...Part Five GLOBAL STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, AND IMPLEMENTATION Chapter Eleven The Strategy of International Business OBJECTIVES • To identify how managers develop strategy • To examine industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation • To profile the features and functions of the value chain framework • To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain • To explain global integration and local responsiveness • To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business Chapter Overview Chapter Eleven presents tools and concepts used in analyzing and formulating international business strategy. First, the relationship between industry structure and competition in global industries is examined. Next, value chain analysis is used to identify the internal capabilities of the firm that can be leveraged to create competitive advantage. Effective international strategy depends greatly on the proper configuration and management of a company’s global value chain. The sometimes conflicting demands of global integration versus local responsiveness are examined. Finally, a typology of strategic alternatives including multidomestic, international, global, and transnational strategies is presented. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: Value Creation in the Global Apparel Industry [See Fig 11.1 and Map 11.1.] Zara, a large clothing retailer headquartered in northwest Spain, has used an innovative...
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...St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G7,Canada E-mail: jovb@chass.utoronto.ca Gary Gereffi Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0088, USA E-mail: ggere@soc.duke.edu Abstract: This paper lays out the main features of the global automotive industry and identifies several important trends. A boom in developing country sales and production has not yet overshadowed the importance of existing markets in developed regions. Regional integration is very strong at an operational level, yet the industry has recently developed a set of global-scale value chain linkages, and retains national and local elements as well. The paper highlights how global, regional, national and local value chains are nested to create a pattern of global integration that is distinctive to the industry. We use global value chain analysis to help explain the limits of build-to-order in the industry, the role of regional and global suppliers, the shifting geography of production and how the characteristics of value chain linkages in the industry favour tight integration and regional production. We describe how industry concentration focuses power in the hands of a few large lead firms and discuss the implications of this for value chain governance and the geography of production. Keywords: globalisation; automotive industry;...
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...Defining value chain architectures: Linking strategic value creation to operational supply chain design Matthias Holweg a, Petri Helo b,n a b Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, UK Department of Production, Faculty of Technology, University of Vaasa, Finland art ic l e i nf o Article history: Received 31 May 2012 Accepted 13 June 2013 Available online 28 June 2013 Keywords: Value chain Supply chain management Operations strategy a b s t r a c t Over the past three decades scholars have developed comprehensive insights into the operational and strategic aspect of designing and managing the supply chain. Reviewing this ample body of knowledge however one cannot help but notice a persistent disunion between the “value chain” view that considers aspects of value creation and appropriation, and the operational “supply chain” view that considers strategies and tools for designing and operating efficient inter-firm networks. Commonly these views do not interact: value creation has the aim of capturing the maximum value-added in financial terms, the supply chain view aims for designing operationally efficient supply chains. In contrast to their treatise within the academic literature, from a practical point of view these two aspects are both necessary (and thus in their own right insufficient) components to a firm's supply chain strategy. In this paper we thus turn to an exploratory case study to identify what such a combined view of the value and supply chain would entail...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Global Impacts of the Credit Crunch 3 IBM – International Business Machines 4 Table 1: IBM’s Financial Performance History 2000-2009. Source: IBM Annual Report 2009 5 Table 2: Earnings per share 2006 to 2010 projection. Source: IBM Annual Report 2009. 6 How the Credit Crunch Impacted IBM’s Operations 7 Global Integration 7 Changing Business Scope 7 Revenue 8 Human Resource Management Impacts 8 Price Instability 8 Exchange Rate Fluctuation 8 Interest Rate Fluctuations 8 Debt 9 Notable Impacts 9 IBM’s Operational Strategy 10 Strategic Response 10 HRM Strategy 10 Value Chain Strategy – Developing a Business of Values 11 Table 3: IBM Value Chain. Source – ibm.com/services 12 International Strategy 13 Institutional Strategy 13 Recommendations for Future Growth 14 Delivering Value to Customers 14 Human Resource Capital 15 Research and Development 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Introduction The ‘Credit Crunch’ emerged in 2007 with the first effects being felt by the U.S. Mortgage industry. The term ‘credit crunch’ came was used to describe the collapse of the subprime mortgage industry that resulted in a freeze in lending by financial institutions. With non-payment of loans, huge debt and no capital gains, financial institutions began to go under. Investment banks, financial services and real estate market felt immediate impacts. Trillions of U.S. dollars were lost, huge government bailouts...
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...International Food and Agribusiness Management Review Volume 14, Issue 2, 2011 Agricultural Value Chains in Developing Countries A Framework for Analysis Jacques H. Trienekens Associate Professor, Wageningen University-Management Studies and Maastricht School of Management Hollandseweg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands Abstract The paper presents a framework for developing country value chain analysis made up of three components. The first consists of identifying major constraints for value chain upgrading: market access restrictions, weak infrastructures, lacking resources and institutional voids. In the second component three elements of a value chain are defined: value addition, horizontal and vertical chain-network structure and value chain governance mechanisms. Finally, upgrading options are defined in the area of value addition, including the search for markets, the value chain- network structure and the governance form of the chain. Part of this component is the identification of the most suitable partnerships for upgrading the value chain. The three components of the framework are derived from major theoretical streams on inter-company relationships and from the literature on developing country value chains. The framework is applied in a case example of a developing country value chain. Keywords: Developing country value chains, research framework, upgrading Corresponding author: Tel: + 31 317 484160 Email: Jacques.Trienekens@wur.nl 51 2011 International Food...
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...St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G7,Canada E-mail: jovb@chass.utoronto.ca Gary Gereffi Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0088, USA E-mail: ggere@soc.duke.edu Abstract: This paper lays out the main features of the global automotive industry and identifies several important trends. A boom in developing country sales and production has not yet overshadowed the importance of existing markets in developed regions. Regional integration is very strong at an operational level, yet the industry has recently developed a set of global-scale value chain linkages, and retains national and local elements as well. The paper highlights how global, regional, national and local value chains are nested to create a pattern of global integration that is distinctive to the industry. We use global value chain analysis to help explain the limits of build-to-order in the industry, the role of regional and global suppliers, the shifting geography of production and how the characteristics of value chain linkages in the industry favour tight integration and regional production. We describe how industry concentration focuses power in the hands of a few large lead firms and discuss the implications of this for value chain governance and the geography of production. Keywords: globalisation; automotive industry;...
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...Value chain analysis Value chain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Popular Visualization The value chain, also known as value chain analysis, is a concept from business management that was first described and popularized by Michael Porter in his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.[1] Contents[hide] * 1 Concept * 1.1 Activities * 2 Significance * 3 SCOR * 4 Value Reference Model * 5 References * 6 See also | [edit] Concept A value chain is a chain of activities for a firm operating in a specific industry. The business unit is the appropriate level for construction of a value chain, not the divisional level or corporate level. Products pass through all activities of the chain in order, and at each activity the product gains some value. The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum of added values of all activities. It is important not to mix the concept of the value chain with the costs occurring throughout the activities. A diamond cutter can be used as an example of the difference. The cutting activity may have a low cost, but the activity adds much of the value to the end product, since a rough diamond is significantly less valuable than a cut diamond. Typically, the described value chain and the documentation of processes, assessment and auditing of adherence to the process routines are at the core of the quality certification of the business...
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...MGSC01 - MIDTERM CASE: ECCO A/S - Global Value Chain Management Analyze the problem Alternatives Decision Criteria Recommendation Good to have a contingency plan (backup plan) Key questions: - If I’m right so far, then what? What are the implications - What is the larger context? - What else do I know? Personal? - What alternatives do I have? - What am I missing? Goals: The plan was to build five closely connected factories over the next four years with a total capacity of five million pairs of shoes per year, serving both export needs and the Chinese market, which was expected to grow in the future. Produce the world’s most comfortable and modern footwear for work and leisure. Increase revenue to 8 billion and to 9 billion by 2013, selling 24 million pairs of shoes a year. Increase production capacity by 15% per year Product Market Focus: aim at becoming better at telling what we stand for. Value Proposition: Core Activities: produced 80% of its shoes in-house Vision – integrating the global value chain - To be the most wanted brand within innovation and comfort footwear. - Position can only be attained by constantly and courageously researching new paths, investing in employees, in core competencies of product development and production technology. 80% of the company’s leaders should come from inside ECCO. 2004 Sales Children 11% Ladies 47 Men 30 Sports 12 (outdoor, walking, running and...
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...SESSION 1 2 CHAPTER 1: Global marketing in the firm 2 1. Introduction to globalization 2 2. The process of developing the global marketing plan 2 3. Comparison of the global marketing and management style of SMEs and LSEs 2 4. Should the company “stay at home” or “go abroad”? 3 5. Development of the global marketing concept 3 6. Forces for global integration and market responsiveness 3 7. The value chain as a framework for identifying international competitive advantage 4 8. Value shop and the service value chain 5 9. Information business and the virtual value chain 5 CHAPTER 2: Initiation of internationalization 8 1. Introduction 8 2. Internationalization motives 8 3. Triggers of export initiation (change agents) 9 4. Internationalization barriers / risks 9 SESSION 2 11 CHAPTER 3: Internationalization theories 11 1. Introduction 11 2. The Uppsala internationalization model 11 3. The transaction cost analysis model 11 4. The network model 12 5. Internationalization of SMEs 12 6. Born globals 12 7. Internationalization of services 13 CHAPTER 4: Development of the firm’s international competitiveness 15 1. Analysis of national competitiveness (the porter diamond) 15 1.1. Factor conditions 15 1.2. Demand conditions 15 1.3. Related and supporting industries 15 1.4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry 15 1.5. Government 15 1.6. Chance 15 2. Competition analysis in an industry 15 2.1....
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...Chapter 1: Global marketing in the firm I. Introduction to globalization Globalization: reflects the trend of firms buying, developing producing and selling products and service in most countries and regions of the world. Benefits for the firm which do an international expansion: * New and potentially more profitable markets * Increase the firm’s competitiveness * Facilitates access to new product ideas, manufacturing innovations and the latest technology Internalization: doing business in many country of the world, but often limited to a certain region (ex: Europe). A. Industry globalism The strategic behaviour of firms depends on the international competitive structure within in industry. In the case of high degree of industry globalism, there are many interdependencies between markets, customers and suppliers, and the industry is dominated by a few large powerful players (global). Example of global industries: PCs, IT, records, movies and aircrafts. The other land (local) represents a multidomestic market environment, where markets exist independently from one other. Example of local industries: hairdressing, foods and dairies. B. Preparedness for internationalization The degree of preparedness is dependent on the firm’s ability to carry out strategies in the international marketplace and the actual skills in international business operations. The well-prepared company has a good basis for dominating the international markets and consequently...
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...Innovation Strategy of Retailer: From the View of Global Value Chains Yongquan Hu, Huifang Jiang Abstract-Retailing running to high-value-added-end is a more visible trend, which attracts lots of attention from researchers or practitioners. This paper tries to explain this with the theory of Global Value Chains(GVCs). After literature review on GVCs and innovation strategy, this paper analyzes the global value chains of 7-11, IKEA, Wal-Mart and PPR separately. Then some com parisons is done to analyze the respective characteristics of the global value chain model of the four from ten angles, so as to build retailer's innovation strategy on GVCs. As a result, some advices are given to Chinese retailers for their developing. their competitiveness on value chains and develop so quickly? Since coming down to the status of retailing on global value system, the researches for such questions, as above, tum out to be meaningful both in theory and practice. So, applying the dynamic theory of global value chains, this paper analyzes four global value chains driven by four multinational retailers, in order to explain the phenomena of retailing running to high-value-added-end, and provide retailers with a global perspective, Multi-Dimensional model for innovating and competing. Index Terms-retailer, global value chains, business strategy, innovation, innovation strategy I. INTRODUCTION As a presentation of the terminal industry, there's a more visible ...
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...speed and flexibility has enabled the company to eliminate inventory. True False According to the text, Zara's strategy focuses on continual renewal of its clothing lines. True False According to the text, outsourcing is hiring others to do noncore activities. True False According to the text, any activity in the value chain can be outsourced except for strategy and management. True False According to the text, the process of coordinating and integrating the flow of materials, information, finances, and services within and among companies in the value chain is called operations management. True False Supply chains are an integral part of global quality and cost management initiatives, since a typical company's supply chain costs can represent over 80 percent of assets. True False Because inventory is carried at each stage in the supply chain, and because inventory ties up money, it has been argued that the ultimate goal of effective supply chain management systems is to reduce inventory. True False According to the text, shorter and less predictable product life cycles have placed reduced emphasis on supply chains and their performance. True False Effective supply chain management can enhance a company's ability to manage regulatory, social, and other environmental pressures, both within a nation and globally. True False 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. An important consideration in design is the extent to which the international company's products and services will...
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...A HANDBOOK FOR VALUE CHAIN RESEARCH Prepared for the IDRC by Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris* We are grateful to colleagues in both our individual institutions and in the Spreading the Gains from Globalisation Network (particularly those participating in the Bellagio Workshop in September 2000) for discussions around many of the issues covered in this Handbook and also to Stephanie Barrientos, Jayne Smith and Justin Barnes. An Important Health Warning or A Guide for Using this Handbook Lest anyone feel overwhelmed by the depth of detail in this Handbook, especially with respect to the sections on methodology, we would like to emphasise at the outset: this Handbook is not meant to be used or read as a comprehensive step by step process that has to be followed in order to undertake a value chain analysis. We know of no value chain analysis that has comprehensively covered all the aspects dealt with in the following pages, and certainly not in the methodologically sequential Handbook set out below. Indeed to try and do so in this form would be methodologically overwhelming, and would certainly bore any reader of such an analysis to tears. Our intention in producing a Handbook on researching value chains is to try and comprehensively cover as many aspects of value chain analysis as possible so as to allow researchers to dip in and utilise what is relevant and where it is appropriate. It is not an attempt to restrict researchers within a methodological strait-jacket...
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...of a company will determine the stage in the value chain. Using the Mckinsey generic value chain, we have the following stages: Technology Development - Product design – Manufacturing – Marketing – Distribution - Service Technology development: This can also be referred to as Research and Development. Vodafone places a lot of importance on this because the company has achieved economies of scale with this. The technology and infrastructure platform is replicated in all the countries of operation , it is known that sharing fixed costs across all countries of operation can contribute to cheaper operations. Setting up a service centre in India is which is central to the group operations also helped in achieving economies of scale. Product Design: Vodafone’s products are technology based and so product design is linked to technology development. The fact that the company designs their products ensures that they determine the functionalities, characteristics, aesthetics and quality. Manufacturing / Distribution: This can be closely linked to Vodafone’s supply chain. Network construction and maintenance is outsourced particularly in emerging markets like China and India. Purchase of equipment, software and handsets are centralized and economies of scale has been achieved through this because the company strikes direct deals with the manufacturers of the various products. Vodafone sits at a pivotal position in the supply chain linking the end consumer with a complex pyramid...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies A Research Paper presented by: Celeste Aida Molina Fernández (Guatemala) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialisation: Rural Livelihoods and Global Change (RLGC) Members of the examining committee: Prof. Dr Max Spoor Prof. Dr Peter Knorringa The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2010 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all the people who in one way or another contributed to the completion of this study, especially the interviewees, who generously shared their time and knowledge about the coffee sector in Ethiopia. My sincerest appreciation goes to Bilisuma Dito, who first introduced me to the ECX and provided me with key contacts for the fieldwork. Many thanks to Martha Kibru, Saba Yifredew...
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