...construct a treaty that would relocate the First Nations peoples to a dedicated land claim elsewhere. As a result, Treaty Nine (also referred to as “The James Bay Treaty”) was established on July of 1905, between the Government of Canada, in the name of King Edward II, and various First Nations groups in Northern Ontario (Treaty Texts, n.d.). The Ojibwa and Cree were two key groups involved in the signing of this treaty, representing their people in agreement with the government's terms. They had the basic idea that the treaty was one of sharing and friendship and their goal was to establish a relationship with the government of the day, where they could share the land and take part in the decisions affecting it (The Mushkewgowuk and Anishinaabe Peoples, 2009). They were poor and needed assistance, blindly welcoming the opportunity to start a discussion and enter into a treaty with Canada, which was thought to be an agreement that would bind each party together in good faith (George MacMartin's Big Canoe Trip, 2014). Hunting, fishing and trapping rights were of great significance and needed to be secured in an agreement with the government but the Indians also needed monetary help, schools for their children and to know that they would not be interfered with in their traditional lifestyles on the land and waters. Nevertheless, oral understandings of the treaty show that what was discussed and agreed to by the Indian peoples was not reflected in the written treaty; there is a...
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...President Rodrido Duterte Inauguration Speech * Written By David D'Angelo on Thursday, June 30, 2016 | 6/30/2016 Every President of the Philippines had called for unity but there had never been one as sincere as President Duterte. He has the sincerity in his voice and the sincerity in his eyes to call for unity. Unity among all people in the government, unity with those who are opposing the government, unity with the international community, and unity with ourselves. He said that there’s no leader, however strong, can succeed at anything of national importance or significance unless he has the support and cooperation of the people he is tasked to lead and sworn to serve. When he talks about the real problem of the country. He narrates his priorities which is the fight against corruption, criminality and drugs but then he said that is not the real problem. President Duterte says that it is the people loss of trust and confidence in the government that has become the real problem of the country. Indeed, I agree with him on that 100%. Most Filipinos have lost faith in this country. They had lost the belief that we can be a great country because the government had failed time and time again. Recognizing this means that the new administration knows where to start and what to do. As his first order of business he immediately directed various agencies to speed up the processing of government documents and to eliminate redundancies. This government means business and means...
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...in fact can and will be punished for Violating Global warming effects, if not by legal terms internationally, there will be consequences for their actions. Background Canada has violated the Global warming Pact called the “Kyoto Protocol”. “The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.” The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that places necessary responsibility on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system. According to the UNFCC website, the Protocol "recognises that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, and places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'." There are 192 parties to the convention, including 191 states (all the UN members, except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC...
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...THE RENATIONALIZATION OF YPF UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW; A CASE STUDY Nina van Limburg Stirum Brouwersgracht 48-1, 1013GX Amsterdam 0621500446 Ninavls@hotmail.com 10127305 Bachelor essay supervisor: Jim Mathis Contents THE RENATIONALIZATION OF YPF UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW; A CASE STUDY Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Expropriation and Nationalization in general 3 Chapter 2: Nationalization under international law 5 1: Public Purpose 6 2: Discrimination 7 3: Due Process 8 4: Compensation 9 Investment Treaties 9 Chapter 3: YPF; Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales 13 Short history 13 April 2012 14 Chapter 4: Nationalization of YPF under international law 15 Access to the ICSID 17 Application of the law 18 Ad. 1: Public interest 18 Ad. 2: Discriminatory measures 19 Ad. 3:In accordance with the law (Due process) 20 Ad. 4: Adequate compensation 20 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 24 Introduction On the 16th April 2012 Argentine president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner stated that her government was going to renationalize 51 per cent of the 58 per cent share of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) owned by Repsol. YPF is the biggest Argentine oil company, since 1999 partly owned by the Spanish multinational Repsol. After months of negotiations the Argentine government accused Repsol of not investing sufficiently in YPF to maintain or recover reserves. Due to Repsol’s alleged neglect towards YPF the country...
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...ECO 370 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Environmental Economics, Disparity, and International Agreements Presentation To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/ECO-370/ECO-370-Week-5-Learning-Team-Assignment-Environmental-Economics,-Disparity,-and-International-Agreements-Presentation ECO 370 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Environmental Economics, Disparity, and International Agreements Presentation Research your chosen international agreement. Choose an interest group to whom you will address your presentation. The Learning Team will play the role of a team of environmental analysts reporting on the effects of this international agreement to the concerned interest group. Address the concerns of this interest group. Recommended interest groups include the following: • A local or national government • Labor unions or organizers • Recreation groups • Indigenous peoples • A large business or an industry association Prepare a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation explaining the environmental and economic influence of your chosen international agreement. Include the following elements: • Describe your chosen international agreement and any related agreements or agencies. • Summarize the global environmental costs and benefits of your chosen international agreement. • Contrast the environmental effects of your chosen international agreement on the developing world with the effects on industrialized countries. ...
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...white flag (ICRC website). Subsequently, nation states developed treaties and that became the earliest examples of written international law. As nation states interact through the passage of time, the number of customary practices and treaties grow exponentially and it is not peculiar when States interact more, there bound to be disputes. Disputes can arise from differing opinions of what ought to be customary practice or through different interpretation of treaties, especially so for general treaties (Henderson, 2010). Hence, nation states created International Court (History | International Court of Justice) to facilitate or arbitrate disputes. Besides handling disputes, the International Court also handles disagreements between nation states and international organisations or corporations. Judicial decisions thus play an important role in stating the rules of international law, in particular the judgements and advisory opinions derived from the ICJ, which will affect international law. In this highly globalised world, states and lawmakers require up to date trends to discover the current the content and development of the International Law and the writings of scholars and publicists represent a convenient tool for this purpose and this in turn will affect international law too. Since the end of World War II to 2006, on average, nation states have registered about 990 treaties with the UN (United Nations Treaty Collection) per year (see Figure 1)....
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...Overview of the Implementation Status of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim...
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...A Brief Overview of International Law by Janet Munro-Nelson March 2009 (Download pdf) In matters of world-wide concern, it is international law that determines the responsibilities and obligations of each State, organisation or individual. In the past 50 years, the world has become even more interconnected with the huge leaps in communication and technology, and a growing dependency on other countries for resources and services. Despite recent bad press from some governments, international law is both necessary and important for international cooperation at every level. On a day-to-day level, international law functions effectively with little or no awareness by the participants and without any noticeable seams. One can travel internationally, television events are broadcast world-wide and postal and electronic mail is delivered across borders due to international agreements. The term “international law” actually covers different subsets of law including private international law, public international law, supranational or regional agreements and foreign policy law. When the term “international law” is used in the media or in everyday discussion, the reference is generally to public international law. A short overview of both private international and public international law is given below. Private International Law “Private international law” (as civil law countries such as France, Italy and Spain refer to it) or “conflict of laws” (as common law countries such as the...
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...The only thing we can be sure about in the Treaty Signing at Medicine Creek Lodge, by John Taylor and Howling Wolf is that they “contain the same overt content-that is the peace treaty signing”. (Sayre) How can both artists be so far apart in their renderings and what influences affected their works? Was it the time between the two artworks, cultural differences, or form? John Taylor’s illustration for Leslie’s Illustrated Gazette is more naturalistic than representational because he was focusing on what he saw in the grove at the treaty signing but ethnocentric beliefs may have caused him to make the Native-Americans look hostile in their facial expressions, with their bow and arrows at hand. He also portrays them as non-descript so you can’t tell which tribe they represent. The tipis in the back are also no-descript. The Anglo-Americans are portrayed as benevolent peace makers and I can’t find a gun anywhere. There are no women in Taylor’s illustration even though we know women where present. At that time, in Anglo-American culture, women were left at home to take care of the children and household. They were not involved in matters of importance and John Taylor may have felt to put women in the illustration could take away from the importance of the Treaty Signing of medicine Creek. John Taylor’s illustration appeared soon after the Treaty of Medicine Creek was signed while Howling Wolf’s artwork “was done nearly a decade later, after he was taken east and imprisoned at...
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...Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is generally regarded as setting out the sources of international law. International treaties and conventions is one of the sources of international law in terms of that Article. According to the 1969 Vienna Convention on the law of treaties; part 1, Article 2 on the use of terms- defines the term “treaty” as an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation. It also includes international agreements involving international organizations as parties. In order to speak of a “treaty” in the generic sense, an instrument has to meet various criteria- first of all, it has to be a binding instrument, which means that the contracting parties intended to create legal rights and duties. Secondly, the instrument must be concluded by states or international organizations with treaty-making power; thirdly, it has to be governed by international law and finally the engagement has to be in writing. Convention as a generic term according to Article 38 (1) (a) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice refers to “international conventions, whether general or particular” as a source of law, apart from international customary rules and general principles of international law and- as a secondary source- judicial decisions and the teachings of the most...
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...Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I. League of Nations- The League of Nations came into being after the end of World War I. The League of Nation's task was to ensure that war never broke out again. Big Four- The Big Four were the leaders of the Versailles peace negotiations in 1919. They consisted of David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. Henry Cabot Lodge- Lodge served in both the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, and served as the first Senate majority leader. Cabot is most remembered for his opposition to the League of Nations and, thusly, the Treaty of Versailles. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer- He was elected U.S. Congressman in 1908, 1910 and 1912. Palmer became custodian of alien property in 1917. In 1919, he was appointed attorney general and launched the infamous Palmer Raids. In 1921 he returned to his law practice Palmer Raids- The Palmer Raids were a number of attacks on Socialists and Communists in the...
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...World War I The Crisis That Shaped The 20th Century Stephanie Deprey US History Week 7 World War I was one of the biggest events that shaped the 20th century. Also known as the Great War raged from the summer of 1914 to November 1918. It was a very complicated time and occurred due to many different reasons and spanned over many different nations. There were also some very big effects on the world during and after the war that not only stunned America, but the whole global economy. This was only the start however of many huge conflicts to follow and still continue with world fighting to this day. One factor leading to World War I was fear. Everyone was afraid of everyone else in regards to power and what each would do with that power. Another interesting factor was cultural malaise leading to a feeling that there was something wrong with society and that war would be the way to purge society of its poisons. Perhaps, per this cultural malaise, war was inevitable. Decisions were made with great speed, without proper time for reflection. Perhaps some of the most fateful errors were caused by nothing more complex than lack of sleep. Although these are some interesting points and a good start to look at, there are still some more complex causes leading to war. By the beginning of the 20th century, nationalism had become the dominant emotional bond providing Europeans with a sense of community, tradition, a set of moral standards, and a motivation for political activity...
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...President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points 8 January, 1918: President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this...
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...WHAIORA: MĀORI HEALTH DEVELOPMENT by MASON DURIE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998 (2ND EDITION) Keriata Stuart Ministry of Health In reviewing this book, it is fitting to recall the recent passing of Mason Durie's father. While Durie dedicates Whaiora to his mokopuna, and to future generations, the book also serves to recognise and respect the efforts of all those who have worked quietly for Māori development. One small measure of the influence of this book on Aotearoa New Zealand can be found inside the title page, which reveals that it was reprinted four times over the four years between the first edition of 1994 and this revised edition. Whaiora was launched at the Hui Whakapumau of 1994, in a climate where the Māori present were both deeply aware of the opportunities being offered by the 1993 changes to the health system, and concerned about the impacts that years of economic shocks were having on the health of iwi, hapu and whānau. Whaiora could not have been published at a better time. The many interwoven themes can best be summed up in Durie's own introduction: "Māori health development is essentially about Māori defining their own priorities for health and then weaving a course to realise their collective aspirations" (p.1). The book reminded us that in Te Ao Tawhito (the world before European arrival) an integrated view of health was central to the functioning of Māori society. Whaiora told stories, some known to many and some new or freshly told, of the...
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...The Versailles Treaty The Treaty of Versailles was the PEACE settlement signed after World War I ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia. The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace near Paris between Germany and the Allies. The three most important politicians were there David Lloyd George of Britain Georges Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. The Versailles Palace was considered the most appropriate venue because of its size many hundreds of people were involved in the process and the final signing ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors could accommodate hundreds of dignitaries. The Paris Peace Conference opened on 12th January 1919, meetings were held at various locations in and around Paris until 20th January, 1920. Leaders of 32 states representing about 75% of the world's population, attended. Negotiations were dominated by the five major powers responsible for defeating what was called the Central Power the United States, Britain, France Italy and Japan. Eventually five treaties emerged from the conference that dealt with the defeated powers. The five treaties were named after the Paris suburbs of Versailles of Germany, St Germain of Austria, Trianon of Hungary, Neuilly of Bulgaria and Serves of Turkey. The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: (1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates. (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. (3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to...
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