...is important. Coal is a liberally accessible vitality source and coal gasification is an essential approach to deliver fluid powers for transportation and vaporous fills for warming and substance generation. Coal is a solid fuel and hence it is less convenient for storage and transportation than petroleum and natural gas. In addition, it usually holds undesirable compounds containing S, N, and so on. Gasification converts coal into H2, CO, and CH4 by the reaction with gasifying agents such as O2 and H2O. Objective: Conversion of low grade coal to gaseous fuel through entrained flow gasification. Background of Invention: Gasification of biomass has evolved through various stages of development. Since the beginning of this technology many systems have been made to cater the need of ever rising energy supply in the form of thermal energy and syngas. This can used in cooking and transportation. At present both simple and advanced system of gasification are being used, the simple ones are used where there is plenty supply of biomass and efficiency is not a big concern, and advanced systems provide more efficiency and less pollution. Simple systems are generally used in developing nations whereas advanced ones are used in developed nations where health and pollution are big concerns. This technology is also combined with power plant to produce cleaner electricity from solid fuel. The history of Gasification begins as early as 1609 when a...
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...International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications ISSN 0976-2590. Vol 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp 232-240 http://www.bipublication.com SIMULATION OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION REACTOR FOR FUEL IN GAS TURBINE Ratnadip R Joshi1, B D Kulkarni2 1 Dept. of Petrochemical Engineering, MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Paud Road, Pune. PIN 411038 Maharashtra, India. 2 Distinguished Scientist, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India. 1 Corresponding author: Email: ratnadip.joshi@mitpune.edu.in, Tel: +91-9423332754; ABSTRACT Energy produced from biofuels or there conversion products represent an important part among today’s energy sources. As biofuels are renewable, abundant and has domestic usage, the sources of biofuels can help the world reduce its dependence on petroleum products and natural gas. Biofuels can be converted into liquid, solid and gaseous fuels with the help of some physical, chemical and biological conversion processes. The conversion of biofuel material has a precise objective to transform a carbonaceous solid material, which is originally difficult to handle, bulky and of low energy concentration, into fuels having physico-chemical characteristics that permit economic storage and transferability through pumping systems. The use of biofuel products provides substantial benefits as far as the environment is concerned. A simulation study has been carried out to arrive at the power output under limiting conditions as well as perform...
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...percentage of biofuel can be gotten from them. Feedstocks can further be classified as first and second generation. The former refers to those which are widely grown by people and at the same time used for some other purposes. They are mostly used for food and feed production. (Lane, J. 2010). Hence, they serve the purpose of being used as food as well as to produce biofuels. The examples of first generation feedstock include maize and vegetables. Second generation feedstocks are those which produces high percentage of biofuel but they are not widely grown. They are at times referred to conventional crops and they produce a lot of biofuels. Examples of second generation feedstock are mustard and cellulosic feedstocks. ( Lane, J. 2010). Gasification This is a process which relies...
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...emergence of small enterprises and to boost the rural economy, energy security at countryside has indispensible role. This paper explores rice husk based biomass plant as an alternate energy source to meet the electricity demand of local enterprises, irrigation and rural households. Since the availability of rice husk is at stake, a mixture of biomass (rice husk & saw dust or rice husk & bamboo dust) instead of using only rice husk as fuel is also proposed for electricity generation. Ash generated from the husk is processed to produce silica and calcium carbonate through silica precipitation method. Demand and market analysis is also done to examine sales potential of products (electricity, silica and calcium carbonate). Index Terms—Biomass gasification, Electricity generation by rice husk, Silica By-product generation, Product utilization residues and process residues where field residues are residues that are left in the field after harvesting and generally used as fertilizer. On the other hand, process residues are generated during crop processing, e.g. milling [1]. Between these two types, process residues are usually available at a central location...
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...has the potential to cater to nearly 15% of the existing 1,60,000 MW power capacity in the country. However, only about 2500 MW of this potential has been exploited so far. Numerous reasons could be sighted towards this ranging from high technological costs, availability of resources to an ever-troubling supply chain management. This article makes an attempt at collating some of the most prominent issues associated with such technologies and provides plausible solutions to most of them in order to seek further promotion of these technologies. Roadblocks The issues enumerated below, are not geography specific and are usually a matter of concern for most of the bioenergy related projects. 1. Large Project Costs: In India, a 1 MW gasification plant usually costs about USD 1-1.5 Million. A combustion based 1 MW plant would need a little more expenditure, to the tune of USD 1-2Million. An anaerobic digestion based plant of the same capacity on the other hand could range anywhere upwards USD 3 Million. Such high capital costs prove to be a big hurdle for any entrepreneur or clean-tech enthusiast to come forward and invest into these technologies. Not only this, unlike other renewable energy technologies like Solar and wind, bio-energy projects have to further bear the impact of significant...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Objective In United State, every year, over 400million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) and construction and demolition waste(C&D) are created. We estimate an untapped energy potential of over 110,000 megawatts of power from a limitless supply of this free fuel. It would enable ZenG to power 16 million homes through efficient and patented commercial-grade waste gasification. Electric generating company that utilizes this clean energy would generate over $28 million in annual high margin revenue. Investment in ZenG would also reap significant near-term returns from renewable energy credits and carbon emissions offsets. Problem Over 250 million tons of MSW and C&D that ends up in landfill get converted into approximately 460 million tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases. Landfills account for over 8% of total greenhouse gas generation. MSW and C&D are rich in carbon content, with a dry-weight BTU per pound of 6,000, and can be easily converted to synthetic gas (syngas). Our Solution ZenG has designed an efficient “module” that will convert 450 tons of MSW or C&D per day into more than 30 megawatts of clean energy. ZenG utilizes patented treatment of converting organic and inorganic mixed material into zero-emission syngas per ton-of-waste. Once we have proof of concept, our first plant can be built within 12 months and delivered at a cost of under $1,600 per kilowatt. Our Market ZenG’s target customers include traditional and renewable energy...
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...case this review will deal with is that of Duke Energy Indiana’s coal gasification plant. I surmise what can be learned here is that the best laid plans to protect the public’s interest can be easily derailed by ‘clubby’ behavior from individuals in power. Further, this case sheds light on the importance of our system of laws that work to maintain separation between regulatory bodies and those industries they regulate. In this case, the violation of these revolving door policies leads to over 1 billion dollars in additional cost to be absorbed by electricity rate payers in the state of Indiana. Starting with some background information would be useful to understand the breaches here. Duke Energy operates a large electric utility service covering much of Indiana’s population, mainly in south and central Indiana. Duke Inc. originates from North Carolina and purchased the Cinergy/PSI assets over a decade ago. Most of the power plants acquired in Indiana are coal fired and date from the early seventies on their oldest units. Duke and the other electric utilities in the entire Midwestern region have been looking for ways to covert from dirty, greenhouse gas emitting coal to other forms of energy for quite a while now. Duke chose to pioneer a new technology still using coal, but processing it first before incineration to claim the natural gas component and only burn it. The process known as coal gasification was hoped to reduce particulate emissions by over 50%. (Energy, 2014) ...
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...scales viz. a few hundred Megawatts to a few kilowatts and can be matched with end use requirements enabling their decentralized deployment. They can help promote sustainable development through increased opportunities for local employment, particularly the rural people and environmental improvement through reduced GHG emissions. Primary biomass combustion has been the main source of energy for India. According to the Integrated Energy Policy Report (2006), about 80 mtoe is currently used in the rural households. The Ministry of New and Renewable energy has estimated state-wise gross and net availability of agro residue for power generation through Biomass Resource Atlas. Projects based on both biomass combustion and biomass gasification technologies are promoted by the Ministry. Biomass based renewable energy has the potential to be at the forefront in India with the large amount of varied kinds of feedstock available, especially agricultural residues. Such projects will be sustainable with a viable business model. The lessons learnt from DESI Power project has been included in this issue. The recently launched Renewable Global Status Report 2009 is also featured here, which offers an optimistic picture about the global renewable energy industry, including the biomass sector and especially covers India’s Remote Village Electrification program that has been successful and continues to progress steadily. A brief of the Chinese Renewable Energy Policy, including...
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...manager and challenged to turn a synfuels research division into a business, the author spent most time on strategy and very little on people. Yet he soon found he had inherited a number of knotty human resource problems, with middle managers and employees who distrusted each other and — more seriously - the motives of their new top management. In this McKinsey Awardwinning article, he chronicles the events that led him to realize that, without open communication to foster employee trust and display management commitment, even the most sophisticated strategy can come unstuck. In August 1980,1 was named general manager of the newly created Westinghouse Synthetic Fuels Division (SFD). The division's nucleus was a department engaged in coal gasification research and development and supported, in part, by the US Department of Energy. The technology was highly regarded, and the outlook for syntbetic fueis was promising. Oil prices v/ere continuing to rise; worldwide oil shortages were forecast, as were crude oil prices of $100 per barrel; and the Carter administration had just created the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to stimulate the production of synfuels from domestic resources and reduce US dependence on imported oil. Before my assignment at SFD, I had been general manager of a division that marketed turbine generators and related services H. Peaci is v'icc president and general manager of KKW Kncrgy Systems Inc., fbrmi^rjy the Westin^^houst.' Synthetic Kuels Division.. This article...
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...MGMT 002 Technology and World Change Topical Written Report Term 1, AY 2011-2012 G22, Project Group 4 Word Count: 1000 1 Table of Contents I. Synopsis ............................................................................................. 3 II. Relationship between technological and economic developments ............................................................................................................... 3 A. How technological developments fuel economic developments........................................................................................ 3 B. How economic developments fuel technological developments........................................................................................ 3 C. How sustainable are these developments? ............................. 4 III. Impact of economic and technological developments ................. 4 A. On Asia ........................................................................................ 4 B. On the world now ........................................................................ 4 C. On the world in the future .......................................................... 5 IV. Conclusion ....................................................................................... 5 2 I. Synopsis Will China and India be the world’s next superpowers? Perhaps history has its answers. Mankind has always been in search of for greener pastures, and there has always been powerful of empires that have...
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...My Home-Made Biomass Gasifier Making your own gasifier is easy I've built a lot of alternative energy projects over the years. See my home-built solar panel and wind turbine pages. I've always wanted to build a wood or biomass gasifier too. Why? Well, the internal combustion engine is really an important part of our society and the basis of a lot of our transportation and portable power technology. It isn't going to be going away any time soon. I've mastered making my own electricity from the sun and wind, but that doesn't help my truck go down the road, power the lawn mower, or run my generator on cloudy, windless days. Those all have internal combustion engines, and they all need fuel to run. I finally decided it was time to master making my own fuel. Why pay the Arabs for it if I can make a working substitute myself? So what is A biomass gasifier? Basically is a chemical reactor that converts wood, or other biomass substances, into a combustible gas that can be burned for heating, cooking, or for running an internal combustion engine. This is achieved by partially combusting the biomass in the reactor, and using the heat generated to pyrolyse or thermally break down the rest of the material into volatile gasses. A well built reactor will also convert combustion byproducts like CO2 and water vapor into flammable CO and H2 by passing them over a bed of hot charcoal where they will get reduced. Thus the gasifier converts most of the mass of the wood (or other...
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...WADING THROUGH THE WASTE: A LOOK INTO THE FAILURE Wading Through the Waste: A look into the failure of American landfills and how plasma gasification can fix it Joshua A. Valdez ITT-Tech Jacksonville, Fl GE117 Chambers Abstract America, a “throw away” society, is facing a tragic consequence of its lifestyle. Even with increased recycling efforts Americans are running out of space to put their trash. With stricter regulations and public policies, the number of landfills has significantly dropped; replaced by what are called “megafills.” Although safer, since the EPA’s introduction of strict regulations in 1988, environmental dangers still exist. That danger, amplified with the high operation costs of landfills, an alternative disposal method is needed. Plasma Gasification provides a cleaner and more efficient way of disposing waste while having the added benefit of producing energy. Wading Through the Waste: A look into the failure of American landfills and how plasma gasification can fix it “Did you know that the average person produces three pounds of trash a day? I would really like to know where it all goes,” a woman asks her therapist in the 1989 movie Sex, Lies, and Videotapes. Since 1989 our trash production has increased to 4.6 pounds per individual, based on a 2007 EPA study. (EPA, 2012) America, a “throw away” society, is facing a tragic consequence of its lifestyle. Even with increased recycling efforts, Americans are running out of space...
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...generally closely held by a few companies, in effect restricting market access, with some exceptions, as for applications like vinyl acetate and pure terephthalic acid, which are more accessible. Acetic acid can be derived from biomass for the food industry, but this is generally restricted to low scale operations. Hence, the concept behind this study is an analysis of the conversion of biomass into acetyls exploiting combinations of commercial processes at capacities commensurate with commercial scales of biomass processing. Nexant has examined acetyls production based on both fermentation ethanol and gasification platforms. As a platform chemical, ethanol can support ethylene production via dehydration. Combinations of ethylene and ethanol processing technologies can lead to cost effective acetyls and derivatives production, reflecting some actual commercial examples. The gasification generates syngas that can be...
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...Lab Research Report 2: Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation Rhys Greer September 14, 2014 Dr. Rana Miller Strong University Compare and contrast natural versus anthropogenic climate changes. Include specific examples of each. In an article written by the United States Environmental Association (EPA) it lists natural changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, volcanic eruptions and solar energy as some of the natural causes of climate changes on earth. The article goes on to say “Recent climate changes, however, cannot be explained by natural causes alone. Research indicates that natural causes are very unlikely to explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-20th century. Rather, human activities can very likely explain most of that warming.” These human activities are the causes of anthropogenic climate changes. The article also adds “Since the Industrial Revolution began around 1750; human activities have contributed substantially to climate change by adding CO2 and other heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gas emissions have increased the greenhouse effect and caused Earth’s surface temperature to rise. The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.” Some human activities that initiate climate changes are caused by the gas emissions from fossil fuels used to heat homes, petroleum based fuels like gasoline and diesel used for transportation...
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...EFFECTIVENESS OF HOUSEHOLD SCALE GASIFIER IN REDUCING WASTES A Research Proposal Submitted to The Faculty of the School of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering Mapua Institute of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering, and Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering By: Acorda, Almond Louise M. Alarcon, Mark Rolan C. Albacea, Jezza Marie S. Alix, Rae Mikael D. Busa, Mctristan C. Consuelo, Anthony John L. August 2014 APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the research report prepared by Almond Louise M. Acorda, Mark Rolan C. Alarcon, Jezza Marie S. Albacea, Rae Mikael D. Alix, Mctristan C. Busa and Anthony John L. Consuelo entitled Effectiveness of Household Scale Gasifier in Reducing Wastes that the said research report has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee. _______________________________ Engr. George C. Vallestero II Course Instructor As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this thesis / practicum or research report presented before the committee on August 19, 2014, and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfilment of the research report requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering and Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. _______________________________...
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