...HYBRID CAR ABSTRACT When most people are perfectly happy with their gasoline-powered cars. The reason is twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. The current standards require that the average mileage of all the new cars sold by an automaker should be 27.5 mpg (8.55 liters per 100 km). This means that if an automaker sells one hybrid car that gets 60 mpg (3.92 liters per 100 km), it can then sell four big, expensive luxury cars that only get 20 mpg (11.76 liters per 100 km)! when a car pulled up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past $20 or $30, maybe you thought about trading in car for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe worried that the car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. The auto industry has the technology to address these concerns. It's the hybrid car. You're probably aware of hybrid. Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. This is an improvement over the electric car, which uses gasoline engine along with electric motor powered by batteries. In the series system of the hybrid car engine driven generator is employed to recharge the batteries while the electric motor drives the car. Where as in parallel system the heat engine is directly connected to the electric motor. The key to a hybrid car is that the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a conventional car and therefore more efficient. INTRODUCTION ...
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...As gasoline prices increase and the environment becomes unstable, people will begin to look for other modes to power their automobiles. One of those modes is know as hybrid power. A vehicle is considered a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engines with the pedal power of the rider. Hybrid vehicles are an alternative being used to decrease the emissions of vehicles and to decrease the amount of fossil fuels being used. Hybrid vehicles also cost less to operate because of the decreased fuel usage. The gasoline-electric hybrid car is a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. According too How Cars Work, Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. There are two kinds of hybrids. The parallel hybrid has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. But it also has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power. The other type is a series hybrid. In the series hybrid the gasoline engine turns...
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...Course GS1140 (Wed) ITT Tech 12/18/2013 Unit 1 Research Paper: Paradigm Shift Electric cars are technology currently in use today. Instead of using a commonly used gasoline engine the car is driven by an electric motor and is usually powered by battery. There are also hybrid cars which use a combination of electricity and gasoline. These are also starting to become popular. Some benefits of an electric car over gasoline cars are a quiet ride since it has less moving mechanical parts, environment friendly since it doesn’t put out harmful emissions and lowering dependence on foreign oil companies. One impact that will occur from electric cars is the loudness of cars. Because a car would be more quieter this could have two related impacts. This could affect road safety because drivers and more importantly pedestrians may have a harder time locating on coming vehicles since most people identify with sound quicker before sight. The second impact of having quieter cars is proximity of roads and highways. Since homes and residences usually avoid noisy highways having quieter cars could allow a change toward having more highways through residential areas. This could significantly affect building zones and regulations. The second and probably the most important impact would be the effect on the environment. Since gasoline engines put out harmful emissions there is no doubt electric cars would provide a cleaner healthier environment. This could have a long term effect on air...
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...Week 1 Eco 365 Article Analysis The name of the article on this paper is OP-ED: Falling Gasoline Use Means U.S. Can Just Say No to New Pipelines and Food-to-Fuel. Through this paper, we have to analyze the basis for the trends in consumption patterns. Consider the utility derived from a product or service mentioned in the article. Describe what has occurred to change the demand for the product or service and its market and equilibrium prices. Describe what has occurred to change the supply of the product or service and its market and equilibrium prices. In your opinion, is demand for this product or service price elastic or inelastic? What does this imply about how consumers respond to changes in the price of this product or service? According to an article from the Inter Press Service, gasoline consumption trends have been declining (Larson, 2013). The declined gasoline consumption has an effect on the utility that is derived from the product. There are different reasons for the decrease that include individuals using different means of transportation, use of other fuels, and decreased sales. Although the price of gasoline has risen, and is still rising, the product is still to considerably inelastic. The inelastic price on gasoline affect the economy in all ways. The decline in gasoline consumption has an effect on the utility of the product including the decline of usefulness of the product among consumers, but still needing the product for exports in the United States...
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...Turn Your Automobile Green Turn Your Car Green Are you tried of paying high prices for gas? Are you tried of America relying on foreign oil to fuel our automobiles? In the last week, I have heard more and more friends, neighbors and co-workers complain that we need to finally get serious about pushing alternative-fueled vehicles. The only way this can happen is if we start now. I propose that us as Americans start investing in our own separation of foreign oil dependency. Case in point; the hybrid car is one which typically uses more than one source of power. Hybrids use an electrical motor to run the car and a gasoline engine to charge the batteries which power the electrical motor. The gasoline engine is also used to give the car extra power when needed. Hybrids get about twice the mileage of regular gas driven cars. Whereas the average gas fueled car gets about 20 mpg, the hybrid gets about 40mpg. Experts predict that hybrids could make up 30 to 35 percent of America auto market by 2015. However, if every body in America went out today and traded their regular gas driven cars in for hybrids, we could cut America’s foreign oil dependency in half. Another alternative to America’s dependency to foreign oil is Ethanol Fuel. The problem with this is, us as Americans need to demand it. We can’t set back and wait for the government to make it available for us years down the line. We must demand it now. Ethanol is a liquid fuel made from vegetable type sources instead of from oil....
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...from plant matter. The plant matter is broken down into simple sugars and starches and then fermented and distilled into alcohol. Many large farms in the Midwest have planted all or part of their land area to take advantage of the government subsidies which are offered for corn production to supply the ethanol production needs. Ethanol can be used in all cars in low concentrations, such as 10% ethanol. It can be used in specialized cars, trucks and minivans known as “flexible fuel vehicles” in concentrations up to 85% ethanol (commonly known as E85). Fuel stations in the Midwest are offering E85 fuel, often as a lower price per gallon then traditional fuel. There is a lot of controversy on the ethanol biofuel which centers on the cost to tax payers for ethanol subsidies, the environmental concerns focused especially on admissions in the ethanol production process, and the amount of net emission savings. Ethanol contains less energy per gallon than a gallon of gasoline. Meaning, a car will not go as far on a gallon ethanol as it would on a gallon of gasoline. Also ethanol can be more expensive than regular gasoline if the ethanol is purchased outside of the Midwest. According to the American Coalition for Ethanol, this type of fuel offers several benefits which includes that it is a renewable fuel in that it comes from agricultural crops. It only takes six...
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...Ethanol: Is It Really the Best Option Ethanol based gasoline vehicles are becoming more and more popular, but is ethanol gasoline better than regular petroleum gasoline? Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, can be an effective motor fuel, and most of the gasoline in the US contains some ethanol (Ethanol As a Transportation Fuel). Many people everywhere are praising ethanol gasoline because it can reduce pollution, and increase engine performance. There are some facts that are not being recognized, and these facts should be brought to light. The price of corn and food products made from corn will increase from the higher demand of corn and vehicles have to use one-third more ethanol than regular gas. Ethanol gas in the end will end up costing more than petroleum gas being used now. Ethanol gas as an alternative to gas will mean that the demand for corn will become greater and greater. The use of ethanol in motor fuel has increased for years an average of twenty-five percent per year (Ethanol Cost And Environmental Factors). This year America will use 5 billion bushels of corn which will produce about 14 billion gallons of ethanol (Helman). So will farmers be able to grow the amount of corn needed for the production of ethanol gasoline and food demand? The increase in corn crops in the Midwest has added to size of the dead zone in the Gulf Coast (Miller). What if the country was to experience another serious drought, or major flood? A different method of creating ethanol would...
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...Viability of Adding Alternative Fuel Vehicles to Lotus Rental Car Fleet The focus of this paper is to estimate the importance and feasibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to the Lotus Rental Car fleet. This paper is addressed to the Chief Financial Officer. There are many types of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV); however, this paper will be focusing on hybrid vehicles. The discussion will cover the overview of existing operations, the advantages and disadvantages of adding AFV’s, the summary of the examination, and the recommendations on why and how it should be implemented. Current Fleet Status The Current fleet size for sister companies, Alamo, Enterprise and National, carry nearly 450,000 cars combined that achieve 28 mpg or better. The introduction of EPACT in 1992 introduced AFV’s into the US market, where they were mainly used by government agencies. The common term used to describe AFV vehicles is light duty vehicle (LDV). In addition, federal fleets are required to use dual-fuel vehicles unless a waiver is granted. Because of high oil consumption in the US transportation sector, concerns about national energy usage began to rise. This raised many questions regarding the resulting environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions. An example of this was in 2008, when it was estimated that the transportation sector emitted 1,930 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, which represents a 33.2 per cent share of total carbon dioxide emission from all sectors...
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...Cars were built to operate on the same kind of fuel, but now advanced technology has allowed gas stations are offering alternative fuels including ethanol, an alcohol fuel distilled from corn and sugar plant materials (Sclar, Auto Repair For Dummies). If I were to open an ethanol refinery in California, I would open one in Stockton, California. I chose this city because it is located in California’s Central valley, which is large, flat, and has productive agriculture. Because Stockton is a rural city, the ethanol industry can jump-start it by adding many jobs. Stockton is along major freeways, such as Interstate 5 and State Route 99. It is also south of the state’s capital, Sacramento, and connected westward to San Francisco. Since corn is the primary source for Ethanol and is primarily grown in the states of Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, and Minnesota, I would definitely access raw materials through Nebraska because it is the closest primary corn producing state to California and their California is the largest market state for Nebraska corn (Nebraska Corn Board). Corn growers rely upon dependable and cost-effective transportation. Even though major freeways surround Stockton, the distance between Nebraska and California is about 1,430 miles away from each other, which has a negative cost advantage for transportation of corn with trucks because their functions are primarily based on shorter distances. Instead, railroads have better cost advantages because they operate...
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...Joshua Penn Dr. Stacy Thorne Engl 1301 4/23/2012 Is Obama Really To Blame? Like millions of Americans, I own a car. In order for a car to work though, it depends on gasoline. Gasoline is a commodity that has seen violent swings in prices for the last decade. The current price of gas at my local Quik Trip is $3.63. This price has been as low as $2.99 and has been as high as $3.99 in the last four months alone. Many of my fellow G.O.P. brothers and sisters will have you to believe that President Obama is solely to blame for these price hikes. This is the furthest from the truth. There are many reasons that our prices at the pump are increasing, many of which the President has little power to change. As was previously stated, gas is a commodity. As such it is affected by market trends. Gas prices are also affected by external issues on which the President has little say. The first thing that you learn when you take an economics course is the theory of supply and demand. Think of a child’s seesaw. The recession depressed oil demand, which depressed gas prices. As the global recovery takes hold, more people are working and driving. This is being felt not only by American’s, but by the entire world. Until supplies catch up to the demand we will be looking at even higher prices at the pump. According to Benoit Faucon, “The bottom line for demand: Global consumption of oil and liquid fuels should increase by about 1.3 million barrels a day in the third quarter from...
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...Samantha weaver The production from the electricity was that when we change the prices on the second spreadsheet that everything went down in price and the price in first spreadsheet was high due to Co2 pounds per year making the prices went way u and will cost more if you don’t reduce the Co2 consumption of the electricity. The gasoline consumption was high per gallon of gas and the miles you get when you drive for a certain amount of miles. Was that the Co2 of gas consumption went down just a little bit but not a lot due to how many miles you drive your car and how long you drive it to get a full tank of gas to the E sign but the miles of gas per gallon will tell you the price that you will be spending each time when you fill up your tank if it needs a whole tank of gas or a half of tank that needs less gas and Co2 consumption I got my calculation from using the cells times it and then finding the math for how many week per year. My strategy to reduce the Co2 consumption was the when I’m not using something unplug t because when it is off and still plug in it is still making energy from the wall socket. Keep things of for a short period of time and not keep everything on all day long. Giving things a break. I believe my strategy was really good because it’s a goal to reach on saving money and energy to keep things on the low side and not the high side of money. Keeping things under one hundred dollars.....
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...Alien Article for Crude Oil Crude oil: good or bad? You decide Recently I have discovered an interesting fuel which humans use. It is a sludgy, black, gloopy liquid like fuel called “crude oil”. They have found it in many of the earth’s oceans and I believe it has come from many dead animals piling on top of each other but didn’t decay properly because of the anaerobic conditions making layers of rock. The heat of the rocks and the increased pressure turned the dead animals into crude oil. I have found out that they put crude oil into a machine and separate using an interesting method called fractional distillation. Fractional distillation of crude oil is where they separate out oil into hydrocarbons with similar boiling points, called fractions. Each hydrocarbon fraction contains molecules with similar numbers of carbon atoms. To my understanding I think each of these fractions boils at a different temperature range. That is because the different sizes of their molecules. One bad thing about crude oil is that it can’t be used in its own form, so the humans diffract it into many other things such as petrol, lubricating oil, naphtha, kerosene etc. At the bottom of the fractional column they use longer chains with more carbon atoms and at the top of the fractional column it has a cooler temperature and the chains are quite short. Hydrocarbons with low boiling points can get all the way to the top before they condense. The crude oil is evaporated and its vapours allow it to condense...
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...Chapter 9 Ethanol Policy and Ethanol Politics David S. Bullock28 The United States is currently passing through one of the most exciting and controversial periods of its energy history. With the US military caught up in armed conflict in the Middle East, and with global warming looming in the minds of many expert scientists as the world’s greatest environmental challenge, a common belief is that it is more important than ever that the US develop sensible and far-sighted energy policy. Politicians’ claims aside, the politics of energy policy are rarely about what is best “for the country.” When government sets energy policy, some people gain, and others may lose. The politics of energy policy, then, are not simply, or even generally, about how to make the nation as a whole better off. Rather, the politics of energy policy are very much about interested political groups struggling against one another. This type of “special interest” politics is nothing new, and not unique to energy policy. Nevertheless, it is widely held among average Americans that the political activities of special interest politics are often bad for the nation as a whole. Because public information is a democracy’s best weapon against harmful special-interest politics, in this chapter we hope to accomplish three goals: 1) to present an outline of the “nuts and bolts” of U.S. ethanol policy; 2) to use economic analysis to examine the effects of ethanol policy, presenting arguments to cut through much of the...
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...Should the Gasoline Tax be Raised? 1. Some people believe that reducing dependency on foreign oil, help the environment, decrease the government deficit and all those things can happen if the federal government increases the gasoline tax. But the proposal is not supported by everyone. At the mention of a tax increase, the general public revolts. Many people do not like to pay taxes, so any suggestions for a tax increase are strongly opposed. The federal gasoline tax topic is actual in the United States today. With the growing concern about global warming, an increased tax could help by reducing pollution and reduce our dependence on oil and to finance alternatives. An increased tax could also make the United States more energy independent in the long run, but American drivers would be hurt by a higher gasoline tax in the short run. The purpose of this issue paper is to analyze whether the federal gasoline tax should be raised. 2. First at all lets go through some history. The first federal gasoline tax was adopted in 1932 at a level of one cent per gallon. The tax has increased in small amounts over the past 75 years. In 1951, government raised the tax to 2 cents per gallon to raise additional funds for the Korean War. The federal gasoline tax doubled in 1959 to 4 cents per gallon to assist in funding the construction of the new interstate highway system in the United States (Williams, 2005, para. 2). The next increase was in 1981 to 9 cents per gallon...
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...article from the Inter Press Service, gasoline consumption trends have been declining (Larson, 2013). The declined gasoline consumption has an effect on the utility that is derived from the product. There are different reasons for the decrease that include individuals using different means of transportation, use of other fuels, and decreased sales. Although the price of gasoline has risen, and is still rising, the product is still to considerably inelastic. The decline in gasoline consumption has an effect on the utility of the product including the decline of usefulness of the product among consumers, but still needing the product for exports in the United States. Although the product is not as useful for consumers, it is still a need amongst transportation. Many individuals need the gasoline as a way of transportation to work, school, doctor’s appointments etc. Aside from consumers, the product is a need for exports in the United States economy. There have been occurrences that have changed the demand of gasoline among consumers although the supply remained the same. Occurrences that have changed the demand of the product include the decline in car fleet, less driving among individuals, more fuel-efficient cars, the decline in registered vehicles, decline in new car sales, and the number of Americans living in urban areas (Larson, 2013). With less car fleets, there is less fuel to purchase for company transportation, and with more cars being made to be more fuel-efficient...
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