...comfort, it is one of the main parts needed to be optimized in building envelop. Extended Research Task Temperature Control in Homes ---- Windows Extended Research Task Temperature Control in Homes ---- Windows Temperature Control in Homes --- Windows 1. Abstract: The window insulation always plays an important role in building design and thermal comfort, it is one of the main parts needed to be optimized in building envelop. Window insulation is a basic element which can decide the insulation capacity. The large heat loss from the window is the main part of wasting energy, and simultaneously, there is also difficult to explore the new energy source and to improve the current heat generation device efficiency. Therefore, building a proper insulated window system is a good approach to keep an acceptable indoor climate as well as to reduce energy use and negative climate effects. The aim of this extended research task is to introduce readers to different ways of windows insulation that can efficiently reduce heat loss in an average household during Tasmanian winter. 2. Introduction Tasmania has cold temperature climate with four distinct seasons, with the most distinctive season during the winter month between June and July. During the winter season Tasmania become the wettest and coolest state in Australia with most high lying areas receiving considerable snowfall. Winter maximums are 12 °C (54 °F) on average along coastal areas and 3 °C (37 °F) on the Central...
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...Turbulence 10 References 13 Abstract The fires problem is one of the hazard pose a threat to life and property. Flames behave differently under various conditions which include: the oxygen available, combustible material, orientation of surfaces, etc. this a complex phenomena which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. The research was performed by studying various sources in the library and in the internet and also performing experiments to simulate a real life situation. Introduction The Fire Problem The flammability of a material is a complex event which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. In order to better protect the people and property from risk posed by the unwanted fires, it become necessary to understands all these factors under different conditions. Babrauskas and Vytenis 1992 suggested that heat release rate is the main variable in fire hazard; but Kashiwagi and Ito argued effectively that, the flame spread over the surface of combustible material such a wall and a floor is the main variable responsible for the growth of fire at the initial stages of fire. In addition, the angle of orientation of the combustible material has been found to contribute...
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...Mike Voss PCT 105 Equipment April 5, 2012 Heat Exchangers There are many types of heat exchangers used in a wide variety of industrial applications including power plants, boilers for industrial steam, chemical plants, and many types of manufacturing facilities. Several different configurations are used to accomplish the function of transferring heat from one fluid to another without mixing the two fluids together. The two most common industrial heat exchangers, the shell and tube heat exchanger and the double pipe heat exchanger, along with information about spiral heat exchangers, flat plate heat exchangers, flat plate heat exchangers, fin-tube heat exchangers, and condensers. Calculations for heat exchanger design use heat transfer parameters such as convection heat transfer coefficients, overall heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature differences. These calculations are needed for shell and tube and double pipe heat exchangers, as well as other types. The flow pattern through a heat exchanger affects the required heat exchanger surface. A counter flow heat exchanger needs the lowest heat transfer surface area. It gives a higher value for log mean temperature difference than either a parallel flow heat exchanger or a cross flow heat exchanger. A heat exchanger can have several different flow patterns. Counter flow, parallel flow, and crosss flow are common heat exchanger types. A counter flow heat exchanger is the most efficient flow pattern...
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...HEAT TRANSFER Modes of Transferring Heat Heat is always transferred when a temperature difference exists between two bodies. There are three basic modes of heat transfer: Conduction involves the transfer of heat by the interactions of atoms or molecules of a material through which the heat is being transferred. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the mixing and motion of macroscopic portions of a fluid. Radiation or radiant heat transfer, involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation that arises due to the temperature of a body. CONDUCTION Conductive Heat transfer takes place as conduction if there is a temperature gradient in a solid or fluid Conduction will take place if there exist a temperature gradient in a solid (or stationary fluid) medium. Energy is transferred from more energetic to less energetic molecules when neighboring molecules collide. Conductive heat flow occurs in direction of the decreasing temperature since higher temperatures are associated with higher molecular energy. Fourier's Law expressed conductive heat transfer as: q = k A dT / s Where q = heat transfer (W, J/s, Btu/s)A = heat transfer area (m2 , ft2)k =thermal conductivity of the material(W/m.K or W/m℃, Btu/(hroF ft2/ft))dT = temperature difference across the material (K oroC,oF)s = materialism thickness (m, ft) Example of Heat Transfer by Conduction is A plane wall constructed of solid iron with thermal conductivity 70 W/m℃, thickness 50 mm...
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...de Nemours & Co. Electric Power Research Institute Ford Motor Company Frigidaire Company General Electric Company Harrison Division of GM ICI Americas, Inc. Modine Manufacturing Co. Peerless of America, Inc. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Army CERL Whirlpool Corporation For additional iriformation: Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Center Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. University of Illinois 1206 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 2173333115 INITIAL EVAPORATIVE COMPARISON OF R·22 WITH ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS R·l34a AND R·32/R·125 J.P. Wattelet, J.C. ehato, A.L. Souza, and B.R. Christoffersen ABSTRACT Initial R-22 alternatives were examined for conditions found in stationary air conditioning system evaporators. Heat transfer coefficients for both R-134a and a 60%/40% azeotropic mixture of...
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...CHAPTER – 1 Introduction:- Heat exchangers are very helpful in chemical process, engineering application and also in daily use applications, such as, dairy industry, chemical industry, environment engineering, power production, air conditioning and also in food industry. Shell & Tube heat exchanger is commonly used in energy industries and petrochemical industry. Plate Heat Exchanger is commonly used in a wide range of chemical process and so many industrial functions. So many effort have been made to increase the heat transfer of heat exchanger, reduce the heat transfer time and also increase the energy utilization. The mixture of fluid (base liquid) and Nanoparticles (nanometer sized) are called 'nanofluid'. Latest technology gives benefit...
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...Horizontal Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Table of Contents: Nomenclature. Pg. 3 Introduction and Background Pg. 4 Experimental Methodology Equipment and Apparatus Pg. 6 Experimental Procedures Pg. 7 Results Pg. 8 Analysis and Discussion……………………………………………………………………..Pg. 11 Summary and Conclusions Pg. 12 References Pg. 13 Appendices Pg. 14 Nomenclature Symbol | Term | Units | A | Heat transfer surface area for the tubes | Inches2 (in2) | Cp | Heat Capacity | J/(mol*K) | F | Correction Factor | __ | | Heat | W | c | Cold Side Heat Duty | W | H | Hot Side Heat Duty | W | Shell Side | Hot Side | __ | T | Temperature | Celsius | ∆T | Change in Temperature | Celsius | Tube Side | Cold Side | __ | ∆Tlm | Log mean temperature difference | Kelvin (K) | U | Heat Transfer Coefficient | W/(K*in2) | V | Volume | L | ṁH | Hot water flow rate | L/min | ṁC | Cold water flow rate | L/min | 1.0 Introduction and Background A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid, which can be a liquid or a gas [1]. These fluids do not mix or come into direct contact with each other. Even though all heat exchangers do the same job of passing heat from fluid to fluid, there are various types that work in many different ways. The two most common types of heat exchangers are the shell-and-tube...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The project ‘Heat Transfer Studies on a 7.5 Watt LED Lighting Load using Finite Element Analysis’ is mainly concerned with the heat generated by an LED lighting load and its dissipation to the surrounding such that the LED junction temperature is maintained low. The LED chosen for this project is 7.5 Watt, which has a maximum operating temperature of around 80°C, exceeding which the LED will fail. The LED is best operated at room temperature conditions and may be just above. The project implements a specific method of cooling or rather maintaining the LED junction temperature as low as possible by using a Thermo Electric Cooling device, more specifically known as the Peltier device. The project looks into the various methods by which a Peltier cooler can be implemented such as, with or without a fan or simply a fan would provide sufficient cooling for the LED module. A Heat sink is a necessary component which is always associated with cooling electronic components. Before getting into the depth of the project detailing we will look into the basic components that have been used in the project setup which include: a. LED Module b. Peltier Cooler c. Heat Sink d. Cooling Fan 1.1 Light Emitting Diode: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are small but powerful devices in terms of their diverse applications. LED lights assume greater significance in the context of need for electrical energy conservation and pollution control world over. LED is basically...
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...This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer THEODORE L. BERGMAN Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut ADRIENNE S. LAVINE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles FRANK P. INCROPERA College of Engineering University of Notre Dame DAVID P. DEWITT School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University JOHN WILEY & SONS VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR DESIGNER EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Linda Ratts Renata Marchione Christopher Ruel Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Wendy Lai Thomas Kulesa MPS Ltd. This book was typeset in 10.5/12 Times Roman by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing...
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...poikioltherm, homeotherm, ectotherm and endotherm. Provide an example of an animal for each of the following combinations and explain why it fits these terms: - Poikioltherm: An animals whose body temp varies with the surrounding temperature -Homeotherm: An organism such as a bird or mammal, having a body temp that is constant and largely independent of the temperature surrounding. -Ectotherm- heat acquired from external environment -Endotherm- heat generated by metabolism Poikilotherm & ectotherm: Fish, amphibians, reptiles. Poikilotherm & endotherm: Mammals and birds, insects Homeotherm & ectotherm: tropical reptiles Homeotherm & endotherm: Mostly birds and mammals 3. Describe the 4 mechanisms through which animals exchange heat with their environments. -Radiation: Release of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. -Convection: Transfer of heat by movement. Warm blood from core moves to extremities. -Conduction: Direct transfer to thermal motion between molecules of objects in contact with each other. -Evaporation: Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. 4. For each of the...
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...trODuct ION tO G rO u N D S O u rc e Heat P uMP SyS teM S chris arkins This note TEC 6, originally published in February 1999, was reviewed by Chris Arkins in January 2004. This summary page includes recent updates to the topic since publication. SUMMARY OF actIONS tOwarDS SuStaINable OutcOMeS Introduction Alternative low energy air conditioning solutions are now commonly sought in preference to typical air conditioning systems for both residential and commercial applications. The industry has seen a growing emergence of ground source heat pump (GSHP) installations throughout Australia over the last five years. A broad spectrum of facilities ranging from domestic housing, hospitals, education facilities, commercial offices and civic buildings to name a few, are now realising the environmental benefits offered by GSHP systems over more commonly used air conditioning systems. This summary note provides a brief overview of the previous note and provides an update on changes that have occurred since. basic Strategies Heat rejection is fundamental to all air conditioning systems. Typically, unsightly roof mounted air cooled condensers and cooling towers are by far the most commonly used method for rejecting heat from a building. Ground source heat pumps are somewhat different to the norm. Basically GSHP are refrigeration machines that provide heating and cooling by using ground water and the earth as a medium to reject and/or absorb heat and as such do not require air cooled...
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...2. BASICS OF ENERGY AND ITS VARIOUS FORMS Syllabus Basics of Energy and its various forms: Electricity basics - DC & AC currents, Electricity tariff, Load management and Maximum demand control, Power factor. Thermal basics -Fuels, Thermal energy contents of fuel, Temperature & Pressure, Heat capacity, Sensible and Latent heat, Evaporation, Condensation, Steam, Moist air and Humidity & Heat transfer, Units and conversion. 2.1 Definition Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. In practical terms, energy is what we use to manipulate the world around us, whether by exciting our muscles, by using electricity, or by using mechanical devices such as automobiles. Energy comes in different forms - heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. 2.2 Various Forms of Energy There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food we eat contains chemical energy, and our body stores this energy until we release it when we work or play. 2.2.1 Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). It exists in various forms. Chemical Energy Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that holds...
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...The most important concept to understand within the fire phenomena is heat transfer. Heat transfer is everywhere within the aspects of fire, such as fire development. Before the three types of heat transfer can be explained, a few more things need to be understood. Such as heat is the transfer of energy based on a temperature difference between two objects. Also that temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of the molecules in an object. Now the three types of heat transfer and first up is Conduction which is the transfer of energy in the form of heat by direct contact through excitement of molecules with driven by a temperature difference. Energy travels from a high to a low and the same thing happens with heat. When the high temperature molecules collide with the low temperature molecules, a transfer of energy occurs from the hot, more energetic molecules to the colder, less energetic molecules and this is recognized as conduction. Conduction is most prevalent in solids but it can also be found in liquids and gases. The rate at which heat is transmitted through a material by conduction depends on thermal conductivity which is a characteristic of a material and its mass. The easiest way to think of conduction is to hold a metal rod by one end and put the other over a fire. Eventually the hot energetic molecules from the fire will transfer to the cold, less energetic molecules of the metal rod and slowly creep up the rod to the cold end where it is being held and then...
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...first difference is that the compressor is replaced by an absorber, a pump and a generator. The second is that, in addition to the refrigerant, the absorption refrigeration cycle uses a secondary fluid, called the absorbent. The condenser, expansion device, and evaporator sections, however, are the same. Refrigerant solutions and the absorbent, are mixed inside the chiller in various concentrations. The term dilute solution refers to a mixture that has a relatively high refrigerant content and low absorbent content. A concentrated solution has a relatively low refrigerant content and high absorbent content. An intermediate solution is a mixture of dilute and concentrated solutions. The absorption refrigeration cycle The four basic components of the absorption refrigeration cycle are the generator and condenser on the high-pressure side, and the evaporator and absorber on the low-pressure side. The pressure on the high-pressure side of the system is approximately ten times greater than that on the low-pressure side. [pic] Starting on the high-pressure side of the cycle, the purpose of the generator is to deliver the refrigerant vapour to the rest of the system. It accomplishes this by separating the water (refrigerant) from the lithium bromide-and-water solution. In the generator, a high-temperature energy source, typically steam or hot water, flows through tubes that are immersed in a dilute solution of refrigerant and...
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...Background of the Study Heat exchangers have been used extensively and play an important role in the capital cost, energy efficiency and physical size of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. In this dissertation, a simulation tools to improve effectiveness and efficiency in design, rating, and analysis of air to refrigerant heat exchangers including conventional finned tube coils and emerging micro channel heat exchanger, Coil Designers, is developed and investigated using a general-purpose modeling concept and user friendly interface. The basic concept of a heat exchanger is based on the premise that the loss of heat on the high temperature side is exactly the same as the heat gained in the low temperature side after the heat and mass flow through the heat exchanger. Heat exchanger ‘simply’ exchanges the heat between those two sides; as a result, it is decreasing the temperature of higher temperature and increasing the temperature of lower temperature side. But designing heat exchanger might a challenge; it needs iteration for manual calculation. Many factors have to be considered in heat exchanger selection. Generally suitability of types of heat exchanger to be used in processing industrials is selected based on TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer Association) Standards. TEMA divides heat exchanger into classes based on their application. A shell a tube heat exchanger is one of the standards designs of heat exchanger. It is most common types of heat exchanger in oil refineries...
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