...manufacturing process of pharmaceutical industry usually have products in the forms such as tablets, which is a complex multi-stage process under which the starting materials change their physical characteristics a number of times before the final dosage form is produced. Tablets have been made by granulation, a process that imparts two primary requisites to formulate: compactibility and fluidity. Both wet granulation and dry granulation (slugging and roll compaction) are used. Regardless of weather tablets are made by direct compression or granulation, the first step, milling and mixing, is the same; subsequent step differ. Numerous unit processes are involved in making tablets, including particle size reduction and sizing, blending, granulation, drying, compaction, and (frequently) coating. Various factors associated with these processes can seriously affect content uniformity, bioavailability, or stability. Figure.20. Various Unit Operation Sequences In Tablet Manufacturing Figure.21. Typical Manufacturing Process Of Tablet Table.22. Typical Unit Operation Involved In Wet Granulation, Dry Granulation And Direct Compression(13) WET GRANULATION | DRY GRANULATION | DIRECT COMPRESSION | 1. Milling and mixing of drugs and excipients | 1. Milling and mixing of drugs and excipients | 1. Milling and mixing of drugs and excipients | 2. Preparation of binder solution | 2. Compression into slugs or roll compaction | 2. Compression of tablet | 3. Wet ...
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...along with appropriate methodologies for safely viewing them. Three techniques are deployed to safely observe the sun. Further scope and interpretations of this experiment are also discussed. I. I NTRODUCTION Looking at the sun with naked eyes can be extremely dangerous, but with the right equipment, several interesting features of the sun can be revealed. Some of the notable features include sunspots, granulation and corona of the sun. To view the surface, three techniques are used. each has its own advantage. A. Surface features 1) Sun Spots : Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots on the surface. They correspond to concentrations of magnetic field that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots usually appear as pairs, with each spot having the opposite magnetic polarity of the other. 2) Granulation: The grainy appearance of the solar photosphere is produced by the tops of these convective cells and is called granulation. The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter. The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma. In addition to the visible appearance, which would be explained by convective...
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...Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology April 28, 2016 Chronic Inflammation and Wound Repair Mark A. Lerman, D.M.D. Associate Professor and Division Director of Oral Pathology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Inflammation • Introduction • Acute inflammation – Vascular changes – Cellular events – Hereditary defects • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue Repair Inflammation • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue repair – Cell and tissue regeneration – Scar formation – Factors influencing repair Chronic Inflammation • Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks-years) – Continuing inflammation – Tissue injury – Healing Chronic Inflammation • Characterized by – Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages – Tissue destruction – Repair Chronic Inflammation • Arises in setting of – Persistent infections • Treponema pallidum • Mycobacterium, viruses, and fungi – Immune-mediated disease • Hypersensitivity reactions • Autoimmune diseases – Prolonged exposure to toxins • Silica • Crystal Macrophages Dominant cells of chronic inflammation Tissue cells derived from blood monocytes Fusion of activated macrophages forms multinucleated giant cells Mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system) includes cells scattered in connective tissue, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)...
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...This new stroma begins to penetrate the wound space near four days after injury. The new blood vessels facilitate the entry into the wound on cells such as macrophages and fibroblasts. Macrophages provide growth factors that stimulate further angiogenesis and fibroplasia. Both PDGF and TGF-β stimulate fibroblast differentiation to produce base substance and collagen. Fibroblasts are the key players in the synthesis, deposition and remodelling of the extracellular matrix, which gives the wound strength and substance (Radek et al, 2005). Maturation phase The maturation phase usually begins 3 weeks after injury. This phase is characterized by the transition from granulation tissue to scar formation. Collagen deposition by fibroblasts continues for a prolonged period and gradually increases the tensile strength of the scar tissue The human wound reaches its maximal strength at one year, with a maximal tensile strength 80% of normal skin (Hess, 2008). Global differences in wound healing between young and old...
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...ACSC41 23/10/03 5:42 PM Page 88 41 Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction Start here Macrophages and T-lymphocytes Stunned myocardium Fibrous cap 24 h Lipid core Plaque rupture, platelet aggregation Mainly dead myocytes and neutrophils Transmural necrosed zone Infarct appears pale, most cells dead, neutrophils present— coagulation necrosis Granulation tissue moves inward and replaces dead tissue with scar tissue 2h 5–7 days Subendocardial necrosed zone Cellular damage progressing, but still partially reversible with reperfusion Thrombus propagates into and along coronary artery Endocardium Cross-section of ventricular wall served by thrombosed artery Scar thin firm grey Mixture of living and dead myocytes; substrate for re-entrant arrhythmias 0h > 3 months Finish here 41.1 Infarction is tissue death caused by ischaemia. Acute myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when localized myocardial ischaemia causes the development of a defined region of necrosis. MI is most often caused by rupture of an atherosclerotic lesion in a coronary artery. This causes the formation of a thrombus that plugs the artery, stopping it from supplying blood to the region of the heart that it supplies. Role of thrombosis in MI Pivotal studies by DeWood and colleagues showed that coronary thrombosis is the critical event resulting in MI. Of patients presenting within 4 h of symptom onset with ECG evidence of transmural...
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...The wet granulation assay was carried out by grinding 20 tablets into a powder and dissolving them in a phosphate buffer followed by being thoroughly mixed in a sonic bath for 10 minutes. A sample was then extracted from the mixture and further diluted using the phosphate buffer and was measured via UV spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 221 m3. From this absorbance measurement recorded in Table 8, the concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), ibuprofen, could be calculated, which came to 215.049 mg per tablet. In order to pass this quality control test, the tablets must meet the standards of the British Pharmacopeia , i.e. The individual ingredient must be within a ±15% range of the average content for that ingredient, ibuprofen (200...
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...is he final article to be discussed. Amongst the other articles, this a level IV, prospective randomized case-control design, which is considered a lower quality study. Lone et al.’s studies purpose is to “compare the effectiveness of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) with conventional dressing in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers with regards to healing time and safety” (Lone et al., 2014, p. 1). The study population included “56 patients aged 20-70 years, with stage 2 or 3 diabetic foot ulcer” (Lone et al., 2014, p. 2). The patients were equally and randomly assigned to either the research group (VAC) or the control group (conventional dressing). Moreover, the study measures wound discharge, granulation, blood cultures, wound size decrease and amputation. The variables were measured using the “Pearson’s Chi-square/Fishers exact test, Student’s t-test and results expressed as n (%)” (Lone et al., 2014, 2). However, the study does not state the results of the Student’s t-test and the result of...
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...assessed for mediastintis post heart surgery (Sjögren J. Vacuum, 2005). The experiences of patients of treatment with TNP for mediastintis has been elucidated in one Swedish doctoral thesis (Swenne C.L., 2006). Plurality of research rest upon the V.A.C. therapy, that was brought forth in the American market in the year 1995 and in Europe in the year 1997(Argenta L.C, Morykwas M.J. Vacuum, 1997). The objective of this research was to assess if the negative pressure would be a clinically feasible alternative for the management of wound in primary care, when taking into consideration the time for the healing of ulcer (gauged in weeks), change in the size of the ulcer (measured in cm² using a digital planimeter) and formulation of the granulation tissue (examined by visual observation). Albeit the calculation costs was not the chief objective, it was thought that it was imperative to report the costs for employing TNP in primary care. Materials and Methods: The cases in this research were being treated at Blekinge Wound Healing Center during the years of 2006 to 2008, which stands to be a leg ulcer center for the patients who are diagnosed with ulcers that are hard to heal. The center holds an...
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...approaches such as mattresses, cushions, airbeds, and pressure-relieving supporting surfaces. High-frequency ultrasound is a method for evaluation of wounds such as pressure ulcers, burn scars, and surgery wounds. It has been shown to be better at wound assessment then CT, MRI or X-rays. This research reported nonhomogeneous echogenic areas in the wound corresponding to the blood clots and also echo-poor areas of early granulation tissues that are related to the low echogenicity of cellular infiltrate.(Quantitative assessment of pressure sore and healing through numerical analysis of high- frequency ultrasound image). One of the new treatment of pressure ulcer is a product's based on a family of novel polyurethanes. This is are bio absorbable and biocompatible which can be processed to have a range of tissue and physical compatibility characteristics. It is designed for dermal replacement in major skin injuries. Medical –grade, open-cell, polyurethane foam with pore used as an interface for an intermittent negative pressure, it increases wound blood flow, rate of granulation tissue formation the same as increase bacterial clearance from the wound(A randomized, controlled trial of negative pressure wound therapy of pressure ulcers via a novel polyurethane foam). For example, about 95% of patients with (SCI) spinal cord injury suffer from at least one advanced pressure sore, stage 3 or 4.Thouse ulcers have huge negative effects on the patients health and ability to live a full and satisfying...
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...in the Wound 3. Untreated Osteomyelitis 4. Non-enteric and Unexplored Fistula 5. Necrotic Tissue with Eschar Present B. Do NOT place V.A.C. GranuFoam (Black sponge) over exposed blood vessels or organs. May use VersaFoam (White) or petroleum-based gauze over exposed blood vessels or organs at base of wound with overlaying GranuFoam. Obtaining Equipment and Supplies A. Order the Wound V.A.C. from Materials Management II. III. Wound V.A.C. – KCI Protocol Emergency General Surgery Service Vanderbilt University Medical Center 10 / 2004 B. Order the Wound V.A.C. supplies from materials management 1. Specify type of foam dressing: a. Black (GranuFoam) - open pores, hydophobic, and considered to be the most effective at stimulating granulation tissue while aiding in wound contraction b....
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...Review SKIN FUNCTION AND WOUND HEALING PHYSIOLOGY John Timmons is Clinical Manager, Wounds UK and Tissue Viabiliy Nurse, Aberdeen Regular evaluation and the setting of goals is essential to monitor the progress of the patient and their wound.To do this, is important to understand the physiology of the skin and the way normal wound healing progresses in order to plan and provide effective wound management. This article describes the structure and function of the skin and outlines the four normal phases of healing. Wound healing is an exciting and continually developing field, with new technologies and research playing a large part in improving the quality of patient care. The role of the nurse in wound care is all encompassing, stretching from the initial assessment of the wound and the patient, to making the correct decisions about treatment and beyond. Regular evaluation, and the setting of goals is essential to monitor the progress of the patient and the wound. To do this, a baseline knowledge of the functions and anatomy of the skin and wound healing physiology is required. Figure 1. When the skin is breached, it is important to close the defect as quickly as possible, thereby preventing infection from occurring. vital substances (Graham-Brown and Burns, 1998). the nerve endings present in the skin allow the body to detect pain, and changes in temperature, touch and pressure. 8Sensation: Functions of the skin The skin, often referred to as the largest body...
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...WOUND VAC Wound vac is also known as vaccum assisted closure wound therapy or negative pressure wound therapy. It is used to promote healing in acute or chronic impaired wounds. The therapy applies localized sub atmospheric pressure to draw the edges of the wound towards the center. The continued application of pressure draws out edema from the wound, increases blood flow to the area. A special dressing is placed in the wound or over a graft or flap and vaccum assisted closure therapy applied. This wound packing removes fluids from the wounds like abscess and stimulates growth of healthy granulations tissue. INDICATIONS : 1. Acute and traumatic wounds 2. Pressure ulcers 3. Chronic open wounds like diabetic ulcers, meshed grafts, and skin flaps 4. Venous leg ulcers 5. Kinetic therapy and Proning therapy 6. Venous stasis and Arterial insufficiency ulcers 7. Dehisced wounds 8. Partial thickness burns CONTRAINDICATIONS : 1. Fistulas that involve organs or body cavities 2. Necrotic tissue with eschar present 3. Untreated osteomyelitis 4. Malignant wounds 5. Directly in contact with exposed blood vessels, anastomotic sites, organs or nerves 6. Stage 1 or stage 2 pressure ulcers. 7. Sensitivity to silver granufoam dressing. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Always follow universal precautions. 2. The therapy should be used cautiously in patients with active bleeding, in those taking anticoagulants...
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...TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE FERTILISERS –MANUFACTURE INTRODUCTION- Triple superphosphate is a fertilizer produced by the action of concentrated phosphoric acid on ground phosphate rock. The active ingredient of the product, monocalcium phosphate, is identical to that of superphosphate, but without the presence of calcium sulfate that is formed if sulfuric acid is used instead of phosphoric acid. The phosphorus content of triple superphosphate (17 - 23% P; 44 to 52% P2O5) is therefore greater than that of superphosphate (7 - 9.5% P; 16 to 22% P2O5). It is produced in granular and nongranular form and is used both in fertilizer blends (with potassium and nitrogen fertilizers) and by itself. TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) represented as 0-46-0, is normally applied where plants are grown in soils with low or average levels of phosphorus. Its importance can be measured by the fact that in absence or it, the root development is weak, growth is stunted, productivity drops, the leaves or the edges of the leaves turn purple and in plants like tobacco and cotton, the leaves turn an abnormal color of dark green; potato tubers develop brown spots etc. Because it is a fertilizer with slightly acidic composition, its effect is limited in neutral or alkali soils. Because the phosphorus in its composition dissolved easily in water, it shows its effects rapidly. TSP is used as a base fertilizer. If it’s applied too early, the phosphorus in it combines with the lime and other elements...
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...CHAPTER 8—THE SUN-OUR STAR Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Granulation is caused by |a. |sunspots. | |b. |rising gas below the photosphere. | |c. |shock waves in the corona. | |d. |the solar wind flowing away from the corona. | |e. |the heating in the chromosphere. | ____ 2. In some regions of the corona, the magnetic field does not loop back to the sun, and the gas escapes unimpeded. These regions are called _______________ and are believed to be the source of the solar wind. |a. |prominences | |b. |flares | |c. |granules | |d. |auroras ...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Dermatology Research and Practice Volume 2010, Article ID 893080, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2010/893080 Review Article Acne Scars: Pathogenesis, Classification and Treatment Gabriella Fabbrocini, M. C. Annunziata, V. D’Arco, V. De Vita, G. Lodi, M. C. Mauriello, F. Pastore, and G. Monfrecola Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Systematic Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80133 Napoli, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Gabriella Fabbrocini, gafabbro@unina.it Received 17 March 2010; Revised 7 September 2010; Accepted 28 September 2010 Academic Editor: Daniel Berg Copyright © 2010 Gabriella Fabbrocini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Acne has a prevalence of over 90% among adolescents and persists into adulthood in approximately 12%–14% of cases with psychological and social implications. Possible outcomes of the inflammatory acne lesions are acne scars which, although they can be treated in a number of ways, may have a negative psychological impact on social life and relationships. The main types of acne scars are atrophic and hypertrophic scars. The pathogenesis of acne scarring is still not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been proposed. There are numerous treatments: chemical peels, dermabrasion/microdermabrasion...
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