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Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company

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| Case B | Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company |

Case B | Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company |

II-1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM AREA
Goodyear and Rubber Company wees in 1989 een aanbod van Sears af om hun populaire Eagle Brand tire te verkopen binnen hun zaken. Het bedrijf leed in 1990 een verlies van 38 miljoen, na het aanstellen van een nieuw management top binnen het bedrijf in 1991 wordt het aanbod van Sears heroverwogen in 1992.
II- 2. EXTERNAL SITUATION ANALYSIS
In deze case gaat het om de bandenindustrie. Het is een wereldwijde markt en de deelnemende bedrijven ontwerpen, produceren en adverteren hun producten dan ook op wereldwijd niveau. De totale markt bedroeg in 1991 ongeveer 850 miljoen banden waarvan 29 procent werd geproduceerd in Noord-Amerika, 28 procent in Azië en 23 procent in West-Europa. Er zijn tien bandenproducenten die samen 75 procent van de wereldproductie produceren. De drie grootste bedrijven op de markt hebben samen bijna een marktaandeel van 60 procent van de totale markt. Groupe Michelin (met het hoofdkwartier in Frankrijk) is de grootste en verkoopt de merken Michelin, Uniroyal en BF Goodrich brands. Goodyear is de op een na grootste en verkoopt onder andere de merken Goodyear, Kelly-Springfield, Lee en Douglas. Het derde grootste bedrijf is een Japans bedrijf, Bridge-stone Corporation, welke met name de merken Bridgestone en Firestone verkoopt.
De bandenindustrie is onderverdeeld in twee marktsegmenten, namelijk de ‘original equipment tire market’ en de ‘replacement tire market’. Hieronder wordt het eerste segment besproken. Original equipment banden worden door bandenproducenten direct verkocht aan auto- en vrachtwagenproducenten. Dit marktsegment bedraagt ongeveer 25 tot dertig procent van de totale bandenproductie van elk jaar. Het bedrijf Goodyear is de marktleider van dit segment met 38 procent in 1991. Het gedrag van de afnemers van de original equipment banden is samengevat in onderstaande tabel. Tevens is daar het aandeel van de concurrenten in te zien: Firestone, Michelin en Uniroyal Goodrich zijn in dit segment de grootste concurrenten.

De vraag naar ‘original equipment tire’ over het algemeen is inelastisch doordat de bandenproductie direct verband houdt met de productie van auto’s en vrachtwagens. De vraag naar een bepaald merk banden is echter elastisch omdat de afnemer makkelijk kan switchen naar een ander merk met een lagere prijs. Dit marktsegment was minder winstgevend dan het segment ‘replacement tire market’. De bandenproducenten vinden dit segment toch belangrijk, al dan niet op strategisch niveau: Ten eerste profiteren ze van de productie op grote schaal en ten tweede denken ze dat wanneer eigenaren van vrachtwagens en auto’s de originele uitrusting moeten vervangen, deze zullen kiezen voor hetzelfde merk banden die de wagen in eerste instantie had als ze tevreden waren over dat merk. Het tweede marktsegment is zoals gezegd de ‘replacement tire market’. Deze markt bedraagt zeventig tot 75 procent van de jaarlijkse verkoop van banden. De jaarlijkse verkoop hiervan is voor 75 procent voor personenauto’s. De vraag in dit segment hangt af van het gemiddeld aantal miles gereden per voertuig: elke toename/afname van gemiddeld 100 miles per voertuig geeft een toename/afname te zien van één miljoen exemplaren. De levensduur van een band is tussen de 25.000 en 35.000 miles. Doordat banden steeds langer meegaan was er geen toename van wereldwijde leveringen. In dit segment is Goodyear de marktleider. Om nieuwe typen banden te introduceren, hun merk te promoten en klanten naar hun ‘retail dealers’ te krijgen adverteren de grootste bandenproducenten vaak via televisie of gedrukte media. In onderstaande tabel is te zien hoe groot het marktaandeel van de concurrenten is. Goodyear heeft de meeste ‘retail points of sale’, namelijk bijna 8000. Hierna volgt Michelin met de merken Michelin, Goodrich en Uniroyal.

De retail bandenmarkt was over het algemeen heel erg competitief. Retailers adverteerden veel in kranten, op televisie en op billboards om hun marktaandeel stabiel te houden. Prijs speelde in de concurrentie de belangrijkste rol.
Sinds ongeveer 1975 zijn de winstmarges van de banden retailers onder zware druk komen te staan van concurrentie. Daarom zijn veel bandendealers gaan uitbreiden, bijvoorbeeld met auto’s repareren en de verkoop van autoaccessoires. Sommige probeerden zelfs ‘total car care centers’ te worden. Auto Service werk was aantrekkelijk omdat hier de winstmarges veel hoger in waren.
II-3. INTERNAL SITUATION ANALYSIS
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company werd in 1898 opgericht door F.A. Seiberling in Akron Ohio. Goodyear specialiseert in het ontwerpen, maken en de distributie van banden voor automobielindustrie. In 1916 waren ze de grootste fabrikant wereldwijd, een plek die ze behielden tot 1990. In 1991 waren de banden en tire tubes 83 procent (10.9 biljoen) van corporate sales. Wereldwijd waren de corporate sales dat jaar 96.6 miljoen.
Het bedrijf is ook in het bezit van kelly-Springfield Tire Company, Lee Tire and Rubber Company en Delta Tire. Ook produceert het prive-label banden. Goodyear is in bezit van 20 tot 25 procent van banden productie wereldwijd en 37 procent van de productie capaciteit binnen de Verenigde Staten. Verkoop buiten de Verenigde Staten zorgt voor 42 procent van de omzet binnen het bedrijf.
Tussen 1789 en 1991 had Goodyear te maken met een verlies van 3.2 procent marktaandeel voor de vervangingsaankoop op personenwagens in de Verenigde Staten. Dit is omgerekend naar een verlies van 4.9 miljoen band units. Ook bleken oude Goodyear banden bij Sears vaak ingewisseld te worden voor nieuwe van een ander merk.
Goodyear heeft op het moment 12 merken onder hun naam staan van zowel personenauto’s en vrachtwagen banden. De banden variëren van laag geprijsd tot duur waaronder ook speciale hoge snelheid banden voor een Corvette. Ze maken premium kwaliteit banden waardoor de meeste prijzen hoger liggen. Banden zijn heel prijselastisch wat betekend dat klanten makkelijk overgaan naar een ander merk.
Ongeveer 60 procent van verkoop vind plaats binnen vervangingsaankoop en 40 procent binnen verkoop van originele uitrusting. Goodyear heeft in Noord-Amerika en Latijns-Amerika het grootste marktaandeel. In Azië staan ze op de tweede plek, en binnen Europa als derde. Goodyear behaald wereldwijd de tweede plek als het gaat om marktaandeel. Het bedrijf beheerd 44 productiefabrieken en 7 rubberplantages binnen 28 landen.
Goodyear produceert banden voor bijna elk type voertuig. Het heeft de breedste lijn producten binnen de markt. Het merk is een van de bekendste merknamen in de wereld. Ondanks dat hun prijs als premium wordt verkocht hebben ze ook een lijn lichter geprijsde artikelen (zoals Decathlon en T-Metric).
Goodyear is een van de grootste nationale adverteerders binnen de Verenigde Staten. Goodyear voert vaak promotie via evenementen zoals autoraces. Via reclame neemt het bedrijf een positie in als hoge kwaliteit banden producent en leverancier. Goodyear heeft binnen de Verenigde Staten het grootste bereik als het gaat om ‘retail points of sale’, 7964 exact. Wereldwijd zijn dat er 25000. Het grootste deel hiervan bestaat uit service punten beheerd door het bedrijf of een franchise verkooppunt. Een goede verhouding met het retail netwerk en de verkoop die hieruit volgt is een bewuste marktstrategie van Goodyear. Promotie van Goodyear gaat via hun eigen netwerk van verkopers/vertegenwoordigers, ook speelt tv reclame een grote rol in de promotie.
II-4. S.W.O.T. ANALYSE
In onderstaande figuur is de SWOT-analyse te zien, waarin de sterke en zwakke punten worden getoond, evenals de kansen en bedreigingen.

II-5. PROBLEEM DEFINITIE
Het probleem is dat het marktaandeel van vervangingsbanden krimpt, en 2 miljoen banden zijn vervangen door concurrent Sears. Ook gaat de herhalingsaankoop van banden steeds verder naar beneden. De vraag die moet worden beantwoord is of Goodyear het voorstel van Sears moet accepteren en zijn distributiekanaal aan te passen. Hierbij moet in overweging worden genomen dat de bandenmarkt heel elastisch is, loyaliteit binnen het distributienetwerk( verbonden met verkoop) kan vervallen, kannibalisatie kan optreden als het Sears aanbod wordt aangenomen (nieuwe verkoop gaat ten koste van oude productassortiment bij huidige dealers) en er sterke concurrentie binnen de markt altijd op de loer blijft.
Bij de beslissing moet ook het koopgedrag van klanten (zowel initiële koop en herhalingskoop), de trends binnen de markt en promotiekosten een overweging zijn.

II-6/7/8. VERKLARING VAN ALTERNATIEVEN: VOOR- EN NADELEN
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Het bod van Sears accepteren ( alleen Eagle brand) VOORDELEN | NADELEN | * Betere distributie betekent meer sales en naamsbekendheid | * Negatief geluid vanuit huidge relaties en merkgebonden dealers (franchise) | * Het verloren marktaandeel kan weer worden teruggepakt | * Geen garantie op verkoop bij Sears | * Sears helpt in het terugpakken van het marktaandeel i.p.v. het weg te nemen (voordelig voor hun verkoop) | * Verkoop binnen Sears kan ten koste gaan van andere verkooppunten (kannibalisatie) | * Promotie kosten kunnen in handen gelegd worden van Sears | * Grote veranderingen doorvoeren binnen distributiebeleid |

Wanneer Goodyear het bod van Sears accepteert, is de berekening als volgt;
De totale verkoop van vervangingsbanden in de VS bedraagt momenteel 155.400.000 stuks. Het marktaandeel van Goodyear is hier 16% (15%+11%+23%/3), wat neerkomt op 24.864.000 banden. Met een potentiele groei van verkoop bij Sears zou dit oplopen tot 26.864.000. De gemiddelde prijs per band bedraagt $150, wat neerkomt op $4.029.600.000. Hier gaat de marge van de dealer nog af van gemiddeld 37.5%. De opbrengst van 2 miljoen banden is $300.000.000, dus de marge voor de dealer bedraagt $112.500.000. Wanneer we dit aftrekken van de totale verkoop, zien we dat deze $3.917.100.000 bedraagt.
Het verschil tussen alternatief 1 en 2 is $187.500.000. Het is dus financieel gezien verstandiger om het bod aan te nemen.

-------------------------------------------------
Het bod van Sears afwijzen VOORDELEN | NADELEN | * Behoud van een goede relatie met huidige dealers | * Het huidige verlies blijft, en kan groeien | * Geen afname aan naamskwaliteit door verkoop via grote merchandicer | * Verloren kans om het distributienetwerk te vergroten | | * Concurrenten kunnen het marktdeel dat Sears bediend overnemen. |

De berekening voor wanneer Goodyear het bod van Sears afwijst is als volgt;
Goodyear verkoopt, zoals eerder aangegeven, 24.864.000 banden. Met een verkoopprijs van gemiddeld $150, bedraagt de omzet $3.729.600.000 wanneer het bod wordt afgewezen.

-------------------------------------------------
Het bod van Sears accepteren (alle merken verkopen) VOORDELEN | NADELEN | * Promotie kosten kunnen in handen gelegd worden van Sears | * Breuk loyaliteit Goodyear franchise netwerk (2500 dealers) | * Betere distributie betekent meer sales en naamsbekendheid | * Kannibalisatie (nieuwe verkoop gaat ten koste van oude productassortiment) | * Het verloren marktaandeel kan weer worden teruggepakt (herhalingsaankoop) | * Breed aanbod bij grote merchandiser kan tot verwarring bij klanten zorgen | * Sears helpt in het terugpakken van het marktaandeel i.p.v. het weg te nemen (voordelig voor hun verkoop) | |

-------------------------------------------------
Het bod van Sears accepteren en exclusief merk aanbieden (met eigen dealer) VOORDELEN | NADELEN | * Promotie kosten kunnen in handen gelegd worden van Sears | * Exclusief merkenverkoop zal binnen de huidige franchise dealers niet goed vallen | * Betere distributie betekent meer sales en naamsbekendheid | * Als het exclusieve merk niet goed loopt bij Sears dan kun je niet terug vallen op verkoop bij de Franchise dealers en eigen dealers | * Het verloren marktaandeel kan weer worden teruggepakt (herhalingsaankoop) | * Exclusief merk zal kwaliteit gebonden hoger in prijs uitvallen (complimenteert koopgedrag klanten binnen Sears niet) | * Eigen dealer zorgt voor specifieke kennis over een band waardoor mensen meer op maat geholpen worden (duurdere band overwegen) | * |

II-11 DECISION IMPLEMENTATION
Het plan is om het bod van Sears aan te nemen en ons distributiekanaal aan te passen. Via de bandenverkoop van Sears zal ons verkoop en omzet toenemen. Sears is ook in betere staat om de herhalingsaankoop van banden terug te nemen, een markt die Goodyear momenteel niet goed aanpakt. Sears is een grote speler op deze markt en kan dus de omzet binnen deze sector verhogen.
Er wordt voor gekozen om alleen het populaire merk ‘Eagle’ via Sears te verkopen om grote problemen met franchise dealers van Goodyear te voorkomen. Via deze weg zal Goodyear het aandeel herhalingsaankoop kunnen terugwinnen zonder loyaliteit te verliezen bij hun franchise distributienetwerk die bestaat uit 2500 dealers. Ook is een marketingstrategie van het bedrijf om via loyale servicepunten hun kwaliteitsbanden aan te bieden, dit moet niet verloren worden.
Promotie valt in de handen van Sears waardoor Goodyear zich kan richten op andere promotie kanalen voor de rest van hun producten. Een eigen vertegenwoordiger meesturen met het bandenmerk kan een overweging blijven voor hoger management maar speelt verder geen overheersende rol in onze keuze.

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