...P. Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark Correspondence should be addressed to J. Lindholm, j.lindholm@ofir.dk Received 15 January 2011; Accepted 17 March 2011 Academic Editor: Marian Ludgate Copyright © 2011 J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The last part of the 19th century was a period of great achievements in medicine and endocrinology. The thyroid gland evolved from being considered a rudimentary structure to an organ related to specific diseases. The singular importance of iodine became acknowledged. Graves-Basedow’s disease was described. Surgical treatment evolved with extraordinary speed. Theodor Kocher observed that the clinical picture in patients after total thyroidectomy was similar to the one seen in cretinism. In 1850, the first case of hypothyroidism or myxedema was described. Less than 50 years later, effective treatment was introduced. Another 50 years later, autoimmune thyroiditis was ascertained as the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism (in areas with no iodine deficiency). This paper gives a short survey of the history of hypothyroidism and its treatment. 1. Introduction During the 50 years preceding World War I, medicine saw a wealth of new ideas and novel procedures, not in the least within the field...
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...My paper is on Graves disease, Sir Robert Graves an Irish Physician first described it in the early 19th century. Not only is it one of the most common of all thyroid problems, it is also the leading cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid makes or produces excessive hormones. This might seem alarming, but it is quite easy to treat once the disorder has been correctly diagnosed. Graves’ disease can go into remission or completely disappear after several months or years in some cases. However, if left untreated it could lead to serious complications or even death. Graves’ disease usually has no long term adverse health consequences as long as the patient receives prompt and proper medical care, although the symptoms could cause discomfort. For something so important, the thyroid is only about 2 inches long, and is a butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck just below the larynx. The hormones produced by the thyroid gland are circulated throughout the body by the bloodstream and interact with virtually every tissue and cell in the body. So it comes as no surprise when you find out everything that it affects. The thyroid produces hormones...
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...Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Publications Department of Anthropology 6-1-2004 An Integrated Analysis of Pre-Hispanic Mortuary Practices: A Middle Sicán Case Study Izumi Shimada Southern Illinois University Carbondale Ken-ichi Shinoda National Science Museum, Tokyo Julie Farnum Montclair State University Robert Corruccini Southern Illinois University Carbondale Hirokatsu Watanabe Terra Information Engineering Company Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs © 2004 by The Wenner‐Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Published in Current Anthropology, Vol. 45, No. 3 ( June 2004) at 10.1086/382249 Recommended Citation Shimada, Izumi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Farnum, Julie; Corruccini, Robert; and Watanabe, Hirokatsu, "An Integrated Analysis of PreHispanic Mortuary Practices: A Middle Sicán Case Study" (2004). Publications. Paper 8. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact jnabe@lib.siu.edu. C u r r e n t A n t h r o p o l o g y Volume 45, Number 3, June 2004 2004 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved 0011-3204/2004/4503-0004$3.00 An Integrated Analysis of PreHispanic Mortuary Practices A Middle Sican Case Study1...
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...person may start to experience some type of numbness. Dickinson made great use of a range of different stylistic devices in order for her to capture the final stages of life. To show an example of the use of imagery in this poem, Dickinson uses a simile. She describes the nerves as if they were “tombs” (line 2). The word, “tombs”, has added the sense of formality to us as death is approaching. Tombs are a more formal form of a grave, as they are often highly elaborated and decorative burial places. In the second stanza of the poem, it is discusses on how an individual attempts to function when they are overwhelmed by their pain. The individual merely does what is necessary in order to maintain the aspect of their life even though inside, they feel very little, as if they were dead themselves. An example used is “a Quartz contentment, like a stone” (line 8) and this is implied to what they are experiencing has numbed them inside. This could also be used to symbolize death because many tombs are made of stone and tombs are used as a formal form of a grave. The final stanza is related to how an individual will feel after they have passed the period of feeling...
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...College of Tourism – Varna Cultural Heritage of the Thracians [pic] Written by: Tsvetan 2010 Bulgarian treasures Once upon a time the Thracians inhabited Bulgarian lands. Millennia after, their ancient and mysterious culture revealed its true magnificence. In the last few decades a number of significant collections of Thracian treasures have been discovered in present-day Bulgaria, providing much of our present knowledge of ancient Thrace. Golden mask of a Thracian king Bulgaria’s ancient Thracian heritage was thrust into the spotlight in 2004 with a number of key archaeological discoveries in the so-called Valley of the Thracian Kings. A team of Bulgarian archaeologists, led by Professor Georgi Kitov, discovered a 2400-year old golden mask in the tomb of an ancient Thracian king on August 19. The mask bears the image of a human face and is made of 500 grams of solid gold. The discovery was made near the town of Shipka, in the heart of the Stara Planina Mountain. Dozens of Thracian mounds are spread throughout this region, which archaeologists have called ‘the Bulgarian valley of the kings,’ a reference to the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, which is home to the tombs of Egyptian Pharaohs. “The unique mask looks even better than the famous image of King Agamemnon, the Greek anti-hero described by Homer in the Iliad,” Kitov said after making the discovery. “This is the first Thracian mask of solid...
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...If it is the first-time to visit Paris, Père-Lachaise Cemetery would be an un-missing place to wander through on a sunny afternoon if you want to get a breath of fresh air in busy city and tired of waiting in line for two hours just to go to the top of the Eiffel Tower or something else. Père-Lachaise Cemetery, as the largest cemetery of Paris and one of the most famous cemeteries in the world, is built on a hill with beautiful views of the city. It is known not only for its mix style of tradition English garden design but also the resting place of the world’s most is famous people. Walking through the cobble stone sinuous, and tree-covered pathway, you will suddenly fall into a calm space with an ambiance of melancholy and easily get lost yourself in the maze consist of impressive Gothic sculptures and tombstones. The whole garden is elaborated with thousands of trees and flowers hedges. It is a wonderful place to take you away from the crowded city and to discover the other face of Paris. The second reason why I would advise Père-Lachaise cemetery is that many well-known people were buried here such as Jim Morrison, Oscar Wilde, Frederic Chopin, Honore de Balzac and Marcel Proust or Edith Piaf. Strolling in the cemetery like involving in another world, in which you could get close to these figures. Looking at the name of tomb stones, you can imagine what lives these peoples had led, who did they love and whether their lives were happy. All these remind you the ultimate...
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...Research Paper (Everyman) 3-8-2013 Mikeal Anderson Everyman is a metaphorical play that illustrates the value of life and death. Everyman was written by an anonymous author, but many believe that it was a priest or monk who would normally write morality plays. Everyman is a character that is supposed to represent your everyday human. In the story God decides that Everyman has become obsessed with wealth and other materialistic things. Resulting in Him teaching Everyman a lesson which is death. Death can be treated and perceived differently in many societies due to religious and moral beliefs. In the story, the author sees death as just important as life. The message that can be taken from this story is that death does not care who you are. It is impossible for anyone to escape death. The author sees death as a man’s final stand, in which there is no return. No man knows when death will come aside from God, so no man can prepare for it. The characters that the author use are to represent realistic characteristics that a lot people have and lose throughout their lives. Good deeds, knowledge, discretion, strength, Everyman’s five wits and beauty. The story begins with Death approaching Everyman to let him know that his life is coming to an end. In response, Everyman tries to bribe Death by giving him a thousand pounds but he declines by saying if he wanted wealth all wealth could be his. Death also tells him to find someone to accompany him on his journey. Everyman...
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...Justin Kruczek 830793223 Paper 1 Residential Burial Sites Residential Burial Sites Upon conducting my research, I found multiple sites that I will be referencing in my paper. The main purpose of this paper is to inform people about the residential burial methods used in Thailand and Coastal Oaxaca, Mexico. In one of the articles I found it describes residential burials by saying, “Residential burial” or “intramural burial” has often been used to denote subfloor or other types of burials within residential structures, such as those within structure walls. (Residential Burial in Global Perspective Ron L. Adams Simon Fraser University and Stacie M. King Indiana University, PG. 3) This is to give a basic idea on what will be further discussed in this paper. In the article that was found, there were multiple burial sites where archeologists found remains and burial methods all over Thailand. These places in Thailand where they found these residential burial sites are, “The mortuary remains from most of these low mound sites including Ban Kao (Sørensen 1967), Non Nok Tha (Bayard 1984, 1996–97), Ban Na Di (Higham and Kijngam 1984a, 1984b, 1984c), Khok Phanom Di (Higham and Thosarat 1994:23), Nong Nor (Higham and Thosarat 1998), Ban Wang Hai (Pautreau et al. 2001), Ban Lum Khao (Higham and O’Reilly 2004:301), Noen U-Loke (Talbot 2007:305), and Ban Non Wat (Higham 2008, 2009a; Higham and Thosarat 2006), have all been discussed explicitly in terms of being “cemeteries” (Residential...
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...During the early Celtic civilisation many of the dead were buried in tumulus graves, these were large burial mounds or barrows that were constructed over the grave. Inside the graves they would place significant belongings, like gold or bronze artefacts, pots, food and beverages, clothes and wagons. The most significant piece of evidence for the Celtic tumulus graves was the Hochdorf grave which had not been touched since 550 BCE. The tomb encased a man of approximately 45 years of age and he was around 1.87 metres in height and present in his tomb they found many gold and bronze artefacts. These tombs indicate that the Celts may have believed in reincarnation or a rebirth as they placed important belongings for the dead to take with them...
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...compare the rate of hospitalizations for cardiovascular causes and the mortality in hyperthyroid patients treated surgically with an ageand gender-matched reference population. Patients and Measurements A population-based cohort study was conducted among 4334 hyperthyroid patients (median age 46 years) treated with thyroidectomy in 1986–2007 in Finland and among 12 991 reference subjects. Firstly, the hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were analysed until thyroidectomy. Secondly, the hazard ratios for any new hospitalization due to CVDs after the thyroidectomy were calculated in Cox regression analysis adjusted with the prevalent CVDs at the time of thyroidectomy. Results The risk of hospitalization due to all CVDs started to increase already 5 years before the thyroidectomy, and by the time of the operation, it was 50% higher in the hyperthyroid patients compared to the controls (P< 0·001). After the thyroidectomy, the hospitalizations due to all CVDs (HR 1·15), hypertension (HR 1·23), heart failure (HR 1·17) and valvular diseases or cardiomyopathies (HR 1·55) remained more frequent among the patients than among the controls for 20 years after thyroidectomy. The increased morbidity was not...
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...A Cemetery of Peace The most peaceful and serene place for me to go is the Calvary Hill cemetery located in Humble, Texas. I go there to visit my mother’s grave, reflect, and reminisce. As I drive into the cemetery on the long gravel road to the hilltop where my mother’s grave is located, I am greeted by the big beautiful green trees, the rainbow of flowers on the graves, and the calmness of the cemetery. Once I step outside the busy world and into the cemetery world, I feel peace and serenity. There is always a cool breeze in the cemetery regardless of the heated temperatures. Once I park and then take a seat next to my mom’s grave, I begin to feel the wind blow through my hair and I can feel the hands of the cool breeze hug me. It’s almost as if God himself came to comfort me. I can see the wind dancing in the grass and the birds soaring in the air above me. Another added feature to this cemetery is the pretty ducks meticulously moving across the pond. When I close my eyes to soak in all that nature has to offer, the fresh clean air begins to fill my nostrils along with the fresh cut grass that smells like a good ripe watermelon. When I begin to listen to God’s creation, I can hear the birds singing songs of praise. The musical ringing of the wind chimes fill my ears with sweet melodies. As I leave the cemetery, I am more relaxed and ready to conquer all that life has to...
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...half hour tour to take pictures, learn about the past, and study another type of culture that I was not very educated in. The St. Louis Art museum is located in Forest Park, right off the highway. The museum is three stories tall with special exhibits and also includes permanent collections. It is a great place to go on a rainy day, and it allows you to enjoy some time away from the television. While I was there, one of the most intriguing exhibits that caught my eye was the African Art collection. Also known as the "Egyptian Exhibit", is part of St. Louis's permanent collections and has been with art museum for over forty years. With over a hundred different artifacts in this exhibit, the St. Louis Art Museum has a collection ranging from grave goods to mummies before the B.C. Era. Being part of the St. Louis Art Museum's permanent collection, the Egyptian collection has been around since the museum bought the artifacts, which was around forty years ago. This collection is in very good condition and well-preserved due to everything being motionless. Artifacts, which are portable objects made from past human beings, are located in the museum. The artifacts are so old and fragile that the museum does not allow hands-on interaction. Located in the lower level of this exhibit, several mummies are on display in tombs and objects that were used to be buried with them. In class, objects that...
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...95% of the statues on Rapa Nui are made out of volcanic tuff. The statues are examples of monumental carving with 961 maoi at more than 210 sites. The moai are erected on ‘image’ ahu located along the coast. ‘Image’ ahu are monuments that have a platform, a ramp on the inland side leading to a leveled court and in most circumstances wing-like construction extended out laterally from one or both ends of the platform. The moai would be placed on a pedestal on the platform and would face inland. The ahu would have been the center of social and spiritual life for the community. The construction of ahus started as early as AD 1300 to 1400 and construction and remodeling would have gone on until the end of the 17th century. The 2003-2004 UNESCO-JAPON project at the site complex at the ahu Ura Uranga te Mahina. The goal of the research was to establish chronological patterns of use and discard at Ura Uranga, find more evidence on stone working methods and distinct stages of shaping and examine what the statues can tell us about statues uses and attached meanings. Based on the characteristics of the three Ahu at Ura Uranga it was determined that Ahu three was built first, then Ahu five and finally Ahu four. Ahu three shows the most damage of all three from tsunamis as well as being partially buried by the reconstruction of Ahu four. No statues intact or otherwise were found at Ahu three, which suggests that Ahu three may have been built before people in Rapa Nui started erecting...
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...Temeka Campbell NURS 337 SEC 01 Instructor Susan Growe-Rosenthal, MSN/Ed, RN Alterations of Thyroid Function April 18, 2014 Abstract Disorders of thyroid function develop as a result of primary dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland, or secondarily, as a result of the pituitary or hypothalamic alterations. Both primary and secondary disorders result in some sort of alteration to the thyroid hormone (TH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If these levels are elevated or showing inadequate production of the hormone, then the result would be hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Of course there are underlying causes for these hormone levels to alter such as, thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, and Hashimoto disease to name a few. This paper will describe the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It is located in the anterior part of the neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx. Internally, the gland is composed of hollow, spherical follicles, which have follicle cells that produce thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone (TH) derives from thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone is referred to as the body’s major metabolic hormone. TH is actually two iodine containing amine hormones, thyroxine or T4 , and triiodothyronine or T3. TH is regulated through negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland. TRH, which is synthesized...
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...Commentary on Romeo’s soliloquy in Act 5 Scene 3 Intro. The soliloquy begins with Romeo discovering who he has killed. He is very pitiful and sympathetic towards Paris and also out of control. It says, “when my betossed soul…” and the word “betossed” shows the imagery of ship in a storm and Romeo is now confused. In line 83, it says “ One writ with me in sour misfortune’s book!” and it represents the image of a “ sour misfortune book” which resolute throughout the play and has the idea of his fate controlling the action. Romeo also asks many questions to himself which is another sign of confusion. The line, “ I’ll bury thee in a triumphant grave.” tells us that the grave is magnificent as it holds the body of Juliet. In the next part, Romeo sees Juliet. There is a contrast between light and dark as it is set in a dark tomb. “A grave? O no, a lantern, slaughter’d youth” and “This vault a feasting presence full of light” shows us this imagery, Romeo describing Romeo as a source of light in the darkess of the tomb.. Dying in a dark tomb might also represent eternal darkness. It also says “ feasting presence” meaning a festival. It makes the audience more aware of how close the lovers come to finding joy but making their end in darkness all the more tragic. However, these images also suggest a spiritual light that may surround a feast for them beyond death. that with Juliet, he is always happy. The line, “ Death, lie thou there, by a dead man interr’d” represents the desperation...
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