...considered to be one of the most influential linguists of the 20th Century. His work, 'Cours de Linguistique Generale, mentioned in when is syntax studied, is one of his best known works, compiled after his death. Which is generally thought to be the start 'structural linguistics'. Viggo Brondal (1887-1942) Viggo Brondal, a Danish Philologist, alongsde Louis Hjemslev founded the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen. Hjemslev also went on to found the journal 'Acta Linguistica' in 1939. Noam Chomsky born 1928 As noted, Chomsky has been responsible for countless syntax theories and influential work over the years. These include Universal Grammar, Transformational Grammar, Generative Grammar and many of its developments. His book 'Syntactic Structures', first published in 1957 is known to lay down the foundations for transformational grammar Roy Harris (born 1931) Roy Harris is currently the professor...
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...Valerie Drake Advanced Grammar Paper So you think you wanna be a grammar Nazi? Our ability to effectively communicate through language can be the way in which we are deemed worthy in society. If perhaps you meet someone who doesn't use correct grammar, it is easy to assume that person is not well educated, and lacks the skills to explain themselves with intelligence. There is a stigma against those of us in the world who do not speak “proper English”, those who do not understand the rules of grammar, and put words together in ways that may be displeasing to the ear. It is especially unfortunate for those folks who do not necessarily understand the rules of grammar to run into, or be friends with a grammar Nazi. We all have that one friend, or teacher who at any slip of the tongue, misspoken phrase, or miss use of tense will stop you mid sentence to correct your grammar. Not only will they stop you while speaking, but they will also take the time to point out grammatical mistakes on social media, and if your friend happens to be a true grammar Nazi, he or she may even have something not so nice to say about shortening words in texts, and not accept any excuse for failing to type your instead of you're, making sure to point it out each and every time the crime is committed. To a grammar nazi there is nothing worse than ending a sentence with a preposition, or god forbid, forgetting the difference between two, to, and too. Oh the...
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...What is grammar?, a question that seems plain to answer until somebody asks it. Dictionaries usually say something like the rules in a language for changing the form of words and combining them into sentences(Oxford dictionary). This is seriously insufficient; grammar does many things besides sentence-building. The definition also says nothing about the reasons why we need such rules; as if one defined a train as a ‘large vehicle’, without mentioning its use for public transport ( Michael swan, 2008) . For linguists, grammar is a fixed set of words and rules of usage. They consider "good" grammar is synonymous with prestige forms of the language. Therefore, Eugene. J. Hill defines grammar as a description of certain organizing...
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...|Entrance Vocabulary |Most frequently vocabulary | |Listening |Cluster sounds |Listening Exercises | |Speaking |Cluster sounds |Practice Pronunciation | |Writing |Spelling rules |Word spelling | |Vocabulary |Entrance Vocabulary |Most frequently vocabulary | |Grammar...
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...Handy Handouts ® Free, educational handouts for teachers and parents* Number 294 Parts of Speech ( That’s a Noun!) by Rynette R. Kjesbo, M.S., CCC-SLP What Are “Parts of Speech?” Every word in the English language can be put into a category based on the function of the word in a sentence. The categories that words are put in are “parts of speech” or “word classes.” Knowing the parts of speech and their purpose helps us to understand sentences and create sentences that make sense. What Are the Different Parts of Speech? There are eight main parts of speech. They are represented in the following example: “Uh-oh! Sara pulled the jammed switch forcefully and it broke off in her hand!” • Noun – A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be proper nouns or common nouns. A proper noun refers to a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. A common noun refers to a general person, place, or thing. “Sara,” “switch,” and “hand” are the nouns in our example sentence. “Sara” is a proper noun because it refers to a specific person. Other examples of nouns include David (proper noun), sister, Vermont (another proper noun), store, truck, and pen. • Pronoun – A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Pronouns typically refer back to nouns that are mentioned earlier. In our example sentence, “it” takes the place of “switch,” while “her” refers to “Sara.” Other examples of pronouns include me, him, our, I, you, and they...
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...Fransiska Farah Pikoli (4-C) 321413101 Speaking Task: Mini Research “Social Media as a Tool to Improve Writing Skill” INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic Consideration Social media is a websites and applications that enable users to create and share content like information, ideas, and personal messages or to participate in social networking. In this era, social media has dominate the lifetime of people. Start from student from junior high school until parents have their own account on social media. We are as a human have a desire to show our emotions through words. And by the social media we can communicate with the foreign people. It is impossible to use our language to communicate in that extra-large area of community. So that we have to write in English, as a world language that can be understand by that foreign people. It will be a self-improvement especially in writing skill, because we write many of words in English and it is repeatedly day by day. And from this phenomena it says that slowly a Social Media can improve our writing skill. Based on this consideration, then I am interested on analyzing mini research “Social Media as a Tool to Improve Writing Skill” 1.2 Research Questions 1. How social media can improve writing skill? 1.3 The Objective of Research In general, this mini research is done to show people opinion about social media as a self-improvement. In specific, this mini research done to explain how social media can be a tool to improve people...
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...is a program that lets a person type out a document. For example, when I was in grade school, we had our own computer literacy class that taught us about different programs on the computer, including Microsoft Word. There are certain sections in this program that offer help to the person writing their document. These sections include, “Spelling and Grammar”, “Theasurus”, “Dictionary”, and “Auto Correct”. We were told to not use “Spelling and Grammar” because it does not always is correct. They always wanted use to proof read with our own eyes and see our mistakes. As much as I thought that was terrible, in the end, it has shown me to keep my eye out for my mistakes. All of the sections in Word are to help the writer in every possible way. I refuse to use the “Spelling and Grammar” choice is because the terms might not always be correct. For instance, if a person writes this sentence, “I am going their tomorrow.” Word will not see that “their” is the correct word but not the correct spelling. When showing that Word does not pick up on Homonyms, this can lead to mistakes on that document. This can also lead to laziness for the writer if they do not care to even see if the sentence is correct in spelling and grammar. I think this can be hard to avoid this section in Microsoft Word in a school setting. The student could be writing a paper and instead of proof reading with their own eyes they could just use the “Spelling and Grammar” to correct what may be wrong. ...
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...Jusmin Rosette M. Pasia ICT IV-A I. 1. Phrase Structure Rules are a way to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar - except in computer science, where it is known as just a grammar, usually context-free. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation and a grammar that employs phrase structures rules is therefore a constituency grammar and as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars, which are based on the dependency relation. Phrase structure rules are usually of the following form: meaning that the constituent is separated into the two subconstituents and . Some further examples for English are as follows: The first rule reads: An S (sentence) consists of an NP (noun phrase) followed by a VP (verb phrase). The second rule reads: A noun phrase consists of a Det (determiner) followed by an N (noun). Some further categories are listed here: AP (adjective phrase), AdvP (adverb phrase), PP (prepositional phrase), etc. Specific notations for writing phrase structure rules can be identified in the third rule. The round brackets around AP and PP indicate that these constituents...
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... Title: Effects of Different Types of Dictation Practice on Immediate and Delayed Performance on Tests of Present Tense “To Be” Verbs and Indefinite Articles Journal: Iranian Journal of Teaching English as a Foreign Language and Literature, Vol. 2, No. 3. 2010 Introduction The role of grammar in language instruction has been an issue of great controversy. In the early parts of the twentieth century grammar teaching was so fundamental in language instruction that the other aspects of language learning were either overlooked or de-mphasized. In the past, grammar teaching was considered as the presentation and practice of discrete grammatical structures. The present study investigated the effects of three types of dictation practice (standard dictation, dicto-comp, and dictogloss) on elementary EFL learners' immediate and delayed performance on tests of present tense to be verbs and indefinite articles in English. A. Statement of the Problem: * Will the effects of the standard type of dictation between its immediate and delayed effects on acquisition of grammatical knowledge be different to that of the effects of dicto-comp dictation and dicto-gloss dictation when it is measured by performance on multiple-choice tests? B. Hypothesis: * Empirical Hypothesis: * If students score higher when subjected to the standard type of dictation than that of those under dicto-comp dictation, than those under dictogloss type of dictation then the Standard...
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...single best way to teach the English language but there are many ways to do. And it is the main role of the teacher to become flexible enough in applying various techniques in developing the level of competency of the learners. Moreover, grammar is the essentials of language. The means to say that in order to learn the English language, a learner must know when to use a certain tense, word form, knowing how to explain and apply the rule and the right expression. Consequently, teaching English grammar is tricky as there are just so many exceptions to rules, irregularities of word forms, and other that even if you do know your grammar rules, you are probably going o need some help hen providing explanations (http://esl.about.com). Accordingly, the study of grammar began with the ancient Greeks, who engaged in philosophical speculation about language and described language structure. This grammatical tradition was passed on to the romans, who translated the greek names for the past of speech and grammatical endings into latin; many of this terms (nominative, accusative, dative) are still found in modern grammars, but the Greeks and romans were unable to determine how language are related. This problem spurred the development of comparative grammar, which becomes the dominant approach to linguistic science in the 19th century (Microsoft Encarta,...
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...Services Guide to Proofreading What is Proofreading? Proofreading involves checking the content and appearance of your written work: looking for errors in typing, spelling and grammar, and ensuring that it is presented in a style that meets the requirements of a module or course. Proofreading is a skill that requires time, but the more you practice the quicker and easier it will become to spot any corrections that need to be made. Why is Proofreading important? Proofreading is an essential final stage of the essay writing process which should not be overlooked as a poorly presented piece of work can lose marks. After the effort of finding information and writing the essay, don’t lose marks by submitting a work spoiled by spelling and grammatical errors, or that does not adhere to your module’s requirements. A well-presented essay indicates to your tutor that you care about your work. Areas to check: Proofreading can be time-consuming and it is easy to underestimate the time required. It is a good idea to build in time for proofreading into your assignment plan. It is especially important that you follow any module requirements regarding referencing, line spacing, paragraph indentation, and margins, and that these are observed consistently and continuously. Checklist: Grammar | | check | spelling | Don’t rely on the spellchecker in Word - this won’t pick up “typos” as from/form or been/bean. Use a dictionary to check spellings - don’t guess at a spelling...
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...express oneself by speaking individually, or in a discussion. read with comprehension drawing information directly or by inference from the text, through an understanding of grammar and structure, vocabulary and idiom. employ a variety of skills in writing : within a framework, using argument or imagination or note making and summarizing. • • use the English language for the purpose of study and social and cultural interaction. speak and write clearly and to the purpose, using appropriate grammar, vocabulary and idiom. Aims (Prescribed Texts) 1. To enjoy and appreciate literature through a critical study of selected literary works. 2. Through the study of literature: • • • approach an understanding of humanity. develop an interest in the thought and culture of the peoples of the world. develop the power of expression and a sense of aesthetic values. • CLASSES XI & XII There will be two papers as follows: Paper 1: English Language (3 hours) – 100 marks Paper 2: Prescribed Textbooks (3 hours) – 100 marks Paper 1: English Language (3 hours) Question One: A composition on one of a number of subjects. ...30 Marks Question Two: Directed writing (an article, a book/film review, speech and report writing or personal profile) based on suggested points...20 Marks Question Three: Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure and usage. ...20 Marks Question Four: Comprehension. ...30 Marks It is recommended that in Paper 1 about 50 minutes should be spent on Question one, 40 minutes...
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...Improve writing I realised that I had to improve my understanding of grammar in order to write for college. Before i came to college, grammar was not my strong point. For example, I often created run on sentence or sentence fragments, I was more concerned with what I wanted to say than with how it was said. In fact, my professors would not accept this type of writing and made me revise many times. Consequently, I made my grammar my second priority. I reviewed the basic grammatical structures such as subjects and verbs and checked all my works for verb tense consistency and punctuation. As a result, my sentences became more complex because I included transitional words, gerunds, and embedded clauses. The more I wrote, the more my writing improved. the more my writing improved. Furthermore, because I was accustomed to writing letters and informal essays, I usually wrote the way I spoke with my family and friends. It was quite common for me to include slang and abbreviated terms, which were appropriate in social contexts but were unacceptable in formal essays. I soon realised that academic writing required a much more sophisticated vocabulary. Not surprisingly, improving my vocabulary became my third and final goal. Thus, I bought a new dictionary and thesaurus to help expand my knowledge. I became more aware of how often I repeated the same words and phrases throughout my essay. I often searched for synonyms to replace words that i thought were too simple for a college essay...
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...广东外语外贸大学 商务英语本科学位论文 ( 2007 届 ) 论文题目 The Grammatical Features in English Business （英文） Correspondence 论文题目 商务函电英语的语法特点 （中文） 继教（公开）学院 商务英语 自考 The grammatical Features in English Business Correspondence Abstract: As a variety of English, English of business correspondence has its unique grammatical features. This paper discusses the grammatical features in English business correspondence from sentence types, sentence structures, the location of adverbial phrases, tense, aspect, subjunctive mood , compound words, modal verbs and passive voice. Key words: grammar; feature; business correspondence. 商务函电英语的语法特点 摘要: 商务函电英语作为一种有自己特点的英语，有其独特的语法特点。本文从句子类型、句子结构、状语的位置、时与体、虚拟语气、复合词、情态动词和被动语态八个方面探讨了商务函电英语的语法特点。 关键词：语法；特点；商务函电 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Sentence types of English of business correspondence 1 2.1 Declarative sentences 1 2.2 Imperative sentences 2 2.3 Interrogative sentences 2 3. Sentence structure of English of business correspondence 3 4. The locations of adverbials of English of business correspondence 4 5. The use of tense and aspect of English of business correspondence 5 6. The use of subjunctive mood of English of business correspondence 5 7. The extensive use of compound words of hereby category in English of business correspondence 6 8 The use of modal verb in English of business correspondence 7 9. The use of passive voice in English of business correspondence 7 ...
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...Student Sample English 111-72 A K. Schlene June 10, 2013 How the Internet Helped My Writing The internet is a breeding ground for information and education. However, it’s also a breeding ground for people who “typ leik di!!!1” I used to be one of those people. However, over time I slowly learned the difference between “Their” and “They’re” and that it was easy to just add an apostrophe to “I dont know” instead of typing “I dunno“ or “idk.“ This sort of metamorphosis transitioned from “text speak” a form of typing where “Are you with Mom?” could be turned into “r u w/ mom” with no sort of punctuation or capitalization, all the way to generally accepted grammar and spelling. For quite some time, I wandered around the internet interjecting my 12 year old opinions in text speak. Which often resulted in them telling me to basically shut up. I didn’t catch on, so I kept doing it for quite some time. Eventually, my “text speak” evolved into “1337 (Pronounced like the “lite” in “Elite“) speak.” In which some letters are replaced with numbers in a word, and intentional typos were born. “owned” became “pwned.” But for the most part, it can be made into a sort of legible sentence. However, like with text speak, it lacks capitalization unless they left caps lock on. In mild cases, the sentence “That guy just got his butt kicked” would become “That guy just got pwned. N00b.” And in extreme cases, the sentence “Pineapples are good for you” would become “p|/\/34pp135 R GUD...
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