The Reform and Opening up Policy As we know, China turned to the worst of the recession in 1970s after 10 years’ turmoil. At that time, industry and agriculture were stagnating, economy framework was serious imbalance, both urban and rural residents were poor. If China still did not change new policies, we would not have chances to recover economy. In this case, a leader whose name is Deng-Xiaoping launched a new policy called Reform and Opening up Policy in 1978. In his opinion, this policy can help other countries have more understanding of China, because it is the premise of modernization. After World War II, the theme of time changed from revolution and war to peace and development. The reason is developing globalization. In this process, different countries turned to all in one. From the perspective of developed countries, they need to find a way out of their investment, capital, and market. If they did not solve this problem, their development would be limited. From the perspective of developing countries, if those countries continued close and did not developing market economy, they would indefinitely poor, the gap between them and developed countries would widened. Reform and Opening up Policy, is designed by Deng Xiaoping at the end of 1978, is a policy containing several aspects of reforms as well as measures to open up to other countries in the world. It was first put forward on the Third Plenary Session of the CPC 11th in 1978, aimed to primarily at the revival of the national economy. China had just got out from the shadow of the Cultural Revolution then, and everything needed repairing. Meanwhile, after some economic constructions from 1949 to 1977, China had stepped into a new phase of development, so Reform and the Opening-up Policy was proposed. Many of our achievements in the last 30 years can be attributed to this policy whose influence has lasted into the present day. Therefore, Reform and the Opening-up Policy is the greatest policy in contemporary China. China has a huge market, cheaper labor resources and natural resources, this is our advantage in globalization. Only if we open our market, we can get advanced technique, management experiences, sources and other favorable conditions. Besides, plus our effort then our country can accelerate developing, and catch the goal of socialist modernization. Chance and challenge are always together, so when we enjoy getting many chances from globalization, we also need to face challenges from it. We cannot divide these, because these are two aspects of contradiction. The details of policy are: Firstly, focus on application of new technology, then push industry develop. Developing countries had already lost 3 times of scientific and technological revolution, when facing the 4th chance, we need do all we can to catch up. Secondly, pay attention to the institution. If there is no good system support, It is impossible to get sustainable development. So this is an important element to judge whether country has advantage position or not. Thirdly, focus on the introduction of technology applications. Through this introductions drive technological development and make innovations. Of course, the goal of introduce production from other countries is to innovate new things by our hands, then promote the level of technology improvement. In this case, we can see the influences which Reform and Opening up Policy bring. There are including four aspects: Firstly, it is safe to state that Reform and Opening up Policy has led to the development of national politics. Some political institutions have been enhanced or recovered. For example, the People’s Representative Conference System has passed several laws such as Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law and the Organic Law of the People’s Procuratorates to restore the rights of people’s representatives, which are rights of supervision, rights of proposal and the right to address questions. Besides, the election system has been improved. In present China, most of Chinese citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and stand for election. Also, the elements of voters are more, from voters in towns to those in cities. In terms of the improvement of candidate’s equality, the Regional National Autonomy System should never be ignored, which has given minorities an independent management atmosphere. Under such a system, many civilian who live in border also can decide their matters flexibly and national harmony remains the main stream in the last 30 years in spite of some national conflicts. Lastly, the construction of anti-corruption institution should be mentioned. It seems in many countries that corruption always follows prosperity, so as in China. However, thanks to Reform and the Opening-up Policy, a great amount of corruption has been punished. According to some true reports, the government has finished over 100 thousands cases of corrption in 10 years while has convicted 100 thousands criminals in 5 years. The policy has truly accelerated the process of anti-corruption. Democratic politics has also benefited from Reform and Opening up Policy, such as Internet owners and women’s role in politics. As for Internet democracy, the Internet offers civilian a huge place to participate in politics. On the one hand, the enthusiasm of get involved in the Internet can gather people’s opinions together, which has provided realistic materials for political input. On the other hand, the Internet makes people’s feedback from the political system possible. The advantages of the policy are also revealed in women’s political participation. The second major effect of Reform and Opening up Policy is that it brings economic development. Actually, the general policy can be divided into two parts, innovation and opening up. Reform includes changes of economic systems in cities and an institution called Family Output-Related Contract Operation in villages. The economy is a prime issue in the development of a country, especially for China 30 years ago, so one can imagine the significance of these two reforms to the Chinese economy. The establishment of Family Output-Related Contract Operation should arouse farmers’ enthusiasm for agricultural production by setting up farmers’ dominant role in agricultural production and giving them certain contracting and operating rights to rural land. Honestly speaking, to enlarge company autonomy in management uses the same principle. With such reform, the efficiency of companies is enhanced greatly. For example, a company in Shanghai 30 years ago chose relation management with another company, resulting in an increased profit and enlarged market. In 1988, Deng Xiaoping proposed to form several special economic zones, which afterwards came to be Xiamen, Zhuhai, Hainan, Shenzhen and Shantou. This has led to an improved connection between these cities and the international market. Shenzhen is a typical example, changing from a little village into today’s international city, due to the Opening up Policy. What’s more, China’s increase to the WTO in 2001 made it begin to play an essential part in the world’s trade area. To be brief, since economic reform commenced in 1978, the Chinese economy has experienced remarkable growth. The growth rate of GDP has averaged 8% per year over the thirty-year period from 1978-2007. Over the years 2000-2007, the equal figure was 9%, and China accounted for about 35% of the growth in world GDP. For a major country like China, accounting for more than one-fifth of world population, such rapid progress is unprecedented. It is all the more remarkable in the light of China’s poverty, over 300 million people have been lifted out of one-dollar-a-day poverty since 1978. Besides, people’s living standards in both cities and villages have been greatly heightened. For instance, Engel’s Coefficient in cities of Xi’an pronvince has decreased from 530% in 1980 to less than 40% in present days, implying that most people spend more money besides food at present. Also, the average income of farmer has increased from 170 yuan in 1985 to 2700 yuan in 2007, behind which existed some favourable changes of people’s consumption concepts. All these economic developments have much to do with Reform and the Opening up Policy. The Cultural achievement of a country is being increasing. The third reason why Reform and Opening up Policy is the greatest policy in contemporary China is that it has brought cultural development. The thirty years after the policy is one of the most stable and flourishing stages of cultural development in Modern China. Firstly, many kinds of cultural works such as the Beijing Opera, the Tibet Opera, etc. are encouraged in many cultural activities. Besides, the public cultural service is completed. Theaters and museums are available in most areas of China and the digital-library is becoming popular. What is more, the government is paying much attention to the protection of cultural legacy. Places of interest such as the Potala Palace and the Forbidden City are regularly being renovated. Meanwhile, the level of education in China is much more advanced. The educational scale of China is the largest in the world, with over 500 thousands schools around China as well as 260 million students in school. At present, China is still working to enlarge the scope of education and improve the level of education. Reform and Opening up Policy has a important effect on China. Its importance is shown in the political development, economic development and cultural development that follow. There is no other policy that can be compared with it in contemporary China. Environmental Problem is since the reform more industries were built up in China, especially in industrial districts such as Chongqing. Environmental problems have become one of the dominate problems in China within the last two decades or so. Rapid urban and industrial growth in China has led to serious environmental degradation. Before China opened to the world, the main industry in China was agriculture.In the last twenty years, during which science and technology grew rapidly, industrialization in China has intensified tremendously. However this growth put a huge weight on the environment and worsened pollution unimaginably. Five of the world's ten most polluted cities are in China and the pollutant level is 2-5 times above the World Health Organization's guidelines for safe exposure.
Finally, since the economy took off, people own more and more cars, especially in the coastal cities. These cars emitted about ten to fifteen percent more exhaust than the American cars. Also, the fuel being used is much poorer in quality than other developed countries. As the number of cars has increased quickly, the gas station will also increase. Therefore, these activities will produce an even larger amount of air pollution, increasing emissions of carbon, hydrocarbon, ozone and particulates. Furthermore, excess industrialization will worsen air pollution and water pollution as well. The majority of the 50,000km of China's major rivers are so polluted that 80 percent no longer contain fish. Deforestation is another serious environmental problem in China. The need for China to build more basic infrastructure such as roads and highways to keep up with the economic pace, combined with the ever increasing demand and consumption of raw materials have greatly contracted the size of forests. Serious deforestation could lead to desertification. China's State Forestry Administration mentioned in 1999 that desert increases on average of 10 thousand km per year in China Economic expansion brought on by the policy causes serious implications for the environment that needs to be thought out and dealt with in an effective and efficient manner. All in all, the time of globalization’s coming lets many different join in a framework of entirety, no country can have a high develop speed by provide for itself. There are about 80 years after Reform and Opening up Policy. This socialist modernization drives great achievement according to facts. In this case we can find, we cannot do development without world, so using this policy to open our country and focus on introduction of technology applications is a correct way to develop. In 21 century, we need continue improve the level and degree of opening to the outside world, in this case our people will creat more and more advanced products and let our country develop faster to become a true developed country.

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