...110 :EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING DATE CIA 1003 INTERMEDIATE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING CAEA 1214 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING II Semester 2, 2015/2016 Learning outcome • Determine the different types of events after the reporting period in accordance with MFRS110. • Apply MFRS 110 to account for events after the reporting period either to: • Make adjustments in the financial statements • Prepare the necessary disclosures • Present the different types of events after the reporting period in the financial statements in compliance with MFRS110. Lecture outline • Introduction • Definitions • Types of Events -Adjusting Events -Non Adjusting Event • Other Issues -Date of authorization for issue -Dividends -Going concern -Disclosure Introduction • Bursa Malaysia requires large publicly traded companies to lodge their unaudited financial statements within 2 months of fiscal year-end and full financial statements within 4 months • Business continues during this “subsequent period” and events could take place that have an impact upon the firm’s financial statements for the preceding year • These events are referred to in the accounting literature as subsequent events or post-balance sheet events. Introduction • The IASB has released IAS 10, dealing specifically with the accounting for subsequent events. • IAS 10 requires that companies adjust the reported amount of assets and liabilities if events...
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...Going concern concept The going concern concept assumes that an enterprise or the accounting entity has an indefinite or unlimited life or existence. It means that the intention of the business is to carry for a sufficiently long period of time to carry out its existing activities and commitments. It will not be liquidated or dissolved in the immediate future unless there is clear evidence or a specific instruction to the contrary. For Example: - where the venture is for a specific purpose like setting up a stall in an exhibition or fair or the construction of a building or bridge etc. under a contract, the business comes to an end on the completion of the project. Experience indicates that in spite of several business failures, enterprises have a fairly high continuance rate; certain entities have been in existence for more than a century even though the owners have changed. The business entities are therefore going concerns in the majority of the cases and it has proved useful to adopt continuity assumption for accounting purposes. Advantages 1. It provides a sound basis for the income or profit measurement. It means that the items which provide future economic benefit or which are used for more than one year are recorded a fixed assets rather than as expenses only because of the going concern assumption. 2. The going concern assumption facilitates the classification of assets and liabilities into short-term and long-term respectively 3. It is due to the...
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...'Definition of the 'going concern' concept The 'going concern' concept directs accountants to prepare financial statements on the assumption that the business is not about to go broke or be liquidated (i.e. where the business closes and sells all the assets for whatever price they can get). So, unless there is significant evidence to the contrary, accountants will base their valuations and their reporting of financial data on the assumption that the business will remain in existence for an indefinite period. An indefinite period means the foreseeable future or long enough for the business to meet its objectives and to fulfill its commitments. It is important to note that the 'going concern' concept does not imply or guarantee that the business is profitable and will remain so for the foreseeable future. So, the 'going concern' concept assumes that the business will remain in existence long enough for all the assets of the business to be fully utilized. Utilized assets means obtaining the complete benefit from their earning potential. (i.e. if you recently purchased equipment costing $5,000 that had 5 years of productive/useful life, then under the going concern assumption, the accountant would only write off one year's value $1,000 (1/5th) this year, leaving $4,000 to be treated as a fixed asset with future economic value for the business). The 'going concern' concept supports the assumption that when a business buys assets like land, equipment, and buildings, it does...
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...Going Concern Group 4 ACCT 632, Advanced Financial Acct Theory Liberty University Aug 7, 2013 GOING CONCERN Summary of Going Concern current exposure draft Comparison and Contrast of current Going Concern theory and standards 1 Guidance provided by AU Section 341 2 Guidance provided by 17 U.S.C. §229.303 3 Proposed guidance of exposure draft Comparison and Contrast of U. S. GAAP and IFRS with respect to Going Concern 1 Current Going Concern variations between U. S. GAAP and IFRS 2 Variations between proposed changes to Going Concern issues The Benefits and Costs of a Going Concern Amendment 1 Providing preparer guidance 2 Making management responsible 3 Addressing investor concerns Provisions in light of the FASB’s Conceptual Framework 1 Understandability 2 Decision usefulness 3 Relevance 4 Comparability Response to Going Concern Exposure Draft 1 Proposed changes or corrections to the current exposure draft References Going Concern People go into business for many reasons, but no one goes into business with the expectation that they are not going to be successful. For that reason, acquisition is made for those assets that are needed to run the company with the understanding that there will be no need to arrange for early liquidation. Because there is no prediction to inform someone that their business may or may not make it, managers must rely...
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...statements, which identify the doubts that he has in particular about the going concern assumption. Assuming the disclosures are sufficed, George is entitled to give unqualified feedback and ensure to specify notes on the financial statement. If George neglects to efficiently disclose information in the financial statement, then Mark must provide qualified or adverse feedback. Whether it’s a qualified or adverse opinion depends on the conclusion of the additional procedures that were committed by Mark as he evaluated the evidence related to the concerning assumptions. 2 How might a going-concern explanatory paragraph become a “self-fulfilling prophecy” for Surfer Dude? The going-concern explanatory paragraph may become a self-fulfilling prophecy for Surfer Dude because like George stated, creditors will not lend Surfer Dude money, vendors will not allow Surfer Dude to buy things on account, and customers may not buy from Surfer Dude because they can’t be sure that Surfer Dude can stand behind their return policy. In addition to what George stated, investors are unlikely to invest in the company if they see the going-concern paragraph. Basically all of these situations will cause the demise of Surfer Dude. 3 What potential implications arise for the accounting firm if they issue an unqualified report without the going-concern explanatory paragraph? If the accounting firm issues an unqualified report...
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...isA 570, going concern hAs been A well-esTAblished source of guidAnce for AudiTors. AddiTionAl direcTion hAs been provided by The iAAsb’s prAcTice AlerT AudiT considerATions in respecT of going concern in The currenT economic environmenT, issued in JAnuAry 2009. relevAnT To AccA QuAlificATion pAper p7 The recent global economic crisis, commonly referred to as the credit crunch, has provided many challenges for both the preparers and the auditors of published financial statements. For auditors, ISA 570, Going Concern is a well-established source of guidance, and additional direction has been provided by the IAASB’s Practice Alert Audit Considerations in Respect of Going Concern in the Current Economic Environment, issued in January 2009. In the UK, the APB issued the Bulletin Going Concern Issues During the Current Economic Conditions in December 2008. Both of these are examinable documents for the Paper P7 exams in 2010. The auditor’s objectives in relation to going concern ISA 570 contains well-established guidance on going concern, including the following objectives for the auditor: ¤ to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the financial statements ¤ to conclude, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and ¤ to...
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...ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION Vol. 28, No. 1 2013 pp. 77–92 American Accounting Association DOI: 10.2308/iace-50298 Going Concern Designations and GAAP versus Non-GAAP Earnings Metrics James L. Bierstaker, Thomas F. Monahan, and Michael F. Peters ABSTRACT: Many students have not spent much time studying or contemplating the importance of non-GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) earnings to the ‘‘Street.’’ Based on the facts of an actual company and utilizing the financial information drawn from this company’s 10-K and Earnings Release, this case introduces students to the strengths and weaknesses of GAAP and non-GAAP earnings measures, and why the Street might be more interested in cash and recurring earnings in attempting to predict movements in stock price. It also provides the instructor with an opportunity to discuss the dangers of allowing firms to emphasize earnings in their press releases that are not defined by an external authoritative body (such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB]), and how this can hurt the consistency and reliability of reporting. This is an important discussion, since regulators have recently formally proposed to include non-GAAP measures in their overhaul of the auditor reporting model (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] 2011). The case also familiarizes students with current auditing guidelines dealing with the going concern decision and the potential role that non-GAAP earnings can play in this decision...
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...Mini- Case: Going- Concern Reporting. Refer to the mini-case “GM: Running on Empty” on page C11 and respond to questions 1– 6. 1. Reviewing GM’s financial information in GM Exhibit 1 and its stock price in GM Exhibit 2 , when do you first see signs of GM’s impending financial distress? 2. In referencing professional standards, what factors should auditors consider in evaluating potential going- concern uncertainties? 3. Considering your response to questions 1 and 2, do you believe that the going- concern uncertainty was warranted? Do you believe that Deloitte & Touche should have issued a going- concern opinion prior to 2008? 4. What economic factors existing in the United States during 2008 might have accelerated Deloitte & Touche’s decision to issue an audit opinion modified to disclose going- concern uncertainties? 5. Do you believe that the events immediately following GM’s bankruptcy alleviated the concerns that led to the issuance of the going- concern uncertainty? What issues would auditors need to consider in evaluating the ability of General Motors Co. (the new GM) to continue as a going concern? 6. Many companies believe that a going- concern opinion is a self- fulfilling prophecy ( that is, when a company receives a going- concern opinion, customers will not purchase products with warranties, suppliers will not provide short- term credit, and investors and creditors will not invest or loan). Would GM’s going- concern opinion influence your decisions regarding either...
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...coupled with the paradigm shift in the regulation of the auditing profession brought forth by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, suggests that auditorsí decisions would be more conservative in the period after December 2001. Based on analyses of 226 financially stressed companies that entered bankruptcy during the period from 2000 to 2003, we find that auditors are more likely to issue going-concern modified audit opinions in the period after December 2001. Since the post-December 2001 period coincides with recovery from a recession in the U.S., we also examine prior audit opinions for 93 companies entering bankruptcy in 1991 and 1992. We find that auditors were also more likely to issue prior going-concern modified audit opinions in 2002ñ03 than in the earlier recession recovery period. Following the technique used in Francis and Krishnan (2002), we document that the increase in going-concern modification rates for bankrupt companies after December 2001 is due to changes in auditor reporting decisions and not solely due to differences in client characteristics between the time periods studied. Keywords: bankruptcy; going-concern reports. Data Availability: Contact the authors. INTRODUCTION he period since December 2001 has been tumultuous for the auditing profession in the U.S. After a series of congressional hearings beginning in December 2001, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX 2002) was enacted in July 2002. In light of the hearings and the attendant media focus on the auditing profession, as...
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...Zac Johnson ACCT 7401 Individual Assignment 1 3/25/2015 Sarah Jones Case Frame the ethical issue The ethical issue in this case deals with Sarah Jones independence of conducting the audit of FNB because her parents are dependent on the dividends from their significant investment in the bank. Gather all the facts Sarah Jones serves as an auditor in charge at a reputable accounting firm Trout & Cod CPA firm. She supports her family financially while her husband is a stay-at-home dad taking care of their two kids. During the audit of First National Bank (FNB), Sarah discovered that several significant commercial loans had deteriorated since the previous audit. Sarah believes that the reserves are not adequate because of the deteriorating loans and because of this she estimates the stock price could drop from $45 a share to below $18 with dividends being discontinued. Her situation becomes an ethical issue when she finds out that her parents invested nearly 25% of their retirement funds in FNB’s common stock. Her parent’s investment does not conflict with the CPA firm’s conflict of interest policy because her parents are not dependent on Sarah. Identify the stakeholders and obligations Trout & Cod CPA firm: Sarah’s obligations to the firm is to maintain the high standards and strong reputation that the firm has built. First National Bank: Sarah’s obligations to the FNB is to ensure that she provides professional services to the best of her ability. Shareholders...
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...Auditor’s Responsibility for Assessing Going Concern In auditing, going concern is identified as an entity’s capability to continue operating as a business entity. It is the auditor’s responsibility to evaluate the company’s financial statements to assess whether or not the going concern assumption is appropriate. An entity is obligated to include a disclosure in the footnotes of the financial statement stating if there is substantial doubt of the company to continue as a going concern. According to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, AU 341 describes the requirements for the auditor’s evaluation of an entity’s going concern. This standard states that an auditor’s responsibility is to evaluate if there is substantial doubt about an entity’s capability to carry on as a going concern for the next year. The period of substantial doubt is not to exceed twelve months. This evaluation is based upon any evidence that he or she has accumulated during the normal course of the audit. If there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time not to exceed one year, the auditor should review management’s plan to remedy the problems. If the substantial doubt goes unresolved, the auditor should add an explanatory paragraph to the audit report. In the event that an auditor receives a request to reissue his or her evaluation of going concern and remove the explanatory paragraph, one can refer to the PCAOB’s...
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...Performance Tae G. Ryu Metropolitan State College of Denver Barbara Uliss Metropolitan State College of Denver Chul-Young Roh East Tennessee State University ABSTRACT The issue of audit reporting for financially distressed firms continues to be of interest to the public and to legislators. Previous studies have consistently shown that auditors fail to issue going-concern opinions to more than half of bankrupt firms one year prior to bankruptcy. The Enron and Arthur Andersen failures in late 2001 and early 2002, respectively, led to the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in July 2002. Audit firms now claim that they have become much more conservative with respect to client retention and acceptance decisions because the risks associated with auditing increased significantly after the enactment of the SOX. The primary purpose of this study is to provide a basis for a proper evaluation of auditors’ performance. We conducted performance comparisons between the pre- and post-SOX periods. Although auditors are now expected to use a more vigorous audit process in deciding whether to issue going-concern or other qualified opinions to financially distressed firms, our preliminary results show that there is no significant difference between the two periods. Key words: Audit Decision, Going-Concern, Opinion, Z-score, Industry Failure Rate The Effect of Sarbanes Oxley, Page 1 Journal of Finance and Accountancy INTRODUCTION The Enron and Arthur Andersen failures...
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...to underestimate your legal responsibility as a non-executive director to prepare accounts that give a true and fair view and that comply with the law and accounting standards. Following are the three issues in Financial Reporting which I consider are significant: 1. Going Concern - the continuing challenge The going concern assumption is a fundamental principle that underlies the preparation of the vast majority of financial reports. A company is a going concern when it is considered to be able to pay its debts as and when they are due, and continue in operation without any intention or necessity to liquidate or otherwise wind up its operations for at least the next 12 months. The continuing difficult economic conditions mean that the assumption that the business is a going concern may not be clear-cut in some cases and directors may need to make careful judgements relating to going concern. Directors need to ensure that it is reasonable for them to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis. Where directors are aware, in making their going concern assessment, of material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt upon the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. To minimise the risk involved with going concern, when...
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...to fix their situation. b. After the auditor determines that substantial doubt exists about the client’s ability to continue as a going-concern, he should talk to management about what they plan on doing about it and how effective their plan will be if they can even be implemented. c. The auditor should focus on elements of management’s plan that would play a significant role in overcoming the adverse conditions causing the going-concern. Not only should the auditor look for these specific elements of management’s plan, but he should also consider how accurate management’s assertions about the effectiveness of their plan will be. For example, if the plan is to sell assets, the auditor should consider the marketability of the asset and what the company will likely get for its disposition. d. If the auditor still doubts the company’s ability to continue as a going-concern, he is to put an explanatory paragraph after the opinion paragraph using the words “substantial doubt” and “going concern”. e. If, after reviewing management’s plans, the auditor does not believe there is substantial doubt, he should consider a disclosure that states the conditions that made him think there was a going-concern problem in the first place. 3. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note X to the financial statements, the...
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...Abstract This paper focuses on the modifications and opinions of an audit report. An audit report is a crucial part in the auditing process. It is a guide for users of the financial information. Auditors issue opinions on the financial statements based on certain criteria. The main thing is if the financial statements are presented in accordance to GAAP. Also, modifications can occur after the opinion is issued. Modifications vary depending on the issue at hand. Changes in principles or a report involving other auditors are a few. More will be addressed in the paper. An audit report is different is many ways. Even for one company, the audit report may not be the same every year. Modifications and Opinions in Audit Reports Every publicly traded company gets audited. Pop Iuliana (2012) says, “The purpose of an audit is to improve the degree of trust of the users across the financial situations” (p.454). Companies must present their financial statements in accordance to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The final stage of an audit is writing an audit report. An audit report “expresses an opinion over the audited financial situations so that any user of this information is able to take decisions based on it” (Iuliana, 2012, p. 453). A standard audit report contains eight parts. The eight parts are report title, audit report address, introductory paragraph, management’s responsibility, auditor’s responsibility, opinion...
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