation reaction with [O]. The oxidizing agent will not change colour b) cyclopentane and cyclopentene: • cyclopentane is saturated while cyclopentene is unsaturated • if bromine in water is added to both compounds, the cyclopentane will not remove the orange colour of the bromine, but the cyclopentene will turn the bromine colourless c) butane and 1-butanol: i) solubility in water: butane is a hydrocarbon so it is non-polar and will not dissolve well in water, while 1-butanol is an alcohol so it is polar and is miscible in water ii) state at SATP: butane is a very short chain alkane so it is a gas a SATP. Butanol, because it is polar, is a liquid at SATP iii)...
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...Friday, 10 June 2011 Avaleha are the classical ayurvedic rejuvenators... Definition Avaleha or Lehya is a semi-solid preparation of drugs, prepared with addition of jaggery, sugar or sugar-candy and boiled with prescribed drug juice or decoction. They are also known as Modaka , Guda, Khanda, Rasayana, Leha etc. क्वाथादीनां पुन: पाकात् घनत्वं सा रसक्रिया सो अवलेहश्च लेह: स्यात् तन्मत्रा स्यात् पलोन्मिता शा.सं.म.८/१ When kwatha (decoction ) etc are reboiled to thick or solid consistency it is known as Rasakriya. The same is known as leha , avaleha . The dosage of this preparation is 1 pala (48g) In modern science such preparations are known as confections / linctus /Elinctures Method of preparation of Avaleha These preparations generally have (1) Kashaya or other liquids, (Drava dravya) (2) jaggery, sugar or sugar-candy,(Madhura dravya) (3) powders or pulps of certain drugs; and (4) ghee or oil and honey 1) Drava Dravya:- It includes both Sneha Dravya and Asneha Dravya. Asneha Dravya :- Generally aqueous solutions [Swarasa, Kwath, Hima, and Phanta] are used as liquid material. But sometimes other liquid materials like water, milk, cow’s urine are also used.5 These liquid materials act as supply depot of water molecules, which works like solvent for the sweet substance added. Sneha Dravya – e.g. Ghrita, Taila. �� They are intended in the formulation for the following purposes...
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...Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during the final 2 laboratory periods of the term. Pre- and co-requisites will be checked and students not meeting the requirements must drop the course. REQUIRED or RECOMMENDED COURSE MATERIALS A. Experimental Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, by J. C. Gilbert and S. F. Martin, Saunders College Publishing, 2010 (Required). You must use...
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...Kerry Nguyen Experiment 9: Preparation of Acylferrocene, by Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Purification by Column Chromatography Balanced Equation for the Reaction Carried Out Using Structural Formula: Name of Compound Prepared: YIELD DATA: Compound | Theoretical Yield | Actual Yield | Percent Yield | Ferrocene | 0.094 | 0.043 | 45.74% | Acetylferrocene | 0.115 | 0.017 | 15.65% | Theoretical Yield: Mass of Ferrocene weighed/used: 0.094g Mass of Acetylferrocene calculated 0.094gferrocene11moleferrocene186.04gferrocene1moleacetylferrocene1moleferrocene228.08gacetylferrocene1moleacetylferrocene=0.11524gacetylferrocene Actual Yield: Ferrocene : 26.699g – 26.656g = 0.043g Acetylferrocene: 37.811 – 37.794 = 0.017g Percent Yield: Ferrocene 0.043g0.094g∙100%=45.74% Acetylferrocene 0.017g0.115g∙100%=15.65% PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Powder/grainy, dark brown-orange Literature melting point: 172.5 oC Literature boiling point: 249 oC Powder/grainy, orange-yellow Literature melting point: 85 – 86 oC Literature boiling point: 161 oC ANALYSIS OF SPECTRA AND CHROMATOGRAMS OF YOUR PRODUCTS: Solvent (mixture) used to develop plate – 3:1 toluene:EtOH Compound spotted | Spot 1: Rf | Spot 2: Rf | Spot 3: Rf | Ferrocene | 7.55cm/8.20cm=0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | Acetylferrocene | 3.17cm/8.20cm=0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | Compound | Melting Point (lit. M.P.) | Ferrocene | 164 – 171.5 oC (lit. 172 – 174 oC) | Actylferrocene | 78.9 - 81...
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...SN2 vs. E2 SN2 and E2 reactions share a number of similarities. Both require good leaving groups, and both mechanisms are concerted. SN2 reactions require a good nucleophile and E2 reactions require a strong base. However, a good nucleophile is often a strong base. Since the two reactions share many of the same conditions, they often compete with each other. The outcome of the competition is determined by three factors: the presence of antiperiplanar β -hydrogens, the degree of α and β branching, and the nucleophilicity vs. basicity of the reactant species. In order for an E2 elimination to occur, there must be antiperiplanar β -hydrogens to eliminate. If there are none, the SN2 reaction will dominate. On the same token, the SN2 nucleophile needs a free path to the σ * C-LG antibond. α and β branching block this path and reduce the proportion of SN2 relative to E2 . E2 occurs even with extensive branching because it relies on the β -hydrogens, which are much more accessible than the σ * C-LG antibond. The identity of the nucleophile or base also determines which mechanism is favored. E2 reactions require strong bases. SN2 reactions require good nucleophiles. Therefore a good nucleophile that is a weak base will favor SN2 while a weak nucleophile that is a strong base will favor E2. Bulky nucleophiles have a hard time getting to the α-carbon, and thus increase the proportion of E2 to SN2. Polar, aprotic solvents increase nucleophilicity, and thus increase the rate of SN2. SN2 ...
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...Multiple Choice Section: 9.1 and 9.2 Difficulty Level: Medium 1. How many Kekule structures are possible for benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene ? [pic] a) I: 3, II: 4, III: 4 b) I: 2, II:3, III: 4 c) I: 2, II: 4, III: 4 d) I: 3, II: 3, III: 4 Section: 9.2 Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Which structures are aromatic? a) II, III b) III, IV c) I, III d) II, IV Section: 9.2 Difficulty Level: Hard 3. How many π-orbital electrons are in the following molecule? [pic] a) imidazole: 5, adenine: 10, caffeine: 5 b) imidazole: 6, adenine: 9, caffeine: 6 c) imidazole: 6, adenine: 10, caffeine: 6 d) imidazole; 4, adenine, 9, caffeine, 5 Section: 9.3 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which structures have the correct IUPAC names? [pic] a) I, II b) III, IV c) I, IV d) II, III Section: 9.3 Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which of the named compounds have correct structures? [pic] a) I, II, IV b) I, III, IV c) I, IV, V d) II, III, V Section: 9.2 and 9.3 Difficulty Level: Easy 6. How many mono-bromobenzenes are possible? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 Section: 9.2 and 9.3 Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How many bromo-naphthalenes are possible? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 Section: 9.2 and 9.3 Difficulty Level: Medium 8. How...
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