...To maintain this dynamic economy the United States Congress established and passed the first antitrust law. This law was named the Sherman Act of 1890. Two other antitrust laws have been passed since. In 1914 the Federal Trade Commission Act was created by the Federal Trade Commission and the Clayton Act. These laws are still in effect. The antitrust laws were created to promote competition that is dynamic and to protect consumers from mergers that would create anticompetitive business practices. These laws are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission working with the Bureau of Economics. (Guide to Antitrust Laws, 2015) The Sherman Act banishes any monopolization or attempts thereof. The Supreme Court decided long ago that this act doesn't prohibit every restraint of trade. I only prohibits those that are unreasonable. For example, two people that may want to form a partnership may restrain trade but this is not considered unreasonable. Examples of illegal acts are partnering to fix prices. Fines are very high and may include $100 million for a corporation and $1 million for an individual. There may also be a 10 year prison sentence. Federal law can double the amount the conspirators gained from these illegal acts or double the money lost by crime victims. (The Antitrust Laws, 2015) The Federal Trade Commission Acts prohibits methods of...
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...assets increased up to P12M as of 1983 which consisted of a dozen vehicles, a few pieces of real estate in the Central Luzon Region, an office, a modest amount of inventory and cash. The company’s product line started with pressed tablets, capsules, and some syrups. When the American principal does business with the company it leads them to become the leading inventor of raw materials in the country. David, himself was able to recover the mismanagement of the company under Rafael Buenaventura. In 1988, the American principal offered his plans to David of GPC engaging in the contract manufacturing of pharmaceutical products for both domestic and export markets. The proposed project was to compound locally all products that it will manufacture and sell, importing only the active ingredients and bulk materials that is unable to produce locally. Heavy locally available raw materials, health foods, fibers, food supplements, and other over-the-counter products. GPC was also reorganized in 1988 and it has several divisions; pharmaceutical distribution division, Agrovet Division, Cosmetics Division, Raw Materials Indenting Division, and contract manufacturing division. The...
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...Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals or GPC with Elizabeth a business associate, Rafael Buenaventura who was a salesman like David. The team set up shop at the Generoso residence in Tarlac. —–>1978 and in 1988 – GPC engage in the contract manufacturing of pharmaceutical products for both the domestic and export markets and the Generics Bill came in. II. VIEWPOINT The Generoso pharmaceuticals and Chemicals Inc. is an industry where selling the Medicine and Drugs etc. that owned by David with Elizabeth and Rafael. The problems of this industry are how to make compete to the other Pharmaceuticals industry, because those days there are many industries that sell the same product, How to make and generate their funds and how low will be stay in the Pharmaceuticals industry. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS How will GPC stay in competition in pharmaceutical industry in the Philippines? How will generate funds to continue with the project? What will be the effect of the Generic Bill if they will continue to do the project? IV. OBJECTIVES To know and determine the action of Generoso Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals in order to stay in the business. To be able to generate funds for the implementation of the project. To know the advantages and disadvantages of implementation of the Generic Bill in Generoso Pharmaceuticals and Chemical, Inc. V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION * Competitors, Potential Substitutes and Potential Entrants Potential competitors are not limited to the firms considering...
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...industry * To pursue planned development * To adapt to the changes in the company’s environment IV. Areas of Consideration * Competitors and Potential Entrants in the industry * Economic Trends * Administrative and Political Factors (Laws, Rules, Regulations) – The Generics Act of 1988 * Geographic and Demographic features of the market * Cost for development (Materials, Labor, Equipment, etc.) * SWOT ANALYSIS * Strengths * Company’s philosophy and values * Good track record of the company in terms of quality, price, presentation, etc. * Broad experience of the owners in the pharmaceutical industry * Status orientation of the owners * Wide range of registered products in BFAD * Being small has an advantage of having small overhead cost * Weaknesses * Insufficient human resource * Risk orientation (low) * Multinational firms have bigger range of market compared to smaller companies like GPC * Opportunities * Venturing to other business * Expansion and variation of products * Accepting project proposals * Trade marking * Small firms like GPC can adapt more to the Generics Act of 1988 * Threats * Differences between David’s and Rafael’s leadership strategy * Fast turnover of participants in the industry * Unavailability of required resource to venture with the proposed project * High cost of drugs V....
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...export markets. II. Case Analysis a. Time Frame After five years of combining the Central Luzon region, in 1978, David established a company called Generoso Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals or GPC with Elizabeth a business associate, Rafael Buenaventura who was a salesman like David. The team set up shop at the Generoso residence in Tarlac. b. Viewpoint Generoso Pharmaceuticals & Chemicals seek to remain competitive. With the motion of the Generics Act of 1988 and the proposed plans of the American Principal, things are going to be likely benefit the GPC. David’s registering pharmaceutical products with the BFAD has become the fruit of his foresight. This is an added opportunity for the GPC. However, the thought of having an expatriate should be given a second thought as the qualification is uncertain. c. Statement of the Problem * What should GPC do to remain competitive in the pharmaceutical industry? * How should the GPC act with the coming implementation of the Generics Bill? * Where are they going to get the funds for the proposed project? d....
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...The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited Author(s): Walter van Waterschoot and Christophe van den Bulte Source: Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Oct., 1992), pp. 83-93 Published by: American Marketing Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1251988 . Accessed: 21/10/2013 10:06 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . American Marketing Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Marketing. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.88.179.25 on Mon, 21 Oct 2013 10:06:41 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Walter van Waterschoot & Christophe Van den Bulte The Classificationthe of Revisited MarketingMix 4P McCarthy's 4P classification of the marketing mix instruments has received wide acceptance in past decades. In recent years, however, increasing criticism has been voiced, among other reasons because of its inherent negative definition of sales promotion and its lack of mutual exclusiveness...
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...Pharmaceutical Services and Active Ingredients, Global Generics, and Proprietary Products. Since 2008, however, the drug maker went through a very difficult phase. The acquisition of German generics company betapharm Arzneimittel GmbH (Betapharm) in 2006 backfired, sinking the company into its worst ever quarterly loss in the fiscal 2008-09. Pending lawsuits for alleged patent infringements prevented DRL from launching generic products in its biggest market, the US. Moreover the ban imposed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on products made at DRL's Mexico unit for violation of manufacturing practices seriously dented the company's image as a quality drug maker. The ban also affected the company's revenues from the US market. A string of accidents which broke out across at DRL's Indian manufacturing facilities brought its safety practices under question. In a bid to crack the generics market in the US, the company lost sight of the domestic market and could not come up with new products in the Indian markets unlike its competitors. As a result, the company lost its coveted position in the domestic market. All these problems led to a decline in the stock price of the company. It was also reported that while founder Anji Reddy wanted to make DRL an innovative research-driven company focused on producing low-cost medicines, the younger generation led by son-in-law GV Prasad (CEO) and son Satish Reddy (COO) sought to make DRL a generics-driven global giant. In light of the problems...
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...by an efficient public health services, ultimately such effective social structures impact positively on the country citizen’s life expectancy and vibrant workmanship which in turn enhance the economic status of the country and relief the social security burden off the country’s welfare system. 2. Community Psychology Community psychology was formalised as a discipline in 1965 however continued to be characterised by the mental health reform movements from its inception in the United States of America with the primary objective to care for the mentally ill. The most three prominent movements were established in the early 1800s to 1960s each movement led to establishment of institutions. As mentioned Seedat, Cloete, & Shochet (1988) that “the mental health model, which has its roots in the community mental health movement is based on the explicit intention to prevent mental illness each of the movement was aimed to treat mental illness” as a societal rather than an individual problem and to foster prevention rather than cure. The models of community psychology allows the discipline to be proactive and holistic towards approaching community impediments, such as the mental health model proactively takes into account the hazardous factors that can affect the social functioning of the community and provide expertise to empower and help community members realise their potential and manage crisis. Whereas the social action model action model aims to promote social...
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...they are unnecessary in small markets, and impossible in large ones. Consistent with an entry-deterrence motivation is the finding that incumbents in medium-sized markets advertise less prior to patent expiration. (JEL D92, G31, L11, L21, L65) T he insight that firms may make “strategic investments” to alter future competitive conditions is one of the most fundamental ideas in industrial organization. Jean Tirole’s (1988) chapter reviewing arguments about how excess capacity, capital structure, advertising, contractual practices, learning-by-doing, and other actions can be used to deter entry is easily the longest in the text.1 Strategic investment models are difficult to test directly, however, and the vast majority of this literature is theoretical. In this paper, we propose a new empirical approach for examining strategic entry deterrence. Our applied focus is on the pharmaceutical industry. Using a panel of drugs that lost their US patent protection between 1986 and 1992, we explore how pharmaceutical incumbents have dealt with the threat of generic entry. We examine incumbents’ advertising, product proliferation, and pricing...
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...EXPANDING THE FRONTIERS OF ABUSE OF DOMINANCE THE ASTRAZENECA CASE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTH AFRICA Neil Mackenzie and Stephen Langbridge1 On 6 December 2012 the European Court of Justice decided the case of AstraZeneca v Commission2. The ECJ upheld the European Commission’s finding of a novel abuse of dominance - by strategic misuse of regulatory procedures, AstraZeneca impeded the entry by marketers of generic pharmaceutical products into various European markets. The company was found to have made misleading representations to patent regulatory agencies in order to procure unwarranted extensions to existing patents, and to have strategically withdrawn the market authorisations ordinarily relied upon by generic producers to sell their products. What is novel about this? Abuse of dominance laws are typically applied to what might be described as conduct in the market. What we mean by this is the manner in which the dominant firm provides its goods or services to the market, and engages with its suppliers, customers and competitors. The AstraZeneca case applies abuse of dominance law to ‘non-market’ conduct in this case conduct in the course of engaging with regulatory authorities. This previously unchartered species of anti-competitive behaviour could be described as a ‘regulatory abuse’. This case appears, therefore, to have expanded the frontiers of European abuse of dominance law. Its implications may well be profound for the enforcement activities of competition authorities...
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....WHAT IS QUALITY OF LIFE AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE? A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS AND SOME ATTEMPTS AT MEASUREMENT Quality of life research, then, spans a range of topics, from quality of life in the last year of life (Lawton et al. 1990) to quality of life in urban environments (Rogerson et al. 1989). As was illustrated earlier, quality of life is an amorphous concept, that has a usage across many disciplines -- geography, literature, philosophy, health economics, advertising, health promotion and the medical and social sciences (e.g. sociology and psychology). It is a vague concept; it is multidimensional and theoretically incorporates all aspects of an individual's life. Quality of life has also been defined as the `output' of the inputs of the physical and the spiritual (Liu 1974); as the degree to which a person accomplishes life goals (Cella and Cherin 1987); and even quantified crudely as a formula in which quality of life (QL) is a product of one's natural endowment (NE) and the effort made on one's behalf by the family (H) and society (S), such that QL ]] NE ]] H ]] S (Shaw 1977). The meaning of the concept of quality of life is thus arguably dependent on the user of the term, his or her understanding of it, and his or her position and agenda in the social and political structure (Edlund and Tancredi 1985): `Quality of life is a vague and ethereal entity, something that many people talk about, but which nobody very clearly knows what to do about' (Campbell...
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...Role and Functions of Law Sheila Rawls Law/421 June 8, 2015 Kurt LoftLand Role and Functions of Law The term law has been defined in a variety of ways throughout recorded history. A generally accepted generic definition of the law is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having legal binding force. The purpose of this paper is to define the functions and role of law in business and society. I will also examine the functions and role of law in my present job. According to Reference.com (2007) the law serves many roles in business and society. Where this is most apparent is in its three classifications: Criminal and Civic, criminal law is when someone commits a crime and he or she is prosecuted by a governing body. Civil law is when private parties bring lawsuits against one another for wrongdoings. Substantive and Procedural Law are the rights and duties of citizens, the procedural law are the guidelines that the government or courts deal with violation of the substantive law. Lastly, Public and Private Law is the outline of rules that identify the relationship between government and society, private law is the guidelines that individuals and groups interact with another. Functions of Law whether is it corporate, personal, or societal, laws are created to protect the interest if the masses. According to the textbook, Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and Ethical, Global, and E-commerce Environment, 13th Edition (Mallor...
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...communication activities, measured by their frequency and geographic extent. Within our case organization, a prototype transnational firm, we find that the expatriates’ knowledge applications result from their frequent knowledge access and communication with the corporate headquarters and other global units of the firm. In contrast, their experiential learning derives from a frequent access to host country (local) knowledge that is subsequently adapted to the global corporate context. From a practical perspective we view the knowledge gained through experiential learning as an invaluable resource for both present and future corporate assignments. 1 In their analysis of global business strategy and organizational design, Bartlett and Ghoshal (1988, 1989)...
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...Social work Law This assignment will explain the reason for subdivisions into specialism within the variety of social work settings, and then go on to look at some key pieces of legislation and examine how they relate to some specific areas of social work. It will consider the use of each piece of legislation and its likely impact upon each area. The debate between the opposing principles of genericism and specialism within social work has been a significant issue in the last forty years. In the early days of social work (the 1950’s), it was assumed that each area required specialized preparation, and in was not until the late 1960’s that generic social work had major political support. The Sebohm Report (1968) was commissioned to examine the organisation and role of social work. It stated that the unified departments that would be created should ‘provide a more co-ordinate and comprehensive approach to the problems of individuals, families and communities’ (Sebohm Report 1968 para 9). However, according to Kate Wilson et al (2008) ‘as the financial situation of social services worsened through the 1970’s, the universalist aspirations of the reforms receded. In an attempt to manage pressures on available resources, the unified departments had to consider mechanisms that could be used to make their services more efficient to deliver’. The structure of social services changed in April 2006 with the creation of separate Children’s Trusts and Adult Social Care Departments...
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...penalty is administered unfairly. Among right-thinking, politically correct people, the phrase “racial unfairness” is a mere tautology. It is difficult to imagine that anything in American society is administered with racial fairness. But, in fact, the opponents of capital punishment have both a “mass market” version of the racial disparity argument and a “specialist” version, and the two versions are flatly contradictory (McAdams, 1996). Penalty The “mass market” racial disparity argument is that the criminal justice system is tougher on black offenders than white offenders, and particularly is more inclined to execute blacks than whites. This argument is simple, palatable, and easy to sell. It flows effortlessly from our generic presumption that black people will be treated unfairly...
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