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Global Management

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I. Introduction McDonald's is reported as the leading global foodservice retailer in the world. It has more than 34,000 local restaurants and serves nearly 69 million people in 118 countries each day. As a result of this success, the McDonald’s firm is looking to continue their expansion into the global marketplace. After consulting with experts, McDonald’s has agreed to seek their expansion into Colombia, South America. Their goal is to enter the Colombian marketplace and offer the McDonald’s experience to the Colombian people and market. Many countries already enjoy the McDonald’s experience and famous food products that are eventually adopted as staples in their fast food runs- no matter the country. McDonald’s has been successful in entering foreign markets and adapting their business to local markets and have the local population call McDonald’s their own versus an American product that has come to their country. This is one of the keys to the success that McDonald’s has mastered. Naturally, they have the resources, monetary and information power to enter foreign markets, however there are some attributes that Colombia has that must be taken in to consideration. Columbia is considered an emerging market in the world’s view and the best strategy for McDonald’s to enter their marketplace should be a intelligently strategic one. II. Columbia’s attributes to consider During the 16th century, Bogota was named the capital of Colombia; it was also during the late 1700’s that protests against the Spanish inhabitants started to occur. Dissatisfaction against rising taxes and slavery prompted the Colombian population to wage battles against the Spanish in the hopes of declaring independence from the Crown. Spain was fighting its own battles against Napoleon in Europe, but was able to take back the throne and reinstitute a Spanish leader. Colombia eventually declared its independence from Spain after Simón Bolivar organized an army comprised of Colombians and a British Legion on August 7, 1819. Since receiving its independence, Colombia has seen more than its fair share of violence, drugs, and political instability, making it one of the most volatile countries in the world. During the 1900’s, many wars were fought over political beliefs between conservatives, liberals, and the military and insurgent parties. Drug cartels grew increasingly powerful and even attempted to pay off Colombia’s debt in order to continue producing cocaine and heroin with government approval, however, the government did not accept the offer. Today, the government is trying to work towards peace with the FARC insurgent movement, in the efforts to make Colombia feel safe again. A. Location Colombia is located on the Northwest side of South America and connects to Central America through Panama. The country measures more than 440,800 square miles, and its latitude and longitude coordinates are 5.0689º North and 74.5263º West. Venezuela lays to the right of Colombia and Ecuador is on the left, Brazil lies below to the right, and Peru lies to the bottom left. The country is surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, unlike any other country in South America. Colombia has territory in the Caribbean Sea that is composed of an archipelago of 13 keys near the Isla de San Andrés and the Isla de Providencia. Colombia also has islands both Pacific and Caribbean waters, however, combined, they measure less than 65 square kilometers. The country also has a prison colony on the Isla Gorgona, which is an island in the Pacific Ocean. Colombia’s geographic location has made exporting and importing to and from the country incredibly easy. B. Social Classes There are four different social classes in Colombian society, the upper class, the middle class, the lower class, and the masses. The upper class includes elite traditional families and self-made individuals who have made their own money. The middle class is composed of professionals, government officials, and businessmen/women. The lower class and the masses consist of the rest of society. The main difference between the masses and the lower class is that the latter is considered to be more aware of social and political events occurring throughout the world and the country. Individuals who are part of the lower class are often categorized as farmers, laborers, and merchants. The masses are typically illiterate and poor individuals who are more often than not, unemployed. C. Political Structure Colombia functions as a republic, meaning that there is an executive branch that dominates the governmental structure, however there are also legislative and judicial branches, much like the U.S. The executive branch consists of the Chief of State/President, Vice President, and the Cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Finally, the judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court Justice, the Council of State, the Constitutional Court, and the Superior Judicial Council. D. Stability of Government The stability of the Colombian government has been unstable for over well over fifty years, as government forces and anti-government groups have been battling each other for control of the state. Since Colombia received its independence, disagreements between the Centralists (conservatives) and Federalists (Liberals) have led to full blown wars. The most notable of these wars, La Violencia, occurred in 1948. In 1957, both parties agreed to coexist peacefully. A contract was signed that stated that each party would alternately rule every four years, however, no other parties could form as a means to keep political peace. The FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) has been the leading anti-government group that has led the fight against the government, along with the National Liberation Army, or ELN. These groups have not succeeded in overthrowing the government because of a lack of military power and economic resources (although they’ve been funded by drug cartels for years). To make statements, FARC takes action against civilians to gain attention from the government. As recently as October of 2012, the government and FARC made a truce and reached a ceasefire agreement in order to restore stability within the government. Lack of government stability is definitely a factor that companies should take into account before considering entering the Colombian marketplace.
E. Labor Force
1. Size
The estimated labor force in 2012 in Colombia was 23.08 million. Labor force split among occupations are as follows, agriculture 18%, industry 13%, and services 68%. (“The World Factbook”)
2. Unemployment rates

Unemployment rates have fluctuated in Colombia over the past 30 years. The trend line above shows that there has been a steady increase in unemployment rates since 1980.

However, unemployment rates have a trend of decrease within the last 12 years. Unemployment rates have decreased from 2011 to 2012. This percentage dropped slightly from 10.8% to 10.3%. (“The World Factbook”) The fact that employment rates are decreasing is a positive reflection concerning economic health in Colombia. Considering that between 2000 and 2004 unemployment rates fluctuated from 13% to almost a high of 16%, Colombia’s economic health has seen a constant improvement. F. Business Customs and Practices When conducting business in Colombia, there are a number of customs that should be adhered to by foreigners hoping to enter Colombian markets. Business hours range from about 9-5. First, and most importantly, when meeting a potential Colombian business partner, it’s essential to great them with a proper, strong handshake and with their appropriate title. If the relationship between the Colombian and the foreigner is friendlier, a hug may sometimes be exchanged. It’s also imperative to arrange business meetings in advance, as this shows respect for the Colombian’s time. Although business is conducted in quite a relaxed manner, foreigners are expected to respect appointment times at all times. It’s common for business meetings to include casual conversation before diving into business matters, as it shows the Colombian that the foreign party is willing to build a meaningful relationship with them. When conducting business over a meal, the meal of preference in Colombia is lunch, as it is considered to be the most important meal of the day. It’s also imperative to note that conversational topics should remain light and casual, as it is not considered appropriate to delve into politics, drugs, or corruption with business partners. In order to show respect to the Colombian potential business partner, it’s important to have bilingual business cards, meaning Spanish on one side and English on the other. In terms of payment, the individual who initiated the meeting is expected to pay for the meal, however, light arguments over who should pay are common and should not be taken too seriously. 1. Special Taxes Colombia’s tax system is categorized by national taxes and regional taxes, meaning that national taxes apply to all Colombian citizens, while regional taxes only apply to the individuals living in those specific regions. In terms of national taxes, Colombians have to pay quite a few taxes. The first are income and capital gains taxes at a rate of 25%. Next is income tax for equity at a rate of 9%. Third, is sales tax at a rate of 0%, 5%, or 16% depending on the product. Fourth, financial transaction taxes at a rate of 0.4% dependent on the value of the transaction. Fifth, is industry and commerce tax, which can range between 0.2% to 1.4%. Lastly, property tax is charged at rates between 0.4% and 1.6%. More importantly, there are taxes levied on imports. These import taxes can range from 0% to 35% depending on the product that is being imported, some imports are also duty-free. There is also a sales tax that is charge on imports at a rate of 16%. Statiscal taxes are placed on imports at the rate of 0.05% dependent on the Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) value. Finally, the excise tax is placed specifically on tobacco products at a rate between 20%-55% dependent on the CIF value. All of these taxes apply to both privately owned companies and public companies. III. Entry strategy recommended Considering all factors and the many attributes brought to light within the previous sections of this proposal, the recommended strategy that McDonald’s should take to enter the Colombian marketplace should be through a joint venture with a Colombian company in order to create a franchise agreenment. A whopping 80% of McDonald’s restaurants are franchised; this percentage includes restaurants both in the US as well as worldwide. McDonald’s has created success through franchises and it is a comfortable business move for them to make. This is what McDonald’s excels in. Now, considering many factors about Colombia, I propose McDonald’s seeks a joint venture with a Colombian company that will help and franchise the restaurants in Colombia. The reason we will need a Colombian company that is already established in the Colombian market is simple- Colombia’s political and governmental instability can create several problems for any foreign investment coming in to Colombia. We cannot appear to be “green” in the eyes of this instability and more specifically with the issues of the drug cartels in Colombia. While creating this joint venture McDonald’s will be able to rest easy that they are not being lead blindly in to the market. This franchise opportunity can also create tons of jobs for the Colombian people and help lower the unemployment rates while making it affordable to have that “snack” that only the people of Columbia can have if they are considered the wealthy. There is an incredible labor force in Colombia which McDonald’s can tap in to. It will also allow for McDonald’s to be backed by a Colombian company already established who understands the negatives and positives of the country’s market, government and people and be able to offer that information while purchasing the power to operate as McDonald’s and have access to their established marketing tools, products and even be able to provide some products and items that might be more appealing and fitting to the Colombian culture. The business practices exercised must be those known to Colombia and by creating this joint venture this will make sure McDonald’s complies and does not offend. Also by doing business through a Colombian already established company, they will know first-hand how to handle the taxation that Colombia has and their rules on importing etc. IV. Conclusion
Colombia is one of the countries that McDonald’s is considering delving into, as its rich history, convenient geographic positioning, increase in literacy and education rates, decreasing and newfound stability in governmental structure, is proving to be one of the perfect countries for the fast food market. Their increased literacy and urbanization makes their workforce a viable yet troublesome one due to governmental affects- it does however, make their workforce a thriving one. There are many opportunities for foreign investors in Colombia. Most important for McDonald’s to note is the growing need for jobs and more affordable food items. As of 2012, the labor force in Colombia was 23.08 million. Unemployment rates and inflation rates have decreased since 1999, which reflects economic growth. Colombia is a rather developed country and through a joint venture can franchise their way into the market to take hold of yet one more foreign market.

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...Running head: UNIT 1 Global Operations Management Unit 1 Global Operations Management Discussion Board MGMT 415-1103B-04 Instructor: Alfred Siu Christi Kerr AIU Online Unit 1 Global Operations Management Managing global operations have never been easy. However; managing global operations correctly shows in the bottom line in the company. There are many things that have changed global operations such as communications, transportation and cutting cost (Heizer 2012). The first example of a global operation that demonstrates a global management approach is the most familiar of all is Wal-Mart. They went international when they opened Sam’s Club near Mexico in 1991 and two years later Wal-Mart International was created. Wal-Mart has created stores with different formats and styles to fit their customers for each store in each country. Wherever Wal-Mart is located each store shares a common goal which is to save people money so they can live better. Today there are 5,236 stores and more than 730,000 associates in 14 countries outside the US (walmartinternationa.com). The second one is Hershey’s Chocolate Company and they are located in Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Korea and Japan. Hershey’s is committed to dealing fairly and ethically with all parties and at all points of the value chain and work hard to ensure the responsible and sustainability sourcing of raw materials and the safest possible processing of those materials and they do this for each and every plant...

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Global Strategic Management

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