...such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Product (GNP) are used to gauge the growth of an economy. Economic development is all about increasing the wealth in a nation as a whole. Economic development is the promotion of more intensive and more advanced economic activities through such means as education, improved tools and techniques, more available financing, better transportation, and creation of new businesses, (Microsoft Student, 2009a). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced in a country over a year. It is an estimate of market throughput, adding together the value of all final goods and services that are produced and traded for money within a given period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is calculated by adding up the value of all goods and services that are produced, by adding up the expenditure on goods and services at the time of sale and lastly by adding up the producer incomes from the sale of goods or services. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures a country’s economic activities regardless of who owns the productive assets in that country, (Costanza etal, 2009:5). One key difference between the two concepts therefore is the value of production by multinational companies which is sent home from abroad. Another difference between the two measures of economic development is that GDP is a better measure of the state of production in the short term whilst GNP is a better measure when analyzing sources...
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...writer shall therefore briefly discuss indicators such as Gross National Product (GDP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Human Development Index (HDI) Gross National Income (GNI), and Infant Mortality Rate. The term National Development is somewhat comprehensive, Aggarwal(2004). It has basically been defined as all aspects of an individual and the nation, cultural, democratic, emotional (social order), economic, intellectual (education material) ,moral, physical, spiritual and social. Regan (2006) looked at development as human progress and quality of life. It’s important to point out that there may not be a single definition of development. Modern scholars have suggested the need for just a working definition and so propounded that development be viewed as a positive change in countries and communities. It (development) is therefore connected with social, economic and political advancement of people, Cornwell et al (2012). There is also need to understand the concept of indicators. Cornwell et al (2010) explained that economic development indicators help to explain or illustrate development levels at any given country. These indicators have helped in the categorisation of countries as being poor, medium or rich-hence the idea of first world, second world and third world. Regan 2004 also pointed out that indicators are seen as measurement for a country’s wealth. According to Regan (2006) GDP is an indicator which measures production of goods and services in a country. Note...
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...Q. How is GDP measured and what are its limitations as a measure of the quality of life? A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be defined as the annual value of output produced by factors of production within a nation’s border. In other words, it is the sum of all incomes earned by the country’s residents when producing goods and services with resources located inside that country. GDP is not to be confused with Gross National Product (GNP), which measures the flow of output produced with resources, which are owned by the nation wherever they might be located. The difference between GDP and GNP is net property income from abroad. The word “gross” in both of these measures of national income, indicates that no account has been taken of depreciation. There are 3 methods of calculating GDP: the product/output method, the income method and the expenditure method. In theory, because they all claim to measure the same aggregate, they should all give the same total. This is shown below in the circular flow of income: However, in practice, this is unlikely to be the case. This is because extremely large sums arising out of millions of transactions paid over different time periods are being dealt with and it would therefore be very unlikely if all 3 measures coincided. The first way of measuring GDP is to add up annually all the value of the goods and services produced in the country, industry by industry. This is known as the output or product...
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...Development Measurement 4 3.2 Definition of Human Development and HDI 5 3.3 HDI Calculation 6 3.4 HDI Interpretation and Application 7 3.5 Limitations 8 3.6 Criticism 9 4. Conclusion 10 Appendix-I (Acronyms and abbreviations) 10 References 11 1. Introduction Over the last two decades economic growth has got a lot more attention among policymakers, corporate, economists, and academics in India and across the world. Since 1991, when India implemented liberalization, privatization, and globalization policies, GDP growth rate has become a buzz word. It has got disproportionate amount of attention from policymakers and economists. It has been used excessively to measure the success or failure of any policy. But after two decades it has become clearly visible that GDP growth rate alone cannot measure the development of a nation. The difference between growth and development too has become clearer. In spite of fast paced economic growth for last 10-20 years, a large part of our population remains illiterate. A large part of our population does not have the access to safe drinking water and proper medical care. Highest number of malnourished children belongs to our nation. These are some of the bitter realities which GDP growth based measurement never reflects. All these facts suggest the need of a more holistic approach to measure the development and growth. Human Development Index (HDI) is the best available choice to measure the development. It measures...
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...Economic development is the increase in the standard of living of a population. Economic development includes economic growth among the main criteria. Economic growth is a sustained growth from a simple economy to a modern one. The study of economic development includes theories of the causes, the process, and the policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. Economic development theories relate to the causes of industrial-economic modernization, the phases of economic development, and the organizational related aspects of enterprise development; it requires sociological, economic, and cultural researches on the evolution of markets and industrial organizations within modern societies. From other perspectives, economic development of embrace improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, poverty rates, health, and education. In fact, these indicators are more related to economic growth so that development goes often with growth. Scientists often argue that poor countries and mainly “third-world countries” have experienced very fast economic growth with barely little economic development and especially during the periods where they served as resource providers for industrialized countries. Other economists claim that economic growth causes or contributes to economic development, because according to this perspective, because at least some of the increasing income is spend on human sustainable...
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...Politicide is the gradual but systematic attempts to annihilate or exile an independent political and or social entity by radical governments or non-governmental forces, targeted groups are given no other option but to flee from prosecution. An example of Politicide would be the 1950s Red Scare which denoted a period of strong anti communism movement in the United States. In March 1947, President Truman signed an executive order, creating the “Federal Employees Loyalty Program” establishing political-loyalty review boards who determined the “Americanism” of Federal Government employees, and recommended termination of those who had confessed to spying for the Soviet Union, as well as some suspected of being Un-American. The American government was afraid that communism would take over as it did in the east, so in retaliation they set out and ran huge propaganda campaigns stating the dangers of communism. Some cultures are defined in cultural or religious terms and the presence of individuals of other religions may be seen as a threat to their national identity and governmental cohesion, consequently, these individuals become a targeted group by either social repression or removed completely from a society through violence or terror inspiring means. Ethnic cleansing is the term to describe this atrocity. An example of this would be the Bosnian war of the early 1990’s as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from Yugoslavia in 1991...
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...Assignment On Relationship between GDP & HDI Submitted ToCourse Instructor Of B-University of DhakaDepartment of Banking | Submitted ByMd. Yasir ArafatId No. 62B.B.A 13th BatchDepartment of BankingUniversity of Dhaka | Date of Submission08.o7.09 | Introduction to GDP A region's gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways of measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year). It is also considered the sum of value added at every stage of production (the intermediate stages) of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Components of GDP Each of the variables C (Consumption), I (Investment), G (Government spending) and X − M (Net Exports) (where GDP = C + I + G + (X − M) as above) C (Consumption) is private consumption in the economy. This includes most personal expenditures of households such as food, rent, medical expenses and so on but does not include new housing. I (Investment) is defined as investments by business or households in capital. Examples of investment by a business include construction of a new mine, purchase of software, or purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not government) on new houses is also included in Investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, 'Investment' in GDP does not mean purchases of financial...
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...Economics – Group 1 Learning Miscellany 1) ------------------------------------------------- Introduction Economics is not an exact science, as it has to factor-in human behaviour. It assumes that the market is logical or rational in its behaviour. We know that the actions of humans are not always rational, hence events like the economic crash in 2008. No matter how much history teaches us, we still sometimes take irrational actions. The principals explained in Greg Mankiw’s book “The Principles of Economics” are based on ten principles, which are difficult to image in the real world. It is as if you have to “put on hold” your rational thoughts in order to understand the models used. The economy is influenced by government policies and businesses driven by profits. Businesses like governments can have beliefs that are motivated by left, central and right winged policies, depending upon where you live. These can influence how we manage society, either purely from a profit driven perspective or from an equal balancing of profit and social good. 2) ------------------------------------------------- Miscellany Weekly Learning Notes a. General Introduction (D) In recent weeks considerable national media attention was given to the story of people queueing to buy a development of new houses in Swords, North County Dublin. This raised the question whether we are witnessing the re-emergence of a “bubble” in the housing market and whether we had learned little from...
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...Journal of Pro Poor Growth. 01 (01) 2013. 19-28 ISSN: 2306-1669 (Online), 2310-4686 (Print) Journal of Pro Poor Growth An International Perspective http://www.escijournals.net/JPPG ACHIEVEMENTS OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) IN SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL CORPORATIONS (SAARC) COUNTRIES: A CASE OF NEPAL Kushum Shakya* Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. ABSTRACT South Asian Association of Regional Cooperative (SAARC) countries have achieved considerable progress in socioeconomic indicators like poverty reduction, educational attainment and improved health facilities. The progress, however, is not uniform across the countries. The aim of this paper is to assess the progress made by SAARC with regard to selected Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its achievement and gap in Nepal. The paper shows; i) Status of SAARC countries with respect to selected MDGs, ii) Achievements of MDGs in the case of Nepal and iii) the gaps to achieving the targets. The paper shows that the most SAARC countries including Nepal have performed poorly with MDGs. It is therefore concluded that there is need to prioritize to meet all goals in post MDGs for Nepal. Keywords: SAARC, MDG, Post-MDG, socio-economic. INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world's main development challenges. The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that...
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...analyzing cause and effect of phenomena identify urgent action 3. Economic growth is not a sufficient condition of development, because a) it does not help poverty reduction b) a country must also have an educated workforce c) there are several other aspects of development 4. a) b) c) Economic growth is pivotal, because it is easier to achieve than the other aspects of development it has a symbiotic link with the other aspects of development it helps generate savings for investment 5. a) b) c) GDP is not a sufficient indicator of development because, some economic activities are left out of the calculation large countries have bigger GDP it does not reflect how income is distributed 6. a) b) c) GDP per capita is a useful indicator because, it helps inter country comparison of living standards it helps to understand what each individual earns in a country it is a better indicator than total GDP 7. a) b) c) To make GDP per capita internationally comparable, they must be calculated in US$ they should be calculated in the strongest international currency they can be calculated in any currency adjusted for purchasing power in different countries. 8. a) b) c) The Lorenz curve is a good indicator of development since it tells you the percentage of poor people in a country the degree of inequality of income distribution the quality of life in a country 9. a) b) c) The Gini Coefficient is a better indicator of income...
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...INTRODUCTION This essay seeks to show an understanding of the interface between economic growth and economic development and offer recommendations of what a country like Zambia needs to do in order to achieve them. Firstly this essay will define terms such as development, economic growth as well as economic development. It will then proceed with a brief discussion of the various measures of development, and show why the human development index, has in recent years become a widely accepted measure of development. This essay will then highlight the interface between economic growth and economic development and finally offer resolutions of what a country like Zambia needs to do in order to achieve both economic growth and economic development before drawing to a conclusion DEFINITIONS Development: Development according to Todaro (2003,16) “must be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty”. He further went on to explain that development, in its essence, must represent the whole range of change by which an entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and evolving aspirations of individuals and social groups within that system, moves away from a condition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory toward a situation or condition of life regarded as materially and spiritually...
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...paper discusses Gross Domestic Product and related concepts as a measure of social progress and welfare. Although GDP remains the most widely used measure of social progress, the recent global financial crisis and continued depletion of natural resources and environmental adverse impact has brought into question the use of GDP as the main indicator of social welfare. Four alternatives to GDP are assessed and evaluated as the standard for national accounts for Botswana and China. Alternatives fall into the following broad categories, corrected GDP and extended national accounts,composite indexes and subjective approaches. Key Words: composite indicators; economic growth; GDP, sustainable indixes. Botswana, China Table of Contents Introduction A region's gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways for measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year). It is also considered the sum of value added at every stage of production (the intermediate stages) of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Until the 1992 the term GNP or gross national product was used in the United States. The two terms GDP and GNP are almost identical - and yet entirely different; GDP (or GDI - Gross Domestic Income) being concerned with the region in which income is generated. That is, what is...
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...with the notion of "development," or lack thereof, in the relatively poor, industrially-undeveloped nations primarily located in Africa, Central and South America and various regions throughout Asia. Unfortunately for those concerned with effecting some change, no one is quite sure what it is exactly that separates a "developed" country from an "undeveloped" country. Partly due to the inability to properly define "development," those concerned with the affairs and quality of life of people in far, distant lands have also encountered difficulties in proposing a solution that engenders some kind of successful outcome to the problem at hand. Is a country with a high Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a "developed" country? Or is development about relatively high levels of Gross National Product (GNP)? Maybe a more proper comparison to make amongst countries of varied economic development is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Perhaps development is not primarily a question of the static level of income a person within the country receives in a given year, but is more related to the annual rate of growth of a person's income, or of the economy as a whole. But there are still other considerations to take into account when examining the economic development of a country, such as the quality and quantity of health care (and health), education and political and religious freedoms. Several real-world examples show the difficulty of approaching the question of which countries are and aren't developed...
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...private sector-led economic growth. Bangladesh achieved good economic progress during the 1990s by adopting a series of structural and economic reform measures. The stabilization program reduced inflation as well as fiscal and current accounts deficit and established a healthy foreign exchange reserve position. Economic performance improved with gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 5 percent in the 1990s compared with 4 percent in the preceding decade. The acceleration in economic growth was accompanied by decreased incidence of poverty and a distinct improvement of some key social indicators. Rapid growth in food grain production has been a remarkable feature of the country’s economic performance in recent years. In FY2000, Bangladesh reached self-sufficiency in food grain production. A combination of factors accounts for the robust growth of the agriculture sector, and in particular of food grains. According to a World Bank estimate, Bangladesh has the 36th largest economy in the world in terms of GNP based on the purchasing power parity method of valuation, and the 55th largest in terms of nominal GNP in U.S. Dollars. This report analyses the trends in the major macro-economic indicators of Bangladesh, taking into account economic growth and standard of living, inflation, unemployment, balance of payment, Government Fiscal and Monetary policy and various aspects of the economy of...
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