...Majesty's” Government. Its objective is to provide the government with coinage at a competitive price and its manufacturing requirement ranges from high volumes of standard coinage to individual service medals or commemorative coins. In the case of the Royal Mint, they follow a unique cost ceiling that their cost base must always be less than the face value of the coins being produced. In order to follow that unique cost ceiling, the researchers follow the concept of simultaneous design by being involved in initiatives to improve materials being used in both coins and dies. Then due to high inflation rate, the face value of the coin is exceeding the cost base of the raw material and with the help of using the concept of simultaneous design, the Royal Mint quickly mitigated the risk by changing the composition of the 2 Pound and 1 Pound coins to a steal core with an electroplated copper outer layer and has significantly reduced the unit cost and it added expected lifetime by using a less expensive metal base. II. Background The Royal Mint has a cost ceiling that the cost base of the material must be less than the face value of the coin being produced. In order to follow that unique cost ceiling, the Royal Mint implemented the Concept of Simultaneous Design to research on how to further improve the materials being used by both coin and die to extend its period of use and to mitigate the risk of high inflation rate of the raw materials. III. Key Problem Based on...
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...CHAPTER 17 PROCESS COSTING 17-1 Industries using process costing in their manufacturing area include chemical processing, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, plastics, brick and tile manufacturing, semiconductor chips, beverages, and breakfast cereals. 17-2 Process costing systems separate costs into cost categories according to the timing of when costs are introduced into the process. Often, only two cost classifications, direct materials and conversion costs, are necessary. Direct materials are frequently added at one point in time, often the start or the end of the process. All conversion costs are added at about the same time, but in a pattern different from direct materials costs. Conversion costs are often added throughout the process, which can of any length of time, lasting from seconds to several months. 17-3 Equivalent units is a derived amount of output units that takes the quantity of each input (factor of production) in units completed or in incomplete units in work in process, and converts the quantity of input into the amount of completed output units that could be made with that quantity of input. Each equivalent unit is comprised of the physical quantities of direct materials or conversion costs inputs necessary to produce output of one fully completed unit. Equivalent unit measures are necessary since all physical units are not completed to the same extent at the same time. 17-4 The accuracy of the estimates of completion depends on the care and skill of the estimator and...
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...industry-organic foods; health foods, natural foods, prepared meals, ethnic ingredients, etc. Publix grocery has benefited from great success in the industry and has expanded out of primary market, Florida. However, with the arrival of globalization impacting margins in almost every industry, the food retailing/supermarket industry has now joined the trend. International and domestic food retailers around the globe have started to internationalize at a brisk rate and open operations around the globe (Mujtaba & Franklin, 2007). The right product pricing is one of the most important matters concerning the growth of companies’ financial performance. Prices should be low enough to draw in customers; however, simultaneously high enough to cover all costs and anticipated profits. Research in the supermarket industry indicates that nine percent of customers leave and shop elsewhere because they think prices are too high. The supermarket business is becoming more and more concentrated as large regional chains such as Kroger, Safeway, Wal-Mart, and Albertson‘s dominate their markets. Publix‘s present strategy is to progressively grow from within and enlarge the Publix culture throughout the stores across different states domestically. If Publix chooses not to go international, they need to be fully equipped to compete with international firms that are planning to attack their market in the upcoming decades....
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...Seyhun Shikhaliyev CASE STUDY COLORSCOPE 1. Why would any customer, let alone large advertising agencies and departmental stores, go to Colorscope rather than go to the large printers listed in Exhibit 3? The main line from the colorscope inc background are the corporate was found in march 1976, the first target customers is local customers (small agencies), and after that colorscope growth significantly that thing can be proved in 1988 sales colorscope over than USD 5 Milion and they served Big Customer, since growth they invest capital expenditure in order to improve services. In 1990 when the overall technology growth rapidly and there are more competitor than before, this situation make the condition under pressure, the first impact from this condition is price war, so the market pressure forced him to reduce his own price. After all finally in 1994 , colorscope loss signifant & long term client ( where the client omset is 80 % of his business). If colorscope want to survive in this business they must reevaluate the industry from the operation to his pricing policy. Direct Competitor 1. Larger, more technically savvy printing companies with professional salespeople pushing bundled pricing, integrating pre-press services with printing in a single package, such as R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. and Quad Graphics. 2. Companies that competed in several different submarkets beyond catalogs, e.g. insert, comic syndications, and coupons, such as American Color and...
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...CHAPTER 5: ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND MANAGEMENT QUESTIONS 5-1 Product costs are likely distorted when a firm uses a volume-based rate if the plant has more than one activity in its operations and not all activities consume overhead in the same proportion. The more diverse the product mixes of the plant are in volume, sizes, manufacturing processes, or product complexities, the greater the cost distortions are likely to be in using a volume-based rate. Undercosting a product may appear to have increased the reported profit the product earned (assuming the firm did not lower its selling price because of the reported lower product cost). However, the increased profit is, at best, a twist in truth. Costs of the product not charged to the product itself are borne by other products of the firm. Worse, undercosting a product may result in managers erroneously believing the product to be more profitable than other products and shifting the limited resource the firm has into manufacturing, promotion, and sales of the product when, in fact, other products are more profitable to the firm. Severe cost distortions may lead firms not to drop unprofitable products because the cost data show these products are profitable. 5-3 Overcosting does not increase revenues. A firm can increase the selling price of a product, thereby increasing the total revenue from the product only if the market allows. Increases in the selling price of a product without experiencing noticeable decrease in the sales...
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...ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY College of Business Department of Accounting ACC 132 –Managerial Accounting Spring 2014 Section 3, Mon/Wed 2:00 - 3:15 pm, SFHB 357 INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION Instructor: Liesel Mitchell, CPA, CMA Office: COB 314 Phone: 438-7588 E-mail: lmitch2@ilstu.edu Office Hours: Mon/Wed 1:00 – 2:00 pm and 3:15-4:15 pm, Other hours by appointment (I am in class M/W from 9:30 am-12:15 pm and off campus on T/Th until 2:30 pm) Graduate Assistant: Sam Koury, skoury@ilstu.edu Tutoring: Accounting Department tutoring, SFHB 127, times TBA Julia N. Visor Academic Center: • Provides free weekly tutoring sessions (must sign up). Also provides assistance with a variety of other skills. • (309) 438-7100; www.ucollege.ilstu.edu/tutoring/ • Location: Vrooman 012 (between Manchester and Hewett dorms) COURSE INFORMATION Course Number, Title and Credit: Accounting 132, Managerial Accounting – 3 hrs credit Objective: This course is designed to introduce students to managerial accounting information, tools, and techniques available to assist them in managing a business as well as the preparation and analysis of cost accounting information. You will be able to understand, record, and analyze the operations of a firm under various conditions of cost application; understand the creation of various budgets and cash flow analysis of a business...
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...Dialysis Center to another location, and allow the OP Clinic to utilize the now open space. Gaining the Dialysis Center’s 20,000-square-feet now gives the OP Clinic their additional 25% of space needed for expansion. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) created a Profit and Liability (P&L) Statement for the expansion, in which he utilized a new indirect cost allocation scheme. In his new indirect cost allocation scheme the CFO used actual facilities cost instead of aggregated facilities cost, which has historically been utilized by the Medical Center. Also noteworthy, is the fact that the directors’ annual bonuses are now going to be based upon full costs instead of only direct costs, which has also been historically utilized by the Medical Center. After viewing the CFO’s P&L Statement with the new indirect cost allocation scheme in place, the Director of the Dialysis Center raised several concerns, which will form the heart of our analysis: 1. Is it fair for the Dialysis Center to suffer from the move even if it had nothing to do with it? 2. Should the Dialysis Center be charged actual facilities cost for its new location? 3. The Dialysis Center books $800,000 in annual...
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...Cost Allocation Assignment Kaneilia Williams Accounting in a Health Care Environment ACC/HC 561 April 23, 2012 Ruth E. Brown Academic and Western Hospitals Academic Hospital and Western Hospital share services as a result of a merger about a year ago. There is a parent organization that owns both hospitals and allows each to operate individual as its own profit center. Academic Hospital now handles all laboratory services for both hospitals and Western Hospital handles maternity services for both. Recently, an issue with the charges for amniocentesis arose because Western Hospital demanded a reduction in the price for laboratory services. This price reduction is requested because Western Hospital found an outside laboratory that will provide the same services for $375 instead of $400. The hospitals formed a joint committee address the issue. The cost allocation methods by both hospitals will be reviewed. The committee will decide how the cost centers were determined. The differences between fixed and variable costing will also be displayed. Cost Allocation Methods The cost allocation process involves transferring costs from area or department and allocates them to another area or department. “The goal of cost allocation is to associate costs as closely as possible with the patients who cause them to be incurred” (Finkler, Ward, and Baker, 2007). The main two types of cost allocation are indirect costs and allocation from one department...
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...the theoretically optimal production schedule are the factors to make production schedules. The strategy used by Forest Hill Paper Company to compete is to use a differentiation strategy. They have been offering a full range of both products and services, trying to create a niche based on service and rapid response to customer needs. I think the most important challenge for Forest Hill Paper Company is cost allocation, there is a gap between allocated cost and actual cost, and the methods company used was not correct. There are four overhead costs drivers for Forest Hill Paper Company: Large variability of output, the demand is bigger than the production capacity during a boom and decreases during down times; FHPC produces a huge variety of product that increase costs due to the processing required; Several steps with the machine causing costs to increase; Some costs are related to direct materials, while others depend on the batches. As we know, Forrest Hill Paper Company is now using the simple costing system, and I think the material cost and indirect overhead costs were not allocated correctly. We should compare the simple costing system and ABC system to figures the most accurately amount. In the other hand, we need to calculate a predetermined overhead...
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...the upcoming accounting period is $800,000 and 25,000 hours, respectively. Information about the company's products follows. Standard: Enhanced: Estimated production volume 3,000 units 4,000 units Direct-material cost $25 per unit $40 per unit Direct labor per unit 3 hours at $12 per hour 4 hours at $12 per hour Ontario's overhead of $800,000 can be identified with three major activities: order processing ($150,000), machine processing ($560,000), and product inspection ($90,000). These activities are driven by number of orders processed, machine hours worked, and inspection hours, respectively. Data relevant to these activities follow: Orders Processed Machine Hours Worked Inspection Hours Standard 300 18,000 2,000 Enhanced 200 22,000 8,000 Total 500 40,000 10,000 Top management is very concerned about declining profitability despite a healthy increase in sales volume. The decrease in income is especially puzzling because the company recently undertook a massive plant renovation during which new, highly automated machinery was installed - machinery that was expected to produce significant operating efficiencies. Using a Microsoft Excel format for calculations, complete the following: 1. Assuming use of direct-labor hours to apply overhead to production, calculate the unit manufacturing costs of the standard and enhanced...
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...the Importance of Cost Accounting? ACC310: Cost Accounting I (BBJ1220A) Instructor: Ashley Harper Melissa Little June 18, 2012 This paper seeks to explain the practices and principles of cost accounting and their overall effectiveness in assisting a company in minimizing costs where possible and optimizing the return on the costs that are necessary. Every year, no matter the overall state of the economy, businesses both old and new experience huge successes and huge failures. Every business has the potential and the intention to capitalize on profits and to become perpetually successful. What is the difference between the businesses that are able to do this and those that fail? What do successful businesses do to capitalize on and expand their profits? Many things contribute to successful business enterprises, but the bedrock principle of every successful business venture is honest accounting practices. Accounting is the information system which assesses an organization’s undertakings, computes the figures into reports, and imparts the outcome to an influencer. Accounting is a general, all-encompassing term that can mean many things to many people, so there are a few sub-categories that have been created to delineate specific areas or specialties within the accounting world itself. These are the areas of management accounting and cost accounting. Management accounting refers to the practice of gathering and analyzing accounting information in order...
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...1. Identify the key audit objectives for a client’s payroll function. Comment on both objectives related to tests of control and those related to tests of control s and those related to substantive audit procedure. The key audit objectives for client’s payroll function in this Trolley Dodgers Case are: * Occurrence-establish whether employees worked * Completeness-make sure hours are recorded * Accuracy-make sure hours work and salary paid are correct * Posting & Summarization-compare payroll master with general ledger * Classification –establish identity for each employee and correct pay rate * Timing-verify whether payroll was issued efficiently Payroll frauds do not take place as much as it used to, that does not mean it will not occur. Fraudulent activities such as fabricated employees, overpaying employees, and continuing employees on payroll after they have left the company are a risk. That is why a well-built internal control of payroll is needed. Test of controls consist of making sure that employees worked, by comparing payroll with hours worked and salary paid. Employees should have correct withholding taxes taken out and paid at the appointed time without error. Strong internal control require that the adding and taking away of names from the company payroll as well as pay rate changes and reclassification of employees be witnessed in writing by an executive in the Human Resources department and by management of the department concerned. Substantial...
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...Understanding management accounting techniques in the context of organizational change: as strategic business partners with a responsibility to improve operations, management accountants must identify techniques that support incremental change and h elp transform their firm. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Driven by the need for organizational change, management accounting techniques have developed and proliferated at an unprecedented rate in the last few decades. Some critics, however, have charged that the changes are a "reinvention of the wheel" every few years. To put these issues in perspective, let's look at a framework created to illustrate the distinctive nature of these techniques in an organizational change context. The framework considers such factors as user resistance and organizational culture that can influence the applicability and implementation success of the techniques. After tracing the history of management accounting beginning in 1850, accounting scholar Robert S. Kaplan comments, "Despite considerable change in the nature of organizations and the dimensions of competition during the past 60 years, there has been little innovation in the design and implementation of cost accounting and management control systems." (1) All the practices employed by companies and described in management accounting textbooks had apparently been developed by 1925, despite major changes in the nature and operations of organizations. To develop the field of managerial accounting, Kaplan and others...
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...Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 2th Exam GEOP4335. Chapter 8: Supplier Selection and Evaluation |1. |In today’s competitive environment, progressive firms must be able to produce quality products at reasonable prices. Product | | |quality is a direct result of the _______________ and the ___________. | | |A. management / workforce | | |B. engineers / designers | | |C. production workforce / suppliers | | |D. production department / operations division | | |E. employees / machinery | | |Page 157 | |2. |Traditional purchasing professionals who act as little more than order placers are giving way to __________ involved ___________ | | |managers who control vital inputs to the production process. ...
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...jackets is more likely to use job-order costing than process costing. Ans: True AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Reporting LO: 1 Level: Easy 3. Normally a job cost sheet is not prepared for a job until after the job has been completed. Ans: False AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Reporting LO: 2 Level: Medium 4. Job cost sheets contain entries for actual direct material, actual direct labor, and actual manufacturing overhead cost incurred in completing a job. Ans: False AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Reporting LO: 2 Level: Easy 5. Multiple departmental overhead rates generally provide more accurate product costs than a single plant-wide overhead rate. Ans: True AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Reporting LO: 3 Level: Easy 6. If direct labor-hours is used as the allocation base in a job-order costing system, but overhead costs are not caused by direct-labor-hours, then jobs with high direct labor requirements will tend to be overcosted relative to jobs with low direct labor requirements. Ans: True AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Reporting LO: 3 Level: Easy 7. The journal entry for cost of goods manufactured includes only the costs of units that are finished. Ans: True AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Reporting LO: 4 Level: Medium 8. The following entry would be used to record depreciation...
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