...Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism happens due to a lack of production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism may be primary or central, primary being the more common one. The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is autoimmune thyroiditis which is characterized by inflammation and destruction of thyroid tissue. This happens due to infiltration of autoreactive T lymphocytes and circulating thyroid autoantibodies. Hypothyroidism is related to many genetic risk factors and is associated with many other autoimmune disorders such as hashimoto thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, and postpartum thyroiditis. One type of hypothyroidism is congenital hypothyroidism which is when an infant is born without thyroid...
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...PATHO Exam 3 Study Guide * Define KEY WORDS (terminology) listed in the syllabus * Answer the OUTCOMES in the syllabus as if they are questions * Review all Activities, Games, extra videos, journal articles, etc. posted in course contents * Review the handouts from class: case studies, matching, charts, etc. Normal Values | Intracranial pressure | 5-10 mm Hg | Blood glucose | 70-130 | Hgb A1c | <5.7% | Thyroid levels | | Parathyroid levels | | Types of bone cells | Osteoblasts | Bone forming cellsThey are responsible for bone growth and repair | Osteocytes | Osteoblasts that have become trapped, imprisoned within mineralized bone matrix (MATURE BONE CELLS) | Osteoclasts | Reabsorb or remove bone during growth and repair (also assist in the release of calcium and phosphate)**bone reabsorption; bone destroying cells | *So, if one is immobilized then the osteoclastic activity is greater than the osteoblastic activity in bone marrow decreases. This is why we have debone mineralization during immobilization. Maintenance of bone integrity | This occurs through remodeling and it is a 3 phase process where existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down [repairs bone, does not heal bones] | Phase 1 | Activation phaseThis is where a stimulus occurs, such as a weight baring exercise, causing the formation of osteoclasts | Phase 2 | Resorption This is where osteoclasts form a cutting zone and resorb or remove bone | Phase 3 | Formation...
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...Hypothyroid Disease A deficiency of the thyroid hormone leads to hypothyroid disease; a disease that may be characterized both in clinical and pathophysiological manifestations throughout the body system. The most prevalent causes of hypothyroid disease include various autoimmune diseases, medication for hyperthyroid disease, and having had surgery on the thyroid. Other not so common causes of hypothyroidism include certain congenital diseases, pituitary disorder, pregnancy, or a deficiency in iodine. Hypothyroid disease may be divided into primary and secondary hypothyroidism. When there is a deficiency in the synthesis of hormones or damage to thyroid tissue, primary hypothyroidism results. Secondary hypothyroid disease, rather, occurs when there is not enough thyroid-stimulating hormone available. This insufficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone could be a result of a defect in the anterior pituitary gland. Secondary hypothyroidism may also be caused by an insufficient amount of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which most likely occurs due to impairment of hypothalamus functioning. Most patients tend to have a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Most frequently this disease is found in women over the age of 60. Autoimmune disorders put a patient at an even higher risk for developing hypothyroidism, as does a family history of autoimmune disorders. In order to test for levels of thyroid hormone or thyroid-stimulating hormone within the body a blood test may be done...
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...network for your 100,000,000 cells -Communication System: NERVOUS * Functions: 1. Collects Information 2. Processes Information 3. Initiates Response * Communication Method: -Nerve signal travels along the neuron then the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft * Target Cells: 1. Other Neurons 2. Muscle Cells 3. Gland Cells * Response Time: RAPID * Duration of Response: SHORT (terminates with removal of stimulus) -Communication System: ENDOCRINE (Chemical Communication System) * Functions: 1. Maintaining homeostasis 2. Regulating development, growth, and metabolism 3. Controlling Reproductive Activites * Communication Method: -Produces and releases hormones-regulatory chemicals (proteins or lipids) secreted into the blood stream and affects target cells. * Target Cells: -A variety of cells with a specific receptor for a hormone that initiates or inhibits selective cell activities. * Response Time: LONGER * Duration of Response: LONGER LASTING (mins to days and weeks) 17.2 -Endocrine Cells: 1. Derived from epithelium with connective tissue framework 2. Have extensive blood supply to facilitate rapid uptake of hormones 3. Two Locations: -Single Organ: pineal, thyroid, pituitary, parathyroid, and adrenal glands -Cells in small clusters in organs with another primary function: stomach, liver, pancreas -Endocrine glands: scattered throughout the...
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...network for your 100,000,000 cells -Communication System: NERVOUS * Functions: 1. Collects Information 2. Processes Information 3. Initiates Response * Communication Method: -Nerve signal travels along the neuron then the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft * Target Cells: 1. Other Neurons 2. Muscle Cells 3. Gland Cells * Response Time: RAPID * Duration of Response: SHORT (terminates with removal of stimulus) -Communication System: ENDOCRINE (Chemical Communication System) * Functions: 1. Maintaining homeostasis 2. Regulating development, growth, and metabolism 3. Controlling Reproductive Activites * Communication Method: -Produces and releases hormones-regulatory chemicals (proteins or lipids) secreted into the blood stream and affects target cells. * Target Cells: -A variety of cells with a specific receptor for a hormone that initiates or inhibits selective cell activities. * Response Time: LONGER * Duration of Response: LONGER LASTING (mins to days and weeks) 17.2 -Endocrine Cells: 1. Derived from epithelium with connective tissue framework 2. Have extensive blood supply to facilitate rapid uptake of hormones 3. Two Locations: -Single Organ: pineal, thyroid, pituitary, parathyroid, and adrenal glands -Cells in small clusters in organs with another primary function: stomach, liver, pancreas -Endocrine glands: scattered throughout the...
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...The Endocrine System When we look at the human body we realize that our body is made up of many systems that do a lot of different things. We will be focusing on the endocrine system. Throughout this paper we will be educating you on the purpose of the endocrine system, the organs within the system, the job of each organ, the relationship the endocrine system has with the rest of the body and medical problems and diseases associated with the endocrine system. The endocrine system are glands that produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for many different functions. These functions include respiration, metabolism, reproduction, sensory perception, movement, sexual development and growth. Also regulates the activity of cells or organs....
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...was up five pounds from last visit that was one week ago. She was a well- dressed woman. Her skin was warm, dry and intact. The mucous membranes were moist, and hearing was intact. Rales were auscultated in her right lower lung field. Her cardiovascular system was negative for chest pain. There was not any jugular vein distension, audible gallop, or heart murmur noted. She had bilateral +1 pedal edema, and peripheral pulses were found to be +2 at the radial and pedal location. Abdomen was soft with normal bowel sounds. An electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm with a first-degree heart block. Pertinent labs from the previous visit were as follows: WBC was 10.3, Hgb was 9.7, potassium 5.2, creatinine 3.2, BUN 24, GFR 27 and thyroid function studies were normal. Chest x-ray did not show significant change from her previous exam. However, there was significant cardiomegaly present. The diagnosis was volume overload with end-stage renal disease. There were no changes made to her medications at this time. Plan of care was discussed with her, and contact was made with her nephrologist. She was sent to the center for...
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...Which is responsible for structural support within a cell? microfilaments Successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse best describes: temporal summation The midbrain contains the tegmentum Which is a function of the thalamus? Major integrating center for afferent impulse It is true that the cerebellum: maintains posture and balance Which structure is involved in pain transmission? Substantia gelantinosa The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic axon terminal is acetylcholine When a patient experiences a brain injury and the medulla oblongata is affected, it is reasonable to expect the client will experience: heart rate changes. alterations in respirations. altered blood pressure. problems swallowing. The meninges surrounding the brain comprise the dura mater, arachnoid & pia mater It is TRUE that the specificity theory of pain relates the amount of pain to the amount of soft tissue injury The reticular and limbic systems regulate what we feel about pain. . Which activity has been documented to increase the levels of circulating endogenous endorphins? stress - Stress, sexual intercourse, acupuncture, and excessive physical exertion have all been linked to increased levels of circulating endorphins A young child presents with redness of the eyes. The parents indicate that this condition seems to be 'going around' the daycare. Which is the most...
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...A variety of chemicals have been shown to disrupt female reproductive function throughout the lifespan in laboratory animals and humans (e.g., diethylstilbestrol). These effects include the disruption of normal sexual differentiation, ovarian function (i.e., follicular growth, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and maintenance), fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy. Only a few agents are associated with direct interference with the endocrine reproductive axis. Examples are those with estrogenic activity or the potential to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Exposure to toxicants during development is of particular concern because many feedback mechanisms functioning in the adult are absent and adverse effects may be noted at doses lower than those observed in the adult. Endometriosis is a painful reproductive and immunologic disease of women characterized by aberrant location of uterine endometrial cells. It affects approximately 5 million women in the United States from 15 to 45 years of age and often causes infertility. The etiology of this disease is unknown. In a single study with a small number of animals, research has suggested a link between dioxin exposure and the development of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. The severity of this lesion was dependent on the dose administered. Recently, a small pilot study to test the hypothesis that serum dioxin concentrations have an association with human endometriosis has been reported. No statistically significant...
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...EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON POULTRY PRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Poultry are birds such as the domestic fowl, Turkey, Duck, Goose, Ostrich e. t. c which are of economic importance to man. Their production is one of the livestock production with significant contribution to human food (Demeke, 2004). It is the primary supplier of eggs and meat as a source of income and employment to people compared to other domestic animals (Avila, 1985). They are raised with relatively low capital investment and readily available household labour. For instance poultry egg contains 74% water, it is a good source of high protein and it is often used by nutritionist as a standard reference for evaluating other protein foods. Studies have shown that the level of performance of poultry does not depends on inherited capacity, but also to a great extent upon the environment (Campbell and Lasley, 1975). The environmental conditions affecting the performance, relative humidity, light, sunshine prevailing at a given time, housing system and ventilation. High temperature and humidity have some negative effects on poultry such as an increase on poultry body temperature: a decrease on feed consumption ( Cowan and Michie, 1978; Howlider and Rose, 1987) and feed efficiency. High temperature also results to a reduction in poultry live weight ( Mowbray and Sykes, 1971), growth speed and high mortality (Arjona et al., 1988) in addition to a decrease on productivity and quality of the eggs (Ozbey and Ozoelk, 2004)...
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...activity produce many of the symptoms of the disease. Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event that meets specific stipulations and symptoms from each of four symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. The sixth criterion concerns the duration of symptoms; the seventh assesses functioning; and the eighth criterion clarifies symptoms as not attributable to a substance or co-occurring medical condition. All of which were a significant patient manifestation. Additionally, the patient meets most, if not all the criteria of a multi-axial diagnosis for PTSD such as: ⦿ Axis I: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ⦿ Axis II: Anxiety, Depression ⦿ Axis III: Paralysis ⦿ Axis IV: Loss of home, loss of the primary support group, unemployment ⦿ Axis V: Severely impaired functionality both mentally and physically, trauma has an impact on daily living. There were several laboratory and diagnostics tests that can be ordered for Ron Kovic such as lab procedures that pertains to anxiety; as well as, lab values pertaining to PTSD. Anxiety Lab Diagnostics: ⦿ Complete Blood Count (CBC) ⦿ Chemistry Profile ⦿ Thyroid Function Tests ⦿ Urinalysis and Urine Drug Screen ⦿ Cortisol Levels (high levels indicate high levels of stress) PTSD Lab Values: ⦿ Cortisol levels decreased ⦿ Elevated Norepinephrine and Epinephrine levels. According to the National Center...
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...Mind- Body Interaction Sometimes, one can be experiencing stress but his/ her mind and body can be so good at hiding it at times without even being aware. In such cases the symptoms might be more subtle and therefore difficult to recognise, such as: * working endlessly without tiring * having little feeling or emotion (except the occasional outburst of anger) * increased use of alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes or other drugs (which may suppress feelings of stress) * behaviour that is 'out of character' * an inability to relax If you are under a lot of stress for a prolonged period of time, but do not feel stressed, eventually it may catch up with you and cause more serious symptoms, such as: * stomach ulcers * heart problems * minor illness (allergies, skin disorders, migraine) * serious illness (eg: arthritis, cancer, diabetes) * mental problems (eg: depression Consider this example of mind- body interaction. * Tomorrow you are schedule to take a final examination, and you must pass the course in order to remain in the nursing program. After a sleepless night, you cannot swallow any food at breakfast, your heartbeat is rapid, you are filled with feelings of anxiety, and you have a diarrhea. What causes the link between psychological stressors and the physiologic stress response? The exact cause is not well known but it is thought that humans respond to treats of danger as if they were physiologic threats. A person perceives...
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...organism can thrive only when all its cells function in accordance with the rules that govern cell growth and reproduction. Why does a normal cell suddenly become a “rebel,” breaking the rules, dividing recklessly, invading other tissues, usurping resources, and in some cases eventually killing the body in which it lives? To understand how and why cells rebel, we need to understand the normal functions of cell growth and reproduction. From the mid nineteenth century on, research in cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology has provided astonishingly detailed information about the molecules and processes that allow cells to divide, grow, differentiate, and perform their essential functions. This basic knowledge of cell biology has also led to practical discoveries about the mechanisms of cancer. Specific molecules that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle regulate cell growth. An understanding of normal cell cycle processes and how those processes go awry provides key information about the mechanisms that trigger cancer. Loss of control of the cell cycle is one of the critical steps in the development of cancer. Although cancer comprises at least 100 different diseases, all cancer cells share one important characteristic: they are abnormal cells in which the processes regulating normal cell division are disrupted. That is, cancer develops from changes that cause normal cells to acquire abnormal functions. These changes are often the result of inherited...
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...Republic of the Philippines SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences Lucban, Quezon NSC01- Biological Sciences (Lecture) Removal Examination Name: Course and Year: Date: GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Type your answer in a separate file, submit it one hour after you received this exam. You may open your notes. Late submission will not be accepted. Please email me: restanmarkalvin@yahoo.com. Do not answer questions in RED. Good luck. _____1. The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a particular temperature is called A. metabolic rate B. BMR C. SMR D. budget allocation _____2. The internal environment of vertebrates is called A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. hemolyph D. plasma _____3. It allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes A. ectotherm B. endotherm C. regulator D. conformer _____4. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the A. large intestine B. stomach C. pharynx D. rectum _____5. To extract the most simplified food substance from the digestive system, it is best to study the A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine _____6. The diffusion in and out of the blood of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes occurs only in the A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veinlets _____7. ____________ carry blood away from the heart. A.Capillaries B. Venules C. Vein D. Arteries _____8. The component of blood that is responsible for clotting is: A.platelets B.Erythrocytes C.neutrophils...
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...Somatizations These symptoms interfere negatively in different areas of the person's life, such as family, work and social life, which are highly disabling. Causes Of Major Depression The exact causes of major depression are still not known. However, there are several factors that can increase the risk of developing the condition. Changes in the balance of hormones may cause major depression. Hormone changes can result in pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery and from thyroid problems or a number of other conditions. Alcohol or drug abuse Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or hypothyroidism. Particular types of medications, including steroids Neurotransmitters are naturally existing brain chemicals that play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that alteration in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment. A combination of genes and stress can affect brain chemistry and reduce the ability to maintain mood stability Depression is more commonly inherited, people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing...
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