TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………………………i
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………...iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………….iv
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………....v CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND……………………………….1
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...2
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………………..3
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………………..4
Hypotheses……………………………………………………………………………………….5
Scopes and Limitations of the Study……………………………………………………………..6
Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………………...7
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………………8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES…………………9
Related Literature…………………………………………………………………………………9
Related Studies…………………………………………………………………………………..10
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………..11
Research Design…………………………………………………………………………………11
Materials…………………………………………………………………………………………11
Procedure…………………………………………………………………………………….......12
Flowchart…...……………………………………………………………………………………13
Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………………………………..13
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION……………………………14
Results and Analysis of Data…………………………………………………………………….14
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………..18
Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………...18
Conclusions…...………………………………………………………………………………….19
Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………..20

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 – Experiment Run
Table 4.1.1 – Results
Table 4.2 – Criterion for Collection of Data

APPROVAL SHEET
This research study entitled “Using Grapefruit Extracts as an Alternative Cloth Stain Remover” prepared by Jason Alexander Lapina, Carlos Ivan Obnial and Ren Jeroham Vargas and in partial fulfillment for the requirements in Research Academic AY 2014-2015 and is recommended for acceptance and approval of ORAL EXAMINATION.
Mr. Paulo Genesis Gabane
Research Adviser
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PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the committee of Oral Examination with a grade of ____________________.

__________________________ ________________________

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DR. YOLANDA SAMBAJON
Principal V, SRSTHS

ABSTRACT
This research aims to prove that Grapefruit, which has D-Limonene, can be an alternative main ingredient for a common cloth stain remover. The researchers aim to find out if there is a significant relationship between the amount of the product to be used and the type of stain to be removed. If this research succeeds, then the researchers should be able to introduce a product that is green and could benefit common household Filipinos. The researchers used materials such as razor blades, baking soda, and water and of course grapefruit. The researchers first extracted D-Limonene from the grapefruit then they made the mixture by mixing water, the extracts and baking soda.

ACKNOWLDEGEMENT
We would like to thank those people whom helped us with our research and we dedicate our success to them. Again, thank you to the following people:
Caroline P. Obnial
Caroline O. Lapina
Rommel Vargas
Rhodora Vargas
Camille Anne P. Obnial
Clarizze Anne P. Obnial
Alberto L. Obnial
A Certain Fourth Year Student

CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study Most researches aim to find alternative uses of common materials. The researchers also aim to do that. Because of literary research, the researcher’s group found out that Grape Fruits contain a substance called limonene, a substance that is extracted commonly in citrus fruits (LA & HA Campbell; 1996-2005).

D-limonene as some say is a natural solvent. It is safe and reliable, and is an active ingredient in stain removers in the market. A product that contains D-limonene has a distinctive citrus fragrance. As people know, prices of household materials are continually rising. This is one of the main reasons why the researchers conducted this study. Also, pollution is also becoming a huge threat. This is why the researchers also aim to help Nature in their own little ways.

One may be wondering, why still this if one can simply buy a branded stain remover in the market. The main reason is D-Limonene is a natural substance. Aside from D-limonene’s potential as an alternative stain remover, it has many benefits. According to research, limonene also has the potential to fight against cancer and heartburn.

This alternative stain remover can remover stains like fail, oil, some unfixed dyes, ball point pen ink, mustard, soy sauce and sticky labels from containers.
Statement of the Problem

This research aims to lessen the cost of a simple yet important cleaning material in households, a laundry stain remover.

In this research the researchers aim to answer the following questions: 1. Is there a significant relationship between the concentration of the stain remover and the type of stain to be removed? 2. Is the grapefruit extract stain remover effective?

Conceptual Framework
Input:
1. Grape Fruits 2. Distilled Water
Process:
1. Extraction of limonene 2. Mixing with water 3. Application of the Grape Fruit Extract Stain Remover 4. Observation of the amount of stain removed. 5. Analysis of data
Output:
An Effective Grape Fruit Extract Stain Remover
Input:
3. Grape Fruits 4. Distilled Water
Process:
6. Extraction of limonene 7. Mixing with water 8. Application of the Grape Fruit Extract Stain Remover 9. Observation of the amount of stain removed. 10. Analysis of data
Output:
An Effective Grape Fruit Extract Stain Remover

Hypotheses H0 = There is no significant relationship between the concentration of the stain remover used and the type of stain to be removed. Ha = There is a significant relationship between the concentration of the stain remover used and the type of stain to be removed.
Ho = the grapefruit extract stain remover is not effective
Ha = the grapefruit extract stain remover is effective.

Scope and Limitations of the Study
Problem: Using Grape Fruit Extracts as an Alternative Cloth Stain Remover.

This study will focus on the effectiveness of Grapefruit extracts as an alternative cloth stain remover. In this experiment, the researchers will be using 2 kilos of grapefruits. During the experiment, there will be a process of extraction. Due to lack of instruments, the researchers will use things such as a blade, a pair of gloves, 2 plastic containers and a stirring rod. The tests will include three set-ups with 3 different stain specifically: grease, dye and ball point pen inks. The research will be done on the month of November and will start at the month of September.

Significance of the Problem

The researcher’s target beneficiaries are common Filipino Households. Due to the fact the most needed resources’ prices are getting higher. These resources include gasoline, rice and electricity. The researchers aim to lessen the burden of other needs particularly in things such as cleaning materials. The researchers also benefit the community in their own little way in terms of economics. The community will benefit in the way this research will be a birth of a new brand of product, as a source of income. This will also the community environmentally in terms that the product is eco-friendly. The product will be a good example of promoting environmental awareness. The product will also benefit the country in terms that if the product reaches a certain level of fame, it can be exported to other countries. Also the Philippines will be a role model when it comes to environmental advocacies because of it being the main source of the product.

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Gary A. Davis, Phillip Dickey, Dana Duxbury, Barbara Griffith, Brian Oakley and Katherine Cornell “HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS: ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION AND PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR GENERAL PURPOSE”
Most of the specific brands of glass cleaners we surveyed were liquids dispensed from pump spray bottles. A few were aerosols, propelled by means of propane or other flammable hydrocarbon. A third type of product is a premoistened towelette. There was remarkably little variation between the listed ingredients in the glass cleaners we investigated. The major ingredient in liquid glass cleaners is water. Almost all of the glass cleaners contained glycol ethers, usually ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Alcohol, such as isopropanol, was also commonly found, as was ammonia. A few products contained vinegar or lemon juice as an alternative to ammonia, however, it is important to note that these products may still contain glycol ethers. One product contained acetone as a solvent. Aerosol formulations were similar except for the inclusion of a propellant gas, usually propane or sobutene. For the towelettes, the liquid used to moisten them was similar in composition to the usual glass cleaners. Ingredients found in products making “green” claims included coconut-based surfactants, ethanol, propylene glycol ethers, citrus oil, lemon juice, vinegar, and various plant extracts. It is interesting to note that in a recent review of glass cleaners, Consumer Reports found that plain water worked as well as half of the products tested. In addition, the most effective cleaner for oily fingerprints was lemon juice and water. [Consumer Reports (1992)].

Vincent A. Dotolo “GLOVE DYE STAIN REMOVER”
D-limonene is a terpene which occurs naturally in all living plants. It is a monocyclic unsaturated terpene which is generally a by-product of the citrus industry, derived from distilled rind oils of oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and the like. A discussion of d-limonene and its derivation from numerous sources is set forth in Kesterson, J. W., “Florida Citrus Oil,” Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, December, 1971. D-limonene is commercially available from Florida Chemical Company and from SMC Glidco Organics. D-limonene may be present in the inventive formulation at a concentration from about 15 to about 65 weight percent. Preferably, the concentration of d-limonene is about 31 weight percent.
A surfactant is present in the glove dye stain remover of the present invention. Surfactants are well-known as containing molecules comprising groups of opposing solubility tendencies; typically containing an oil-soluble hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble ionic or polar group. Examples of surfactants include, without limitation, carboxylates, polyalkylene oxides, carboxylic acid esters, quaternary ammonium compounds, and the like. Surfactants are described more fully in Kirt-Othermer, “Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,” John Wiley & Sons, 1985 at pages 1142-1146. A preferred surfactant is sold under the trade name “MONAMINE 1255” by Mona Industries of Paterson, N.J. The surfactant may be present in the instant formulation at a concentration from about 3.5 to about 14.5 weight percent. Preferably, the concentration of the surfactant is about 9.5 weight percent.

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY
Research Design
For the research design, the researcher decided to use Complete Randomized Design. Why? Because it covered everything that the researchers need.
Materials
The researchers needed: * 1 ½ kilos of Grape Fruit * Distilled Water * Three Containers * Blue Dye * Grease Stain * Ball Point Pens * White Cloth * Razor blade * Measuring Cup
Procedures (Stain Preparation)
First, cut 3x3 squares on the white cloth. Cut 9 pieces of cloth for the three stains with 2 more replicates each. Next, apply the stain on each cloth; three for ball point pen., three for grease and three for the blue dye. Make sure the stain applied on each piece of cloth is equal.

Procedures (Grapefruit Extract Stain Remover)
Extract d-Limonene from the Grapefruit using a razor blade. Measure three concentrations (25 ml, 50 ml and 75ml). Put it in a container then add distilled water. Make sure that the water measures (75ml, 50ml and 25ml). This will produce three concentrations.
Procedures (Experiment Run)
In order to conduct the experiment, the researchers tested the stain remover on all nine cloths with respect to table 4.1 and its criterion of collecting data. Stains | 25% Grape Fruit Extracts; 75% Distilled Water | 50% Grape Fruit Extracts; 50% Distilled Water | 75% Grape Fruit Extracts; 25% Distilled Water | Pen Ink (1) | | | | Pen Ink (2) | | | | Pen Ink (3) | | | | Grease (1) | | | | Grease (2) | | | | Grease (3) | | | | Blue Dye (1) | | | | Blue Dye (2) | | | | Blue Dye (3) | | | |

Criterion: Numerical Value | Result | 1 | Stain not removed | 2 | Stain intensity decreased | 3 | Stain was partially removed | 4 | Stain almost removed | 5 | Stain removed |

Flowchart

Statistical Treatment
The researchers used two statistical treatments in order to statistically prove that their research was a success. The first one was Chi-Square Test of Independence and the second one was T-Distribution Test.
CHAPTER IV – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This research focuses on the effectivity of Grapefruit Extracts as an Alternative Cloth Stain Remover. There is no significant difference between the concentration of the Grapefruit Extracts and the amount of stain to be removed. The researchers performed their experimental matrix. Here are their results:
As per table 1. Stains | 25% Grape Fruit Extracts; 75% Distilled Water | 50% Grape Fruit Extracts; 50% Distilled Water | 75% Grape Fruit Extracts; 25% Distilled Water | Pen Ink (1) | 2 | 5 | 5 | Pen Ink (2) | 2 | 5 | 5 | Pen Ink (3) | 2 | 5 | 5 | Grease (1) | 1 | 5 | 5 | Grease (2) | 1 | 5 | 5 | Grease (3) | 1 | 5 | 5 | Blue Dye (1) | 1 | 5 | 5 | Blue Dye (2) | 1 | 5 | 5 | Blue Dye (3) | 1 | 5 | 5 |

Legend
The researchers used a scale of 1 to 5 to illustrate the effectivity of the grapefruit extracts as an alternative sloth stain remover (refer to Table 1). The scale is as follows. Numerical Value | Result | 1 | Stain not removed | 2 | Stain intensity decreased | 3 | Stain was partially removed | 4 | Stain almost removed | 5 | Stain removed |

Influencing Factors
In this research the results may have been affected by the concentrations of Grapefruit Extracts on each mixture per trial. Referring to Table 1, the amount of Grapefruit Extracts that each mixture contains increases per mixture therefore affecting the results of each trial.

Statistical Treatment
To statistically test the results of the experiments the researcher used Chi-Square and T-test For Chi-Square: Stains | 75% Water 25% Grapefruit Extract | 50% Water 50% Grapefruit Extract | 25% Water 75 % Grapefruit Extract | Total | Dye 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | Dye 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | Dye 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | Grease 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | Grease 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | Grease 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | Ballpoint ink 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 12 | Ballpoint ink 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 12 | Ballpoint ink 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 12 | Total | 12 | 45 | 45 | 102 |

Stains | Fe | | Fe | | Fe | | Total | Dye 1 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 0.078 | Dye 2 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 0.078 | Dye 3 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 0.078 | Grease 1 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 0.078 | Grease 2 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 0.078 | Grease 3 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 4.85 | 0.004 | 0.078 | Ballpoint ink 1 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 5.29 | 0.02 | 5.29 | 0.02 | 0.27 | Ballpoint ink 2 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 5.29 | 0.02 | 5.29 | 0.02 | 0.27 | Ballpoint ink 3 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 5.29 | 0.02 | 5.29 | 0.02 | 0.27 | | | 1.17 | | 0.084 | | 0.084 | 1.338 |

Five Step Solution (Chi Square) H0 = There is no significant relationship between the concentration of the stain remover used and the type of stain to be removed. Ha = There is a significant relationship between the concentration of the stain remover used and the type of stain to be removed.
DoF: 16, Tolerance Level: 0.05, P-Value: 26.29
Criterion: Reject Ho if x^2 > 26.29
Decision: Do not reject H0 since x^2 < 26.29 (1.338 < 26.29)
Conclusion: We are 95% confident that there is no significant relationship between the
Concentration of the stain remover used and the type of stain to be removed.
For T-Test: 25% Grape Fruit Extracts; 75% Distilled Water | 50% Grape Fruit Extracts; 50% Distilled Water | 75% Grape Fruit Extracts; 25% Distilled Water | 2 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 |

Five Step Solution (T-Test)
Ho = the grapefruit extract stain remover is not effective in removing Blue Dye stains, Grease and Ball Point Pen Inks.
Ha = the grapefruit extract stain remover is effective in removing Blue Dye stains, Grease and Ball Point Pen Inks.
DoF: 8, α: 0.05, Ttab: 3.36
Criterion: Reject Ho if Tc > Ttab
Decision Reject Ho since Tc > Ttab (3.72 > 3.36)
Conclusion: The grapefruit extract stain remover is effective in removing Blue Dye stains, Grease and Ball Point Pen Inks.

CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine if Grapefruit extracts could be the next alternate ingredient for common cloth stain removers. The researchers found out about the substance that is found in citrus fruits, one of which is D-limonene. It is known to be an active ingredient in stain removers and many other purposes; Since there are already a lot of citrus fruits that are used as a stain remover, liquid hand soap or as a dishwasher, The researchers believed that there hasn’t been one company yet that introduced a product that uses Grapefruit as a stain remover for cloth. So this research aims to bring out the potential of Grapefruit extracts as an alternative main ingredient for a common cloth stain remover. For the research to be a success the researchers did a lot of findings of online articles that used D-Limonene as a stain remover or perhaps something that is a bit close to their main problem. The researchers also found out that there a lot of related literatures regarding their problem; as a result they went on with their research and did some more research about how they’re going to make a stain remover using grapefruit extracts. This research is aimed to answer questions like “is there a significant difference between the amount of product to be used and the type of stain to be removed” and it is also aimed to introduce to common Filipino households a green and non-polluting product that removes stains on cloth. In the methodology, the researchers first extracted the D-Limonene from the grapefruits by simply peeling them using a razor blade and then squeezing the juice out of them; secondly, they made a mixture that is composed of water, the extracts and baking soda (three types of mixtures were made with different concentrations of grapefruit extracts each). The researchers tested the stain remover with D-limonene on three stains, specifically, ball point pen ink, grease, and blue dye. The product was tested on these three stains in 9 different trials. The results were impressive, the product works when the concentration of D-Limonene extracted from the Grapefruits were 50% and up.

Conclusion
The objectives of this research study have been met. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of Grapefruit extracts as a common cloth stain remover; the researchers’ expectations have been met. The researchers could say that this research study has been a success; the researchers were able to produce a mixture that has the capability to remove some common stains, namely: ballpoint ink, grease and blue dye. Although the product of this research is green and a non-pollutant mixture; the researchers, however, could say that it may not be as cost effective as it was expected to be but the product could still be as affordable as other branded products or even cheaper. So to say, the researchers conclude that Grapefruit extracts (D-Limonene) has the potential to be an alternative main ingredient for common cloth stain removers.

Recommendations
The following recommendations are offered for future researchers that will conduct a research study that is related to stain removers.

1. Based on the experience of researchers, they recommend that the future researchers who will conduct a research regarding or related to stain removers to make this research as a basis or at least the research can be a help to answer some of the questions that are needed to be answered 2. The researchers recommend that future researchers can use D-limonene to show more of its potential and prove its use and effectivity. 3. The researchers also want to recommend to for future researchers to use proper laboratory equipment for proper extraction of D-limonene from the grapefruit

The Use of Grapefruit Extracts as an Alternative
Cloth Stain Remover
A Research Study Presented to the Faculty of Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School
In partial Fulfillment to the Requirements for Research

Submitted By:
Jason Alexander O. Lapina
Carlos Ivan P. Obnial
Ren Jeroham L. Vargas
Submitted to:
Mr. Paulo Genesis S. Gabane
Research Teacher
AY. 2014-2015