...Age Discrimination and Age-Based Rationing of Health Care Crystal LaShae Hunter HMP671 – Ethics in Health Care - Fall II 2015 (Week 6) Valparaiso University Author Note: “I have neither given, received, nor have I tolerated other's used of unauthorized aid." Age Discrimination and Age-Based Rationing of Health Care Health care as a social good, requires a tremendous amount of a nation’s expenditures; and health care is not the only social good that a nation must consider, there are also the social goods of defense, education, public health, and infrastructure, to name a few. In the United States alone, the percentage of the GDP spent on health care over a three year period, from 2011-2013, averaged 17.066% (17.1%, 17.0%, 17.1%, each respective year) (The World Bank Group, Inc, 2015). In retrospect, despite the passing and subsequent implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, with the final aspects of the bill effective January 1, 2015, the ever-rising cost of health care may never truly subside, as the nation’s baby boomers continue to age and subsequent chronic conditions often associated with aging such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, and certain cancers increase with the aging population. In fact, according to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2015), Medicare accounted for 20% of total US health care expenditure in 2014, growing 5.5% and expected to “accelerate after 2015” in direct correlation to the expected increases in use of medical...
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...Bills A comprehensive Study Copyrights : ManjRockers Food Security Bill : Important features : This law aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people.[2] Under the provisions of the bill, beneficiaries are to be able to purchase 5 kilograms per eligible person per month of cereals at the following prices: * rice at 3 (4.6¢ US) per kg * wheat at 2 (3.1¢ US) per kg * coarse grains (millet) at 1 (1.5¢ US) per kg. 75% of rural and 50 percent of the urban population are entitled The states are responsible for determining eligibility; Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a nutritious "take home ration" of 600 Calories and a maternity benefit of at least Rs 6,000 for six months; Children 6 months to 14 years of age are to receive free hot meals or "take home rations"; The central government will provide funds to states in case of short supplies of food grains; The current food grain allocation of the states will be protected by the central government for at least six months; The state governments will provide a food security allowance to the beneficiaries in case of non-supply of food grains; The Public Distribution System is to be reformed; Criticisms: Giving people virtually free food will keep them dependent on a ‘mai baap party’, trapping them into a permanent vote bank. It is a brilliant strategy of the Congress party at the centre — both...
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...Strengths and weaknesses of rations A ration is a fixed allowance on provisions on any product that is needed but has a shortage. Most Times rations have occurred wars and other catastrophic events that involved a mass reduction. A ration also can be seen in cases where something is in high demand but because the producer wants to be fair, they put a limit on what can be given. There are strengths and weaknesses to some degree in each situation that may occur due to a ration be orchestrated. Auctions are due to the sell of merchandise for buyers to bid on, for example Storage Company’s auction off a unit due to non payment. The strength in this as related to rations is that it is open to every one and it allows everyone to bid on it. The weakness is that there are only so many units and the ratio of people to units is scarce. Then there are the ration coupons the strength in these is that it allows a big number of consumers to have a chance at certain product. The weakness to this is that it limits what people can get, these coupons were mostly used during wars and these days grocery stores just put a limit on certain items rather than go through the trouble of issuing out a coupon. The term first come first serves have a long list of pro’s and cons. One important strength would be that it creates and urgency and depending on if there is a limit it allows consumer to take advantage of a great deal. The weakness is that when it is a first come first serve basis in rations...
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...June 2014 - Context 1 - Essay Model Answer: The key here, as it always is, is to understand what the question is asking and then making sure that we answer it. An idea here would be to try to simplify the question, so that we really understand what it is asking us. I think what is asking could be summed up with: Should governments stop food from being used to produce biofuel. The main starting point has to be the structure of the essay. Here the acronym DIC ED S P A C applies: Definition In Context Explained Diagram Solutions Problems Alternatives Conclusion The obvious definition from the question is probably Government Intervention. Government Intervention occurs when a governing body decides to manipulate a market, usually to prevent a market failure. In this case the market failure could be seen to be poverty and inequality as there is evidence in the text that, due to rising food prices, more and more people are unable to afford food, one of the basic needs for survival. Clearly, as I am referring back to the text, this is in context. Next up I need an explained diagram. I need this diagram to explain why there is a problem in this market, so I will show that as more crops are being demanded for biofuels, this leaves less available for food. It is clear that as the amount of fossil fuels reduces, but the world population increases, there is more of a demand for energy sources. This is shown in diagram 1: Diagram 1: From...
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...GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH SOCIAL WELFARE (EDN.2) DEPARTMENT Memo.No.10537/SW.Edn.2/2011 dated:20.10.2012. Sub: Streamlining of PMS System – Registration of Fresh Scholarships to Open from 21-10-2012 to 20-11-2012 – Instructions – Issued. Ref:1) GO.MS.No. 66 (SW.Edn.2) Dept, dated 08-09-2010. 2) G.O.Rt.No.1307 Revenue (Ser.II) Dept, dated 13-09-2010 3) G.O.Rt.No.1551 Revenue (Ser.II) Dept, dated 04-11-2010 4) G.O.Rt.No.1570 Revenue (Ser.II) Dept, dated 10-11-2010 5) GO.Ms.No.60 (Sw.Edn.2) Dept, dated 27-09-2011. 6) G.O. Ms. No. 30, SW (Edn.2) Dept., dated 31-08-2012. 7) G.O. Ms. No. 33, SW (Edn.2) Dept., dated 15-09-2012. 8) Memo No. 3637/Edn.2/2010, SW Dept., dated 10-10-2012. *** Online fresh registrations for scholarships to students pursuing college courses for the academic year 2012-13 will commence from 21-10-2012 to 20-11-2012. The scholarship process has been made fully online by the Social Welfare Department. Under the online system, to access the website, a student must enter his SSC ID and Year of Passing to retrieve his record from the SSC data base For the academic year 2012-13, students can apply online for fresh scholarships on the e-pass website from 21-10-2012 to 20-11-2012. All students belonging to SC / ST with family income of less than Rs.2.00 lakh per annum & the students belonging to BC / EBC / DW / MW with family...
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...Mr tedster Wayne Schuller managed a warehouse in Minnetonka, Minnesota. His major concern was the number of workers to assign to his single unloading dock. After he began contracting with motor carriers for deliveries, he found that they were assessing him stiff penalties if their trucks had wait time to be unloaded. Wayne started adding larger crews at the unloading dock, but often, they seemed idle because there were no trucks to unload. Wayne recalled from college that queuing theory might be applicable to such a problem. The theory of queuing is an analysis of the probabilities associated with waiting in line, assuming that orders, customers, and so on arrive in some pattern (often a random pattern) to stand in line. A common situation is that on the average, a facility may have excess capacity, but oftentimes, it is more than full, with a backlog of work to be done. Often, this backlog has costs associated with it, including penalties to be paid or customers who walk away rather than wait. If a firm expands its capacity to reduce waiting times, then its costs go up and must be paid even when the facility is idle. Queuing theory is used to find the best level of capacity, the one that minimizes the costs of providing a service and the costs of those waiting to use the service. After some further research specific to his firm, Wayne determined the following facts. 1. Trucks arrive randomly at the average rate of four per hour, with a deviation of plus or minus...
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...Queuing Theory Significance There is a very significant reason why Queuing Theory exists. Not only does it apply to a wide variety of topic, many within the business and supply chain industries, it also helps prove cause and effect. In addition to this, it provides a very logical idea of what a solution to a problem it has discovered should be. Measuring and understanding both order rate and service rate can potentially be the difference between business success and business failure. For example, if a company has too slow of a service rate, it is going to lose business because of the long wait times. On the opposite end of the spectrum, if a company focuses too much on improving its service rate instead of understanding its ratio compared to order rate, it will be misusing its very valuable resources. It is also important to have knowledge of all different types of queuing systems. Importance of Queuing Configuration As one can imagine, the importance of a queuing system configuration is very significant as well. As stated above, there are several different types of queuing systems and queuing configurations. If a business uses an improper queuing system or queuing configuration, it can suffer from one of many different negative consequences. Some examples of different types of queuing systems/queuing configurations are First Come First Served, First In First Out, Round Robin, Service in Random order, and many more. Queuing systems and configurations also vary by the number...
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...Topic: “The effects of road traffic congestion on residential decision- making of inhabitants of the city of Accra- A case study of communities along three congested routes” Transportation is essentially a response to the mobility needs of people, and this must be done in a timely fashion in order for people to realize its full benefits. Consequently, transportation plays a crucial role in the socio-economic and politico-cultural development of people and their communities. However, there are some related problems (such as congestion, mobility gaps, urban sprawl, and emissions amongst others) that come with it. In Ghana, transportation is almost synonymous with road transport as it is the major means by which peoples’ mobility needs are answered on daily basis. Road traffic congestion in the city of Accra has almost become an’ acceptable norm’ since residents have to live with this phenomenon every passing day of their lives. The factors responsible for this trend are as follows: growth in the population of Accra over the last 15 years (and this has been estimated to double in the next 20 years) associated with a continuing trend of reduction in population density; expansion in built-up area; growth in per capital income (which has also been estimated to have increased five folds over the last 15 years) with a concomitant increase in car ownership. Currently over 70% of major roads in Accra and Kumasi-the two biggest cities in the country- are said to be congested and should the...
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...Congestion has become one of the fundamental problems confronted by big cities. There are those who argue that congestion charge is the most effective way to make alleviate the situation. As I shall argue, reasons why congestion charge can reduce traffic jam will be explained in this essay. According to London transport data (2012), before 2003 more cars went to the central London than buses in the weekday morning peak. After applied congestion charge policy in 2003, the number of people using bus and motorcycle have increased dramatically while the number of people commuting by car have experienced the opposite trend. It is clear that congestion charge has had a positive impact on congestion situation of London. The charge force people to find other environment-friendly vehicles to use such as buses and motorcycles, rather than using cars to go to work (Livingstone, 2008). There are those who maintain that in spite of traffic jam reduction, the congestion charge has brought many disadvantages to the society and economy (Morris, 2008). Firstly, many retailers in the charging zone have faced problem that people tend to go shopping outside city center for their larger purchase. With regard to a report produced by the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a quarter of business leaders were thinking of moving their businesses outside the zone. As a result, there will be a big transformation of streets and shops in London and these streets will no longer attract visitors to...
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...countries in the world with the worst traffic. There is a population of about 18 million people with about 6.3 million cars 650,000 motor cycles, 35,000 taxis and 17,000 busses. To make things worse there are also 1,000 new cars added a day. There have been traffic jams stretching up to 293 km of traffic. Naturally, with numbers like these there is bound to be some traffic. However, there are also 19,000 trucks that pass through Sao Paulo every day. These trucks cause damage to roads and therefore, cause a chain of reaction ending in increased traffic. Of course, the government of Brazil has made effort to help reduce traffic congestion. They have introduced fast-lane buss systems. Some of which are even connected to the metro. Road space rationing is also present; each car has to be kept off the street during rush hour one day each week. Certain license numbers are restricted from using the roads during peak times. There is an estimated 6 million people that use the subway system; the government has spent $10 billion to expand the metro. Sao Paulo Brazil also has one of the highest rates of air traffic. They have provided helicopters for government officials and busy executives. However, we have some suggestions that we believe would reduce the traffic even more. Firstly, air traffic should be made more accessible to a wider number/variance of people. We have worked out that it can cost up to $5,600 for a two way trip (hourly rate) on a helicopter (1,400 an hour and 350 for each...
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...successful health care team. RCN (2009) The role they play is crucial in order to provide a consistent and quality service from health promotion and prevention strategies to clinical treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care. (NHS,2008). Nurses contribute greatly to a modern health care system hence the emergence of many specialist nurse practitioners who have undertaken additional specialist education in order to provide advanced nursing care and nurse prescribing services. RCN (2009) However in order for nurses to uphold the pledge of lifelong learning (NMC, 2008), it is imperative that they improve both clinically and academically and have an understanding of some of the important and current issues within the NHS. One such issue apparent over the last decade, and the cause of much recent debate has revolved around ‘priority setting’ within the NHS. Therefore the focus of this essay will be to critically analyse the subject of priority setting in relation to rationing and funding in the healthcare setting. “It is a matter of fact that rationing exists. It existed under the previous Government, and it exists now. Only when we recognise that rationing is a natural part of any service provided by the state can we make the necessary decisions as to how to apportion limited resources,” (Fabricant, 1998) Michael Fabricant MP, Standing Committee on Health Bill, 1998. From its launch in 1948, the aim of the NHS was to provide a comprehensive health care system...
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...Administrative Ethics Paper HCS 335/Ethics: Health Care and Social Responsibility June 10, 2012 Administrative Ethics Biomedical ethical issues are seen frequently in the news and are in constant scrutiny. The demand for social responsibility is high and available resources are limited. Healthcare leaders are faced with numerous administrative issues regarding patient privacy, research, confidentiality, and terminal illness. Much debate has surrounded medical spending on the terminally ill, such as the cost and allocation of resources toward end-of-life care. Choosing between prolonged life and quality of life are two seemingly difficult decisions to make. Nonetheless, it is difficult to base one’s opinion until cancer has taken over one’s life. A close look at administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care will demonstrate the impact on a population, ethical and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. Impact of Ethical Issue on the Population The Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) is a part of the United States territory since its establishment of commonwealth in political union and is home to approximately 44,000 people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Because of the increase in chronic diseases and lack of available resources, several residents are referred to go off the island to seek health care in Guam and Hawaii (Doty, 2012). However, the medical referral program has a crucial problem with financing...
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...healthcare must take into account both the quality of life for the patient and the financial ramifications for society. It is a universal belief that all individuals deserve to experience a happy and healthy life, but to what extent is the individual responsible for their health. In examining whether the individual or society should pay for healthcare, one must consider both the well-being of the individual and the fiscal welfare of society. These elements do not stand separate, but rather are intertwined. A society is composed of individuals; the health and well-being of a society is the summation of the health and well-being of all individuals in that society. The better individuals feel, the better they can function and contribute to a society's stability and growth. When a worker is in good health, he or she can best contribute to the workplace. Artists can best inspire, leaders motivate, and innovators develop new technologies when these individuals' resources are not consumed in battling health concerns. For this reason, anything that improves the health of individuals is of tremendous benefit to society. A plan allocating responsibility for healthcare must first and foremost protect and uplift the health...
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...To ration or not to ration? When asked to read these two different opinions on health care I was so intrigued. I would have never thought that this cold be an option for the U.S. to decide to help get out of debt and save money on health care. Although both writers made very good points, its quite obvious in my opinion what the right thing to do is. I don’t understand how anyone could live with himself or herself if they picked to rationalize health care. In my reading Laster made a very good point that stuck out to me. Laster stated, “rationing would narrow our horizons, inhibit creative imagination and vision, slow the progress of Medicare and trap us within the limitations of today’s knowledge and todays technology-a high price to pay” (laster, 1990) Why would scientist want to find cures for life threatening disease if our health care wont even treat patients with life threatening diseases because it cost them to much? Who is equal to go that can say one person is worthy of living than another? Singer made a very good point that we put a price on our own lives with saying how much we will pay for airbags or car insurance. Although I don’t think that putting a price on our health, I think that’s taking a risk. When it comes down to a person being sick and loosing their life I guarantee they are willing to pay anything for their life. The part Singer put in his article that touched me was when he said a Washington post asked Daniel Zemel, a Rabbi what he thought...
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...period briefly. o Clarify the differences during each period with public health nursing and community health nursing. o Describe the key health issues. o Identify community health partnerships used during this period of time. o Describe how Watson’s theory of human transpersonal caring is related. |Period |Historical time |Nursing role in |Major health issues |Partnerships used |Watson’s theory | | |period |community | | | | |Past period 2 |1900’s |In this era nurses were |Influx of people coming |This is the era of |Cultivation of one’s | | | |recognized as a |to America lead to a |acceptance when |own spiritual practices| | | |profession and education|decrease in sanitation |partnerships and |and transpersonal self,| | | |moved from the hospital |and resources. Increase|acceptance of all races |going beyond the ego | | | |to the university. The |mortality rate due to |were introduced to the |self (Blais & Hayes, | | | |role of the community |illness and health care |nursing field. Public |2011). This applies to| | ...
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