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Running head: HOLISTIC HELP

Holistic Help for the Terminally Ill
Rebecca Clements
University of Phoenix
Research Writing (Axia) - COM220
Farah Briones, MSC
May 11, 2010

The issue of cannabis as a controlled substance has and is debated throughout the years. This paper looks at patients’ testimonies, doctors concerns of medical ethics, their medical oath and the medical decisions between the physicians and patients terminally ill or at end stage of life, science and research developments and the arguments that cannabis in its natural form, needs reclassified and allowed to become an enhancement to medical treatment plans for the terminally ill. Such arguments published by agencies such as the DEA, Federal Government, clinical research and science departments, and finally the patient. The strongest argument, that is, in its natural form, cannabis is a versatile and safe therapeutic active substance with medicinal values. Holistic Help for the Terminally Ill The use of cannabis to treat illnesses is still one of the most controversial issues between the American Medical Society and the nation’s legal system. Cannabis was used for many years to help in treatments for a variety of conditions and ailments and legal in the United States for different purposes of recreational and medicinal use until 1937 when the Marijuana Tax Act established by the Federal Government came into law. A well-known physician from the American Medical Association, Dr. William C. Woodward went before the judicial system, testifying against this act, his argument said, “this act will ultimately prevent any medicinal use of the cannabis for medical treatments (Schaffer Library, pg 1. 1938),” creating the controversy between the physicians, the research centers for specific diseases and the Drug Enforcement Agency. Furthermore, in 1970 The Controlled Substance Act established and led to the categorization of prescription and illicit drugs, placing them under a “schedule,” defining the drug’s potential for possessing a certain level for abuse. Cannabis was placed under the schedule I class, possessing the highest potential for substance abuse and not accepted for any type of medical treatment even under the strict supervision of a medical professional (Enforcement Agency, 1970). This did not stop the illegal recreational use of the substance for 30 years prior to 1970 and after, and the medicinal value of the substance was long forgotten, and the stigma remained prevalent. Although, the recreational users diagnosed with a terminal illness or end stage of life illness discovered the medicinal potentials and benefits of cannabis, society now recognizing an alternative to the normal treatments available not just what was prescribed. The popularity for the medicinal values compelled the research development departments of life threatening diseases to study the health effects and values this substance maintained (Grinspoon, 2007). Because of the schedule I classification, the doctors were legally bound not to prescribe the substance and the research approvals for development severely restricted, leaving the patient to suffer with the effects from the terminal disease or obtaining the substance illegally. This led to the DEA to initiate the development of a synthetic form of the chemical THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) found in the cannabis, the new drug called Marinol, made into an oral form with a schedule III classification Table 1. For patients suffering this was a breakthrough, but what about the side effects and how is this going to help enhance the treatment plans? In the eyes of the patients suffering the side effects with any treatment can be a concern and can enhance the suffering tremendously. When prescribed the medications, questions the patients proposed about administrations of the medications if the patient is too nauseated to swallow it orally, and the drugs potential to put the patient into a dazed state of mind. These types of questions are very common asked of a pharmacist administering a consultation for the patient about the side effects. Testimony from patients showed the medication to have these side effects with the patients concerns and opposition toward this medication for treatment purposes (Stacey, 2008). The patients claimed “cannabis in it natural form, has an easy administration, it is inhaled not swallowed and the substance helps to control pain and does not leave the patient in a dazed state of mind all day (Stacey, 2008). Furthermore, patients are expressing their concerns over the right to discuss and choose the type of treatment plan with their doctors. The patients are claiming “cannabis even though it is an illegal medicinal treatment, it is gaining ground and now is being supported by some of the medical community (idebatepedia, 2009).” Patients have gone as far as to testify in front of the federal government with supported information from their physicians and released information from the research development pleading the Drug Enforcement Agency to reclassify the scheduling of cannabis (Gieringer, 1996). The DEA not convinced of enough scientific proof to warrant a reclassification and stated, “cannabis is much stronger now than it was decades ago (Drug Enforcement Agency, 1970).” This is true, when there is a natural state of substances it is in its original form and not altered there is a much stronger potency. According to data from the Potency Monitoring Project, the THC content of commercial-grade cannabis rose from an average of 3.71% in 1985 to an average of 5.57% in 1998. The average THC content in the United States produced increased from 3.2% in 1977 to 12.8% in 1997. This also constitutes the difference in natural plant extraction compared to laboratory synthesized duplication (Drug Enforcement Agency, 1970 & Hay, 2010 & National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2008 & Drug Watch International, 2001). Nevertheless, positive support from the medical organizations, health charities and individuals who publically have stated their endorsements and supportive statements for medical access to cannabis to enhance the treatments and to make a terminally ill patient comfortable in the end stages of life is strong and continuous. Physicians are considering the evidence available today in regard to the therapeutic benefits and also the risks associated with cannaboids, see table 2 (MMP. 1999). According to the endorsements and statements made by physicians there are two sides to the opinions of cannabis, a physician, Dr. Philip Denney MD, co-founder of a medical cannabis evaluation practice, stated the following testimony to the Arkansas legislature “An act to permit the medical use of Cannabis, I have found in my study of these patients cannabis is a safe, effective and non-toxic alternative to many standard medications (idebatepedia, 2009& ProCon, 2009). According to Dr. Grinspoon MD, “cannabis is used in the treatments of different medical conditions, AIDS, cancer, HIV, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and chronic pain” (Grinspoon Md, 2007). In addition the physicians have found anecdotal evidence exists with treatments for arthritis, migraine headaches, pruritis, menstrual cramps, alcohol and opiate addiction, depression, and certain mood disorders (Grinspoon Md, 2007). Cannabis also aides in the relieving side effects from other medications and symptoms of the disease itself along with nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, loss of appetite, ocular interlobular pressure, and the pain caused by the disease (Grinspoon MD, 2007). Consumer reports documented “For patients with advanced AIDS and terminal cancer, the apparent benefits that derive from smoking cannabis outweigh any substantiated or even suspected risks. In the same spirit the FDA uses to hasten the approval of cancer drugs, federal laws should be relaxed in favor of states' rights to allow physicians to administer cannabis to their patients on a caring and compassionate basis when faced with an end stage of life disease (Herreid & Durei, 1999 & ProCon.org, 2009). But in the same way, the risks involved with cannabis are not without mention for any treatment plan for the terminally ill. For example, physicians have a difference of opinion on this issue and some of the medical risks involved, stating “Although the understanding of cannabis is the most effective drug in combating their medical ailments, there should be caution against this assumption due to the lack of consistent, repeatable scientific data available to prove cannabis’ medical benefits” (Herreid & Durei, 1999 & ProCon, 2009). “Reports of opportunistic fungal and bacterial pneumonia in some patients when cannabis is smoked either suppress the immune system or exposes patients to an added burden of pathogens. In summary, patients with pre-existing immune deficits due to AIDS should be expected to be vulnerable to serious harm caused by smoking marijuana” (Herreid & Durei, 1999 & ProCon, 2009). The physicians are also concerned with long-term health consequences of cannabis. The concerns are of the same if a patient smoked cigarettes long-term due to the chemical content of each substance. But for a terminally ill patient, they do not have a long-term life span so the consequences cannot be compared. Some physicians assert they want to have several therapeutic procedures available and should be able to prescribe antiemetic and analgesic therapies with proven efficacy, and the therapeutic course based on scientific knowledge with much research involved along with the humane practice of medicine Table 2. Consequently this type of opinion of some of the medical professionals could leave a terminally ill patient to endure endless suffering. Because the lack of scientific evidence proven in the opinion of federal government, they refuse to allow a large amount of clinical testing or allocate monies to do so, society is pondering the thought, allocate the monies and the federal government will have the proof. This would take common sense, but the DEA is still standing true and refusing to reclassify cannabis without more scientific proof. For instance, the research foundations of the American Cancer Society, the Multiple Sclerosis Foundation along with the AIDS/HIV Foundation, have allocated monies toward the proof that in its natural state, cannabis has the efficiency for enhancing treatments for the terminally ill. Their scientists have started to unravel the positive effect of the so-called “gateway drug while looking at the importance of examining the use of the medicinal side of cannabis in its natural form, this natural form reported to work when all other treatments have failed (Drug Enforcement Agency, 1970).” Testimonies from the researchers about the scientific proof of cannabis in its natural form to the legislations consists of studies performed with patients of varying diseases and conditions, a clear statement has been made by the researchers “the use of the natural form of cannabis was well-tolerated in patients, the THC was introduced in combined therapies and proved to be beneficial to the patients (Hay, 2010).” Researchers from the Medical Institute of Neurosciences, assisting patients with chronic neuropathy due to the terminally ill disease HIV performed studies with these types of patients and using cannabis in its natural form combined with the already prescribed pain management regimen, showed a significantly reduction in the HIV-related neuropathic pain (Hay, 2010). The research and discoveries appear in the Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, stating “there maybe an effective option for pain relief in those patients whose pain is not controlled with current medications (Hay, 2010).” This evidence adds to the growing body of evidence found with more scientific research of different diseases. However, the research formulated is toward a short term usage; when used as a long term therapy the substance can have a negative effect on the body system (Grant MD, 2010). As this evidence unfolds and presented to society and the DEA there needs to be reconsideration in the classification of the cannabis substance, reclassifying it to be used for the terminally ill or end stage of life patient only, not providing for the use given to an acute diagnosed patient. Additionally, the patient has not only to endure the disease but also the power struggle between the federal government and the states governments on divided policies with this issue. Clouding what should be clear judgments only to leave out an important part of the issue, the patient and their constitutional right to have the best quality medical care and decisions made by the patient and doctors regarding the patients own medical treatment plans. But, who has the right to decide about the regulations on cannabis? The Federal Government and DEA have taken a strong anti-drug stance called the “war on drugs (Drug Enforcement Agency, 1970),” and the individual States claim “the Federal Government has no constitutional right to ban this natural alternative for treatment for a terminally ill patient.” The Federal Government continually impedes the research on the medical use of cannabis despite patient and physicians reports that it is helping with specific treatments (MPP.org, 1999). The NORML had testified in 1996 on behalf of the medicinal cannabis, pleading for the release of funding to conduct clinical studies, where as the American Medical Association has asked the United States government to review cannabis’ statute as an illegal drug now and to remove this statute; re-issue the drug as legal and to reclassify cannabis as a schedule II drug for the sole purpose of therapeutic treatment for the terminally ill only (Cannabis Law Reform, 2004). What society knows of and sees from this power struggle, a political gain and the loosing battle from a patient’s viewpoint. Society has their own views regarding the usage of cannabis and terminally ill patients. Accordingly, each side of the debate presents data that causes controversy using cannabis as a therapeutic treatment for the terminally ill. The physician has taken a medical ethical and moral oath to make decisions for the best type of medical treatment; the right to decide what is best for the patient should stay between the patient and the physician. Furthermore, research has proven cannabis in its natural form, is a versatile and safe therapeutic active substance with medicinal values. Research shows in short term usage, cannabis can have beneficial effects for patients with terminal diseases. Further research has indicated cannabis can help in the control of certain side effects when a patient is taking other medications or therapeutic treatments. With the growing evidence of the positive effects of cannabis, some states have adopted laws allowing the medicinal cannabis to be used, not strictly regulated for the terminally ill; this is still not enough for the DEA to change there stance on the reclassification for the controlled substance. Cannabis is not a cure for a terminally ill or end stage of life patient; it can though help in easing much suffering endured by this type of patient.

Table 1.

|Drug Classification: |Cannabis |
|Examples: |Marijuana |Tetrahydrocannabinol |
|CSA Schedule: |Schedule I |Schedule I, II |
|Trade or Other Names: |Pot; Acapulco Gold; Grass; Reefer; Sinsemilla; Thai |THC, Marinol |
| |sticks | |
|Medical Uses: |No official uses |antinauseant |
|Physical Dependence: |Unknown (some evidence for) |Unknown |
|Psychological Dependence: |Moderate |Moderate |
|Tolerance: |Yes |Yes |
|Duration (hours): |2-4 |2-4 |
|Usual Method: |Smoked; Oral |Smoked, oral |
|Possible Effects: |Euphoria; Relaxed inhibitions; Increased appetite; Disorientation |
|Effects of Overdose: |Fatigue; Paranoia; Possible psychosis |
|Withdrawal Syndrome: |Occasional reports of insomnia; Hyperactivity; Decreased appetite |
|Other cannabis (w/ CSA schedule) |Hash, hash oil [I] |

|Schedule III |
|Amobarbital & noncontrolled active ingred. |2126 |N |Amobarbital/ephedrine capsules |
|Amobarbital suppository dosage form |2126 |N | |
|Anabolic steroids |4000 |N |"Body Building" drugs |
|Aprobarbital |2100 |N |Alurate |
|Barbituric acid derivative |2100 |N |Barbiturates not specifically listed |
|Benzphetamine |1228 |N |Didrex, Inapetyl |
|Boldenone |4000 |N |Equipoise, Parenabol, Vebonol, dehydrotestosterone |
|Buprenorphine |9064 | |Buprenex, Temgesic |
|Butabarbital |2100 |N |Butisol, Butibel |
|Butalbital |2100 |N |Fiorinal, Butalbital with aspirin |
|Chlorhexadol |2510 |N |Mechloral, Mecoral, Medodorm, Chloralodol |
|Chlorotestosterone (same as clostebol) |4000 |N |if 4-chlorotestosterone then clostebol |
|Chlorphentermine |1645 |N |Pre-Sate, Lucofen, Apsedon, Desopimon |
|Clortermine |1647 |N |Voranil |
|Clostebol |4000 |N |Alfa-Trofodermin, Clostene, 4-chlorotestosterone |
|Codeine & isoquinoline alkaloid 90 mg/du |9803 | |Codeine with papaverine or noscapine |
|Codeine combination product 90 mg/du |9804 | |Empirin, Fiorinal, Tylenol, ASA or APAP w/codeine |
|Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone |4000 |N |Oral-Turinabol |
|Dihydrocodeine combination product 90 mg/du |9807 | |Synalgos-DC, Compal |
|Dihydrotestosterone (same as stanolone) |4000 |N |see stanolone |
|Dronabinol in sesame oil in soft gelatin capsule |7369 |N |Marinol, synthetic THC in sesame oil/soft gelatin |

Note. From the Drugs of Abuse, Drug Enforcement Agency, U.S. Government, Copyright 1970 www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/abuse/contents.htm.

Table 2

|I. Summary of Physician Views |
|The distribution of physicians who responded Pro, Con, or Not Clearly Pro or Con (NC), to our core question "Should |
|marijuana be a medical option?" is illustrated in the chart below. |
| |

Note. From the Top 10 Pros and Cons Should Cannabis be a Medical Option? Medical Marijuana ProCon, Copyright 2009 by ProCon.org

Table 3.

[pic]
Note. From the Cannabis-based drug shows some benefits in R. Medscape Medical News, Copyright 2006 by Medscape.com
References
(Cannabis Law Reform 20040212 Medical Necessity Defense)Cannabis Law Reform. (2004, February 12). Medical Necessity Defense. Retrieved May 3, 2010, from http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3410
(Chustecka Zosia 20060123 Cannabis-based drug shows some benefits in RA)Chustecka, Zosia. (2006, January 23). Cannabis-based drug shows some benefits in RA. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from http://http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/538479
(Drug Enforcement Agency 1970 Drug Scheduling)Drug Enforcement Agency. (1970). Drug Scheduling. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html
(Drug Watch International 20011026 Truth About Marijuana and Industrial Marijuana Hemp)Drug Watch International. (2001, October 26). The Truth About Marijuana and Industrial Marijuana Hemp. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from http://www.drugwatch.org/Truth_Marijuana_Hemp.htm
(Gieringer PhD D H 08081996 Review of Human Studies on Medical Use of Marijuana)Gieringer, Ph.D., D. H. (08, August 1996). Review of Human Studies on Medical Use of Marijuana. Retrieved April 5, 2010, from http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=4393
(Grant Mdf I 20100218 Cannabis Pain Management Flawed)Grant, Mdf, I. (2010, February 18). Cannabis Pain Management Flawed. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/2010218 (Society For The Study Of Social Problems 2008 "Resolution: Medical Cann(Griffith Laura 1 Doctors divided on medical pot: Opinions vary on marijuana as treatment option)(Grinspoon Md L 20070301 For which symptoms or conditions might marijuana provide relief?)Grinspoon Md, L. (2007, March 1). For which symptoms or conditions might marijuana provide relief? Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view. answers.php?questionID=000087
(Googlescholar 7 Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review)( Hall Phd Wayne Macdonald Phd Christie Currow Mph David 2005 Cannabinoids and cancer: causation, remediation, and palliation) (Harvard Mental Health Letter 201004 Medical marijuana and the mind.)(Hay Phd J 20100218 Medical Cannabis has merit, research shows)Hay PhD, J. (2010, February 18). Medical Cannabis has merit, research shows. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://www.webmd.com/management/news/20100218/medical-cannabis has-merit-research-shows
(Hay Phd Joel 18 Pain Management Heath Center/Medical Marijuana Has Merit, Research Sho (Herreid Durei 1999 Pro: Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes)Herreid & Durei. (1999). Pro: Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://www.sciencecases.org/marijuana/pro_info.asp
(Herreid Durei 1999 “Terminal Cancer”)Herreid & Durei. (1999). “Terminal Cancer”. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://www.sciencecases.org/marijuana/pro_story.asp
(Hitti M 20080518 FDA OKs Return of "Marijuana" Drug) id(Debatepedia 20091118 Argument: Marijuana is a safer alternative to many medicationsiddebatepedia. (2009, November 18). Argument: Marijuana is a safer alternative to many medications. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://idebatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Argument_Marijuana_is_a_safer_alternative
(Meng PhD Ian 2004 Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Analges(MppOrg 1999 Medical Marijuana Endorsements)Mpp.Org. (1999). Medical Marijuana Endorsements. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from http://www.mpp.ort/assets/pdfs/download-materials/Mmj-Endorsements _0908_-NOLOGO.pdf
(National Institute On Drug Abuse 20080315 Potency Monitoring Project)National Institute On Drug Abuse. (2008, March 15). Potency Monitoring Project. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/pdf/FullPotencyReports.pdf
(ProconOrg 20090506 Physician Perspectives on Marijuana's Medical Use)Procon.Org. (2009, May 6). Physician Perspectives on Marijuana's Medical Use. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from h://medicialmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php? resourceID=000141
(ProconOrg 19990322 Should marijuana be a medical optio(Schaffer Library 22 Statement of Dr. William C. Woodward, Legislation)Schaffer Library. (1937, May 4). Statement of Dr. William C. Woodward, Legislation, 22 (1) Retrieved April16, 2010, from htt://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/ Woodward/htm.
(Scrip World Pharmaceutical News 6 US ruling favours medical marijuana.(medical treatment) (Stacy Kelli M 20080805 HIV & AIDS HEALTH CENTER/ Marijuana Eases Nerve Pain Due to HIV)Stacy, K. M. (2008, August 5). HIV & AIDS HEALTH CENTER/ Marijuana Eases Nerve Pain Due to HIV. Retrieved April 8, 2010, from http://www.webmd.com/hiv- Aids/news/200805/marijuana-eases-nerve-pain-due-to-hives

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...No Certificate of Originality attached HIPAA Joann Harris BSHS 401 June, 4 2012 Joel Odimba HIPAA Doing the online HIPAA training was an eye opener. Even though I knew a little bit about HIPAA, I did not really know that much about it. There is so much that is involved with HIPAA. Some of what I will discuss is the way I have changed principles, professional responsibilities and also how being self aware will prepare me for a case management role. There are many points to look at when considering a case management role. First, as I was going through the online training, it has shown me different things about HIPAA than just knowing it. One of the responsibilities that I already knew about is confidentiality. I think it is important for case manager to uphold the confidentiality ethics. I am a strong believer that confidentiality is important. I also believe that there are exceptions to the rules. An example would have to be is if there is harm that would come to a client or to his or her community. In a case like that, I would take it to a supervisor or someone higher up. The way that case manager’s hand cases like that has me thinking differently. A case manager should always use ethics. With these ethics come trust, respect and values on making bias decisions. I do have to hand it to case managers because they need to be bias and sometimes that is a hard thing to do. What I have viewed on that is remarkable. For me, it would be hard to be bias...

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...Biomedical Ethical Issues The Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was signed by President Bill Clinton into law on August 21, 1996 (Sage, n.d.). This law will protects and provide privacy regarding the patient medical history from spilling into public. It also intended for reducing fraudulent activity of patient identity and medical history. With the rest of the nation complying into this law, it can improve the health care data system, so the provider can easily find out what was wrong with his or her patient. In my research paper, I will be describing the issue and its impact on the population it affects most, the arguments or facts are used the article to support their proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues that reported by the administrative, the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issue, and any proposed solutions were identified. Describe the issue and its impact on the population it affects most. Misplacing patient health records is a serious issue. This type of issue is a violation of patient confidentiality, which protects the privacy of a patient. The impact for affected people can be terrifying. Those patients included in the misplaced medical records have to worry about getting their identity stolen. The information from the medical records can be used to apply for credit cards and loans. According to The Canadian Press, McGuinty admitted to them that they have almost 6,500 patient medical...

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...Introduction to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) We human beings have been gathering data since the dawn of mankind, whether it was in the form of pictures drawn on stones or in the form some text typed and saved on your computer. There is no doubt in that technology has multifaceted benefits but, at the same time, it has forced mankind to feel insecure. Every industry depends upon the data of the customers and the health industry is no more an exception here. The data of each patient is shared to facilitate health itself and for more rigorous and authentic research. Hence, protecting patient data is very important. It is so important that in 1996, the federal government introduced the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act also known as “HIPAA”. This act brings balance to privacy, meaning that, as an individual or as a patient, you have the right to withhold information but at the same time, it gives the business owner the right to disclose patient information that is needed for patient care and other important purposes to various authorized businesses. However, healthcare businesses such as Medicare centers, insurance companies and more, must assure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronically-protected health information. HIPAA consists of two major standard Privacy and Security rules. Privacy Rules: This rule assures that individual’s health information is properly protected yet still provides flow...

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...HIPAA Summary Janine Yoder HCS/320 March 3, 2015 Lynn Bell HIPAA Summary Going to the doctors or hospital is scary enough, so they try and make it easier, so you are worried about multiple things. They work and take your privacy and rights out of it and have it protected. The Federal Act of 1996, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. This act is to help people be able to keep health insurance a little easier and protect our information from being given away. The confidentiality and security of our health care information, and it controls the cost of administrative in the health industry. You can go to the doctors and not have to worry about them sharing your information with anyone without your permission because of the HIPAA law. Protecting the patient’s rights is the number one priority when it comes to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Even though, the cost of administrative, privacy and right because security of health care information and confidentiality. The implications for health communications, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has different types. Civil and criminal penalty and violations up to but not limited to two hundred and fifty thousand in fines and up to ten years in prison. This information is crucial because you do not want to be giving out someone’s information on accident. Plus you would not want your information out there if it did not have to be. That is how people...

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...How HIPAA Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process Rebecca Clements HCA 220 University of Phoenix (Axia) October 3, 2010 Monica Tucker Abstract HIPAA mandates privacy rules and regulations regarding patient’s protected health information. This includes diagnoses, information regarding sexuality and history of drug use. HIPAA applies to all diagnoses, because of the social stigmas placed upon certain types of diagnosis; history has shown society to be more sensitive when it comes to HIV and AIDS disclosures. Inappropriate disclosure of information can create social, legal and ethical ramifications. How has the medical industry improved upon confidentialities and disclosure with HIV and AIDS patients. How HIPAA Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process References Dickens, B., & Cook, R. (05/08/2000). Law and ethics in conflict over confidentiality? Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=946463 Myers, J., Friednan, T., Berhwani, K., & Henning, K. (2008, May). Ethics in Public Health Research: Privacy and Public Health at Risk: Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age. American Journal of Public Health, 98(5), 793-801. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706 Richards, E. (1999). HIV: Testing, Screening, and Confidentiality - An American Perspective. Retrieved from http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/articles/american-hiv.htm UNAIDS, U. (2007, June 27). Confidentiality and Security of HIV...

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...Jesse Martinez IS3350 Unit 4 Assignment 1 Unit 4 Assignment 1 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was created to develop some type of regulations protecting the privacy and security of certain health information which shouldn’t be accessible to others. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for HIPAA compliance within the Privacy Rule as well as the Security Rule. The Privacy Rule develops national standards for protecting certain health information while the Security Rule establishes a national set of security standards for protecting certain health information that is held or transferred in electronic form. One of the specific sections of the form that need critical attention while filing the complaint is having your complaint filed in writing, either on paper or electronically to have records of the complaint. You are also required to name the covered entity involved in your complaint while reviewing whichever requirements being violated in the Privacy and/or Security Rule. It also requires the complaint being filed within 180 days of when you knew that the act or omission happened. OCR may extend the 180-day period if you have good reason for the extension. HIPAA also prohibits retaliation. This means that anything under HIPAA cannot retaliate against you for complaining. If any retaliation activity occurs, you are required to immediately get ahold of OCR. Finally, you submit your complaint through...

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