...Searched Term: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Search Results: 6,314 Search Results (Full Text & Scholarly [Peer Reviewed] Journals): 3,836 Harvey, Michael; Novicevic, Milorad M.; Garrison, Garry // Global virtual teams: A human resource capital architecture // International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2005, 16(9), p1583-1599 // ISSN: 0958-5192 Globalization has organically introduced Global Virtual Teams (GVTs) and made them an essential part of any rapidly expanding international companies. GVTs, which are groups of people working together even though they are geographically separated, have the potential to be catalysts in effectively utilizing a company’s human resources (HR). Even though GTVs show great promise, problems associated with an interconnected global work force are amplified and new issues have arisen which include difficulty working with individuals from differing cultures, decreased ability for members to build social/cultural capital within a team, difficultly to asses performance, and GVTs cannot convey informal rules or norms which in turn would lead to an increase in misunderstandings and confusion. GVTs value-creating competencies can be broken down into: self-related competencies, team context-related competencies, and vision-related competencies. These competencies, if bundled together effectively, will foster a sustainable competitive advantage over the firm’s global rivals. Another determining factor in how to efficiently...
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...ongoing reality. Readers will learn how to modify their strategies and management practices and adapt to this new reality. SOCIAL FORCES The subject of ethical codes and CSR crystallizes many social challenges. At the one extreme are those who, like Milton Friedman (1970/2001), advocate the guiding principle of shareholder value maximization as the sole determinant of managerial decisions. At the other extreme are those who expound an altruistic philanthropy based on philosophical beliefs concerning universal ethics, such as those related to human rights. Within this range of perspectives, many authors offer distinct typologies for analyzing social forces and for developing appropriate firm responses to each set of social forces. Meanwhile, the rise of activist groups who threaten public criticism and boycotts means that even Friedman’s dictum of maximizing shareholder value now requires a wide range of CSR strategies. Some analysts, such as Porter and Kramer (2006), believe that each firm should create a competitive advantage through appropriate CSR strategies. From this perspective, CSR morphs into political strategies through which a firm’s reactions can be designed in order to achieve desirable government decisions. For multinational enterprises (MNEs), it is clear that CSR has become a subject of major importance, but the complexity of dealing with social forces that differ among nations has created uncertainties about the optimal strategies. The pursuit of least-cost alternatives...
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...Since its conception, the United States has been a country based on a concept known as social capital. This idea, first described by Alexis de Tocqueville in the 1830s, deals with the willingness of a group of citizens to gather together and discuss pressing issues in the hope of bringing about change. In the past, the majority of Americans participated in some sort of social activity that brought them fulfillment, be it attending political rallies, or merely joining a bowling club. In recent years, however, there has been a shift against this type of social engagement, with the attendance of most civic groups declining. According to Robert Putnam, much of America’s historical prosperity can be attributed to American citizens’ proclivity...
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...interest in Intellectual Capital (IC) has been the core factor it is being developed rapidly (Juma and Paine, 2004; Bontis, 2001). IC was first being acknowledged in 1995 by Skandia when it published the world’s first IC yearly report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997). Definition of Intellectual Capital (IC) There have been tremendously abundant definitions of IC (refer to Appendix 1). In general it may seen synonymous with knowledge capital and asset, intangible and visible assets (refer to Appendix 2). This also includes human capital, information assets as well as the enclose value of organisations (Bontis, 2001; Tseng and Goo, 2005). Itami (1987) refers IC as organisation’s intangible assets that consist of experience, customer relationship and information, organisation’s repute and culture and intellectual property. This consistent with what mentioned by Stewart (1997) where IC comprises intellectual material that is able to generate wealth. The closest definition of IC would be from Roos et al. (2005) where IC is said to be the non-physical besides non-monetary capitals controlled by organisations that leads to value formation. According to Stewart (1997), there are three components for IC, which are human capital, structural capital as well as relational capital (refer to Appendix 3). Components of IC Human capital happens to be the capital, embedded in a person’s mind and stays together in a person. When a worker quits, the human capital that includes skills, innovativeness...
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...and Kinicki, 9) By implementing a workplace that is built within the values of Theory Y Whole Foods motivates, engages and empowers their employees, creating a more positive workplace, and happier employees. Whole Foods builds its human capital by taking the time to select people who they feel will be a "good fit" for the company as a whole, and looks beyond ability and skill to do so. Social Capital is developed by creating a workplace that encourages happy employees. John Mackey has been quoted as saying “when people are really happy with their jobs, they provide much higher degrees of service to the customers. Happy team members result in happy customers”. This results in a positive chain reaction that leads to more business, more money. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 30) The profile of a 21st century manager can be seen throughout the Whole Foods organization. Managers are seen less as people who give orders and more of team members, coaches and advocates. They understand that in their industry their primary resource is their human capital, and work to keep this resources preforming at its best by investing in quality training and going to great lengths to make sure that their employees are happy in their work environment. On the Global responsibility pyramid Whole Foods would fall in all four areas. Their goal is to make money and increase profits, but chose to carry out this goal by implementing number 7 which states Grater Good for the Greatest Number in the 7 moral...
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...regeneration phase. In addition to that, the museum has attracted millions of people within its confines. It has also grown massively affecting the community around it. This analysis aims at looking at what has been the impact of Tate’s prosperity .At this point, it’s worth noting that due to lack of capital resources, most museums undergo little or no progress. However, this is not the case with Tate Modern which has largely grown in size and rebranded its entire community The Stage recently reported (Merrifield, 2012) that local councils in the UK have reduced funding for arts organizations by 40% over the last year. Under ‘related posts’ on the website, there are links to a July article warning of a 90% cut in local authority expenditure on the arts by the year 2020 (Smith, 2012); one reporting a 40% cut since 2008 (Smith, 2011); one reporting the withdrawal of funding by London councils (Woolman, 2011); and one reporting a rather flaccid warning against such cuts, issued by the Arts Council of England in 2010 (Woolman, 2010). Clearly the present economic climate is not favourable for arts and cultural activities in the UK, or elsewhere in the developed world, where the effects of the 2008 global banking crisis continue to be deeply felt. The stories published by The Stage suggest that, at a local level, public authorities do not regard such activities as a priority to be defended at all costs. Nevertheless, in recent years, arts organizations have become more effective in arguing the...
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...2008 10.2478/v10061-008-0005-y Intellectual Capital Measurement Methods Jolanta Jurczak* Introduction Evolution of economy has caused important changes in activity of companies on the global market. Nowadays we are observing a growth the importance of intellectual resources as an effective tool for increasing corporate competitiveness. This fact has caused the need to manage companies and to measure their performance in a new way. Measuring Intellectual Capital is essential and very important in order to compare different companies, to estimate their real value or even to control their improvement year by year. Also to improve the way in which companies manage its intellectual resources that generate value and give back some benefits in consequences maximizing advantages for the company. Authors like Kaplan and Norton (1996), Stewart (1997), and Kerssens (1999) use phrases like “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it” to justify the search for new Measurement Methods.1 But to measure Intellectual Capital is necessary to determine exactly what the Measurement Methods are, which are the best and which the company should choose to evaluate its assets in proper way. Properly using Intellectual Capital Measurement Methods can cause the creation of competitive advantage and in consequence create development of the whole company at the present day. The Concept and Classification of Intellectual Capital Intellectual Capital (IC) are an increasingly important part of running...
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...rapidly, is the ultimate competitive advantage. Jack Welch. Human Capital Theory (HCT) purports that peoples learning capacity when effectively utilised results in profitability for the individual, organisation and society at large. It underlines or seeks to explain why Human Resource Development (HRD) is beneficial not only for the individual, but for the firm and the macro-economy. The extent to which firms undertake training is important in establishing the amount of support for human capital theory. During 2001 – 2002, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported 81% of all Australian employers provided some training for their employees. Of all employers, 79% provided unplanned or on-the-job training while 41% provided structured or specified content training. These statistics are evidence of employers approach in that training is seen as a necessity; but does management d understand the link between training and improved performance outcomes? Capital is a product that yields returns. Traditionally we associate this with investment funds, land or equipment. Taylorism emerged in the 1890’s and focused on applying science to the engineering process with a view to driving efficiencies by way of increasing productivity by refining processes or reducing inefficiencies via reduced wastage. It was not until the 1950’s that consideration was given that workers contributions could be recognised as capital. The fundamental principle underpinning HCT is the belief that peoples’...
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...HS3018: Sociology of Gender Research Question: How migrant Chinese women cope with life in Singapore. As a migrant nation, the issue of immigration has always been an immanent theme in Singapore. In recent years, migrant workers in Singapore have come under scrutiny due to the scale at which foreigners are entering the country, with almost 1.5 million non-residents living in Singapore making up more than a quarter of our population of 5.4 million (Ministry of Manpower, 2013) of which many are also new citizens and permanent residents, who might be considered outsiders in some contexts. This influx of foreigners has always been a hot topic in Singapore, ranging from the common discourse of jobs being ‘stolen’ to domestic altercations being blown up by the media (see the curry incident; The Telegraph, 2011). Additionally, the recent announcement of the Population White Paper by the Singapore government was taken very negatively by the civil population as it initially planned to bolster the workforce by greatly increase the number of foreigners such that native Singaporeans would only comprise of a small percentage of the population (Population White Paper, 2013). As such, media and public discourse regarding immigration has been largely Singaporean-centric in nature, revolving around how foreigners have affected Singapore and its occupants; not enough has been done to investigate the experiences and conditions of migrants living in Singapore. This paper will focus on migrant...
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...WHY IS THE HUMAN CAPITAL SO IMPORTANT FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAURITIUS? Introduction This assignment aims to look at the special importance of human capital to the economy of Mauritius. First, we go about defining the concept of human capital. Afterwards, there will be a section which talks a bit about the history of the economy of Mauritius. Then we will move on to another section which tries to explore the different factors as to why and how human capital is important to Mauritius. We will then have a concluding remark. We will end by some possible recommendations. What is human capital? Adam Smith defined human capital as follows: “Fourthly, of Justin Slay’s types of capital which is of the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the education, study, or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were, in his person. Those talents, as they make a part of his fortune, so do they likewise that of the society to which he belongs. The improved dexterity of a workman may be considered in the same light as a machine or instrument of trade which facilitates and abridges labour, and which, though it costs a certain expense which certainly repays afterwards. The use of the term in the modern neoclassical economic literature dates back to Jacob Mincer's article "Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution" in the Journal of Political Economy in 1958. Theorists also...
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...successful in venture creation. Also, opportunity recognition means the perceiving possibility of starting a new business and leading to considerable profit. There are two types opportunity recognition ‘internal perspective’ and ‘external perspective’. Internal perspective means entrepreneurs should make sure that problems and needs identified before make a decision which is risky, but external perspective denotes they should make the decision to start a venture precedes opportunity recognition. Most of entrepreneurs looked at three methods of discovery opportunity recognition ‘active searching’, fortuitous discovery’ and ‘opportunity creation’. However, social capital and human capital might be affected on opportunity recognition when entrepreneur creates a new business. This paper is going to discuss how human capital and social capital influence on each method of discovery opportunity and how those three methods help entrepreneurs to recognize valuable opportunities. The first significant theoretical model of opportunity identification is an active search, and those people who are advocating the active search method propose that individuals recognize opportunity through purposeful, deliberate, conscious search. For instance,...
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...participación en el capital social a través de títulos o acciones. Las acciones pueden diferenciarse entre sí por su distinto valor nominal o por los diferentes privilegios vinculados a éstas, como por ejemplo la percepción a un dividendo mínimo. Los accionistas no responden con su patrimonio personal de las deudas de la sociedad, sino únicamente hasta la cantidad máxima del capital aportado. Para crear una sociedad anónima tiene que cumplir con los siguientes requisitos: * FORMA DE CONSTITUCION: * Constitución simultánea.- se haga un convenio entre las partes por una escritura y suscriban las acciones, siendo estos los fundadores. * Constitución sucesiva.- se suscriben las acciones de una forma pública, firman una escritura de promoción, llamándose así promotores. * ACCIONISTAS * Capacidad: Los promotores o fundadores deben tener la capacidad civil de contratara. Sin embargo no podrán hacerlo entre cónyuges ni entre hijos no emancipados. * Números de accionistas.- La compañía deberá tener dos o más accionistas. Las compañías anónimas no podrá permanecer con menos de dos accionistas, salvo las que tengan un capital total o mayoritario que pertenezcan a una empresa del sector público. * CAPITAL * Capital mínimo.- El capital suscrito mínimo de la compañía deberá ser de ochocientos dólares ( $800). El capital deberá suscribirse íntegramente y pagarse en al menos un 25% del valor nominal de cada acción. El capital puede integrarse...
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...The Relevance of Social Capital in Politics Social capital is about the value of social networks, bonding similar people and bridging between diverse people, with norms of reciprocity. (Dekker and Uslaner 2001) As indicated by Robert Putnam (2000), there is a distinction between bonding social capital, which is exclusive, and bridging social capital, which is inclusive. In other words, those with similar ideas and views join groups or organizations that collectively share the same; these groups provide social capital that is bonding in nature and reinforces their views or beliefs. Other groups that tend to be open to many different viewpoints and ideas are inclusive, and allow for the development of social capital that is bridging in nature. Every relationship tends to come with its own reciprocity, or mutual benefit, which can translate into social capital. Social capital is equal to one’s social value, and is what most determines outcomes in politics (and business in many cases). If you have developed strong bonds with like-minded individuals and strong bridges with those with differing views, then you would generally be considered to have good, well rounded social capital. Politicians are, (in theory at least), representative of their constituents. The reality is that they represent most of the values and ideology of the majority of their constituents. The reality may be that they put on a good show in order to gain enough social capital to be voted into office...
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...Q1. How can social media such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter be used to improve knowledge sharing, build social capital, support innovation, and aid problem solving in one of the following context - - A multinational corporation - Small business networks in Australia or your home country - Networks of community based Not for Profit organisations in Australia or your home country Discuss the associated risks and benefits for this context Table of Contents Introduction 4 Building Social Capital 5 Improving Knowledge Sharing 6 Aid Problem Solving 7 Supporting Innovation 8 Risks of Social Media 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction This essay examines how social media can be used to assist multinational organisations through enhancement of knowledge assets and social capital. Social media is an accessible and influential tool that can be used by organisations to cultivate and improve abilities to learn and share new knowledge. This knowledge can be used to solve problems through the effective usage of social media. Social networking has caused a fundamental and transformational shift in the way that people are connecting, knowledge is being shared and information is flowing However, as the information is communicated via the internet, risk of miscommunication and loss of vital information may happen. With proper management of knowledge sharing through social media, the organisation can provide excellent services and products to...
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...------------------------------------------------- This paper was prepared by Anthony C Ndjovu a Masters Student of Research and Public Policy at University of Dar-Es-Salaam ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------- Civil society is often described as the “third sector”, a domain outside market and state which contributes economic participation. Its strength can have a positive economic influence on the state and the market. Other scholars such as Adam Smith and Marx in identifying civil society primarily as economic interaction through the market and hence civil society acting as the agent for promoting economic development in country by stimulating good governance like transparency, effectiveness, openness, responsiveness and accountability. Therefore key features of successful civil society which emanate from various definitions include the following: separation from the state and the market; formed by people who have common needs, interests and values like tolerance, inclusion, cooperation and equality; and development through a fundamentally endogenous and autonomous process which cannot easily be controlled from outside. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the functions or economic roles of civil society. Firstly, Civil society is often associated with its advocacy role. Civil society can identify problems that are not addressed by the economic elite and bring them to public attention...
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