...Running head: USING/OR NOT USING A CELEBRITY TO PROMOTE THE Using/or Not Using a Celebrity to Promote the Product Ben Williams Jr. Grantham University Abstract It is a well-known fact that many companies spend huge amount of money to get their products endorsed by prominent public figures (celebrities). But why do companies use celebrities for endorsing their products? In today's world of fiercely competitive and highly fragmented market, every company tries to maximize the share of its target market segment to optimize its profit. To achieve this goal, companies try a combination (or mix) of various marketing tools and techniques as their marketing strategy. Advertising is one of the important components of the communication mix through which companies convey their offerings to present and potential customers and general public as well. Using/or Not Using a Celebrity to Promote the Product The practice of using celebrity endorsement of a product by advertisement agencies to increase a product’s sales is rampant in almost every society in the world. It seems like every commercial has some celebrity confessing how a medication saved his life, or how she could not live without a certain type of shampoo. Advertisers have coined this practice as the source attractiveness model, which according to H.C. Kelman is that how a celebrity looks, “affects the effectiveness of persuasive communication through identification, which occurs when information from an attractive source...
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...audience in a global scale. Connecting people from around the world, this has been the most effective way of communicating and sending a message to the people. And mass media led companies and alike to have a new way of reaching their prospects and consumers through advertisements. Advertisements of products on radio, television, billboards and others alike have been around for more than 300 years. And as we fast forward in time, it has evolved from simple and in-your-face commercials to the lavish and extravagant advertisements seen and heard by us. And other companies let the celebrities do the talking. Sports icons, movie stars and musicians, to name a few, are used to endorse a company’s product or service. It has been a trend for the companies, small and big, old and new, to have a “face” that can carry the name of the product or service they will provide to their customers. Having a celebrity endorser to a company comes with a very big price, literally. They...
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...his ability to play the game, offensively and defensively; however, they differ in their overall performances. Although sports fans attempt to compare the two players, many will agree that Michael Jordan carries the best offensive and defensive numbers, while Kobe Bryant holds the title of the youngest all-star to ever enter the National Basketball Association. Both Jordan and Bryant were offered huge endorsement deals, with Kobe Bryant taking the lead as one of the largest global brands, in basketball history. The game of basketball is a rewarding sport that allows its players to give back to the community. There is no competition, when it comes to giving back to the community, as each player is equally involved in charitable organizations. In the professional basketball world, sports fans will agree that Michael Jordan is the better player, while other fans are loyal to Kobe Bryant. When looking at offensive and defensive numbers, objectivity and a hard look at the facts leaves one conclusion without a doubt, that Michael Jordan is one of the greatest players in NBA history. He is famous for blocked shots, rebounds, and scoring an average of 30 points per game, during his career (Squidoo, 2012). As an offensive player, Jordan has the advantage. In his best season, his fans will count on him to average 37 points per game compared to Kobe Bryant’s best season of 35 points per game. Michael Jordan, a true team player, averages eight assists per game in his best...
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...Celebrity Endorsement in the fashion industry (march 2010) Table of Contents List of tables Acknowledgements Authors Declaration Abstract Introduction Chapter 1: Literature Review Chapter 2: Methodology & Objectives Chapter 3: Data Analysis/Findings Chapter 4: Conclusions Recommendations Appendice 1: The model of Celebrity Endorsement Appendice 2: The meaning transfer of McCracken Appendice 3: Questionnaire Appendice 4: Coding Questionnaire Bibliography List of Table/figure Table 1: 4 types of celebrity Appeals Figure1: Do you think that celebrities in fashion advertising help you to remember the brand and to be interesting in? Figure 2: I think the print advertisement is attractive Figure 3: I believe Kate Moss is an expert on the product Figure 4: Do you intend to know more about the product? (about the print advertisement) Figure 5: Do you want to purchase the fashion product/brand after watching the celebrity endorsed advertisement? Figure 6: Will you purchase the product because of the endorsing celebrity? Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my supervisor …… for her help during this project and to show me the way to do it. I would also like to thank my teacher …. without whom I would not have been able to lead this project. Finally I am also thankful to my family, friends and mates who have rendered their whole hearted support at all times for the successful completion of this project. Authors Declaration I, ......., declare...
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...Table of contents What’s Vitaminwater? Vitaminwater Boring History Vitaminwater Posi6oning Perceptual map Exclusivity – price Taste – Price Analysis of the Mix Product Price Place Promo6on What’s Vitaminwater? Water that contains herbal extracts, vitamins and minerals Vitamin water comes in several great-‐tas6ng varie6es Spark Connect Revive Vitaminwater Boring History Energy Brands also known as Glaceau is a privately owned subsidiary of Coca-‐Cola Company based in Whitestone, New York that manufactures and distributes various lines of enhanced water. Founded in May 1996 by J. Darius Bikoff Energy Brands ini6ally distributed its products to health food stores and independent retailers in the New York area. Vitaminwater Positioning New age beverage for young people Icon of genera6on Y image and lifestyle Nutri6onal benefits Only natural sweeteners Different vitamin content...
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...According to an Edelman report on Gen Y-ers, Gen Y-ers see brands as a form of self expression. The more a brand aligns with a persons lifestyle, the more likely it is that he/she will personally identify with the brand. On social networking sites, Gen Y-ers use brands as a “personal identifier” second only to religion and ethnicity. This trend is global. In a very telling sentence, one Russian Gen Y-er states, “Some brands help me to create my image.” So, I predict that brand tattoos are gaining popularity because more and more people are seeing brands as extension of themselves. People identify brands they feel reflect their personality, and get brand tattoos as a primary form of self expression. GoldenPalace.com paid this woman for the real estate space on her forehead. This is a permanent tattoo, no joke, she sold it in 2005 for $10K. Just goes to show you, if you need money or need the advertising there is always someone out there. ________________________________________ But is it impossible to save a brand if the personality is sinking? In some cases a tarnished and even violent past hasn’t impacted the brand at all – it may even add to the mystique. A slew of hip hop artists from 50 Cent to Eve have or are turning their urban images into lifestyle brands. P. Diddy (a.k.a., Sean Combs), saw his five-year-old Sean John fashion label bring in $400 million in retail sales in 2003. A women's collection and fragrance are also planned. At Federated, one of the biggest...
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...1 Celebrity Endorsement Over 30 years ago Nike signed a huge endorsement contract with Michael Jordan. A deal that is still going on and turned into a lifetime contract. As of now Jordan is gaining more than 60mio US$ every year out of this collaboration (Totalsportek, 2015). This example proves just how much money is spent on celebrity endorsement every year. This also seems to be valid since celebrity endorsement is very valuable as it has the power to make marketing messages stick out more in today’s cluttered marketing environment (Meenaghan, 2001). Within this context athlete endorsement is amongst the most popular forms of celebrity endorsement (Bush, Martin and Bush, 2004). Celebrity endorsement can be divided into three distinct forms: explicit endorsement, where the endorser clearly recommends a product, implicit endorsement where he just mentions that he uses the product, and lastly he can co-present a product, through showing himself with the product (McCracken, 1989). Overall, celebrity endorsement has the ability to significantly influence the view on the endorsed brand, since in a consumer’s mind a high quality endorser is generally seen as a sign for superior product quality, leading to a better evaluation of the brand (Till, 2001). Additionally, well selected celebrity endorsement generally has a positive financial influence for the brand. Several researchers identified a positive impact of endorsement announcements on the stock market price of the respective...
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...A Study on How Celebrity Endorsers of Bench and Penshoppe Affect the Buying Behavior of Assumption Communication Students A Thesis Presented to The Department of Communication Assumption College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of Bachelor of Communication Major in Advertising Stephanie Rae D. Galeos Rameya Christelle C. Ramoso February 18, 2013 Chapter 1 The Problem and the Review of Related Literature Background of the Study Advertising is predominant to everyone. People are bombarded with advertisements. They rely on it; it makes their lives easier. Easier because they can get information from all the types of advertisements they see and hear everyday – print, billboards, online, television, radio, etc. Advertising can be perceived as an answer to one’s needs (basic and daily necessities) and wants (what they buy, but they do not need). Each of us is different, so we all have our perceptions toward a brand/product or other advertisements we see or hear. However, companies still look for the real reason why consumers buy, what they buy, and when they buy. This is because it will help them know what brand/product or service to offer in order to satisfy them, and possibly maybe, let them become loyal buyers/users. Consumers buy as they aim to satisfy their needs and wants. Consumer needs are their basic and daily necessities, while wants are the things they buy, but they do not really need, those which will improve/enhance...
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...THE IMPACT OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT ON BRAND IMAGE IN MALAYSIA BY ELHAG SIDDIG ELHAG ELHUSSEIN BBA113AQ570 SUPERVISED BY: PROF.HAJ.DR. S N YASSIN ALHEETY FACULTY OF FINANCE & ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES AL-MADINAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SEPT 2014/1436H THE IMPACT OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT ON BRAND IMAGE IN MALAYSIA By ELHAG SIDDIG ELHAG ELHUSSEIN REF NO: BBA113AQ570 Supervised by: PROF.HAJ.DR. S N YASSIN ALHEETY Project Paper Submitted to the Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Faculty of Finance & Administrative Sciences Al-Madinah International University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Business Administration CERTIFICATION OF PROJECT PAPER WORK Name of Student | ELHAG SIDDIG ELHAG ELHUSSEIN | Name of Supervisor | PROF.HAJ.DR. S N YASSIN ALHEETY | Faculty | Faculty of Finance & Administrative Sciences | Program | Bachelor of Business Administration (Hons) | I have seen and read the final draft of the above student’s project paper and, in accordance with the requirement of the faculty guidelines certify that: I am satisfied that this thesis, prima facie, is worthy of examination both in terms of its content and its technical presentation relative to the standards specified in the academic program rules for the degree. _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________ DECLARATION I hereby declare that, this dissertation...
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...Journal of Consumer Research, Inc. Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process Author(s): Grant McCracken Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Dec., 1989), pp. 310-321 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489512 . Accessed: 12/02/2012 13:26 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The University of Chicago Press and Journal of Consumer Research, Inc. are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Consumer Research. http://www.jstor.org Who Is the Celebrity of Endorser? Cultural Process Foundations the Endorsement GRANT McCRACKEN* This article offers a new approach to celebrity endorsement. Previous explanations, especially the source credibility and source attractiveness models are criticized, and an alternative meaning transfer model is proposed. According to this model, celebrities' effectiveness as endorsers stems from the cultural...
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...The brand that will be researched as a nationally or internationally known brand is Pepsi. This soft drink has been one of the top brands for a very long time. This product was created in 1898 in New Bern, North Carolina by a pharmacist named Caleb Bradham. In the 1930’s Pepsi became the first brand to have a jingle aired across the country, this made advertising and marketing history (pepsi.com, 2011). Today’s Market Today’s market is focused more on the diet line up of the soft drinks. With most of the country in a get healthy state of mind, most of the advertising is directed at the diet brands. This was focused toward women in the early years of development, but has become more focused on the entire soft drink market. Pepsi will spend twice as much on the advertising of its diet drink than it will for its regular products (Shottenkirk, 2005). Evolution The evolution of the brand through the years has been remarkable. The advertising and marketing strategies have changed due to the situation of the country and the market at the time. During the Great Depression, Pepsi sold their product as “twice as much for the same price” (pepsi.com, 2011). This helped to keep business booming. During the Second World War, the company adopted the red, white, and blue colors to show patriotism and even had planes write Pepsi Cola in the skies. Today they continue with the red, white, and blue colors and also continue to target the entire soft drink market (pepsi.com, 2011). Target Market ...
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...politicians, interest groups and celebrities. Prior to the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary, Barack Obama was endorsed by Oprah Winfrey, a celebrity with a proven track record of influencing her fans’ commercial decisions. In this paper, we use geographic differences in subscriptions to O! – The Oprah Magazine and the sale of books Winfrey recommended as part of Oprah's Book Club to assess whether her endorsement affected the Primary outcomes. We find her endorsement had a positive effect on the votes Obama received, increased the overall voter participation rate, and increased the number of contributions received by Obama. No connection is found between the measures of Oprah's influence and Obama's success in previous elections, nor with underlying local political preferences. Our results suggest that Winfrey’s endorsement was responsible for approximately 1,000,000 additional votes for Obama. JEL Classification Numbers: D7; D72 We are grateful to Bill Evans for his comments and guidance. We also would like to thank Kerwin Charles, Allan Drazen, Mark Duggan, Kyle Handley, Judy Hellerstein, Dan Hungerman, Melissa Kearney, Brian Knight, Sebastian Miller and seminar participants at the University of Maryland for useful suggestions. For access to their data, we thank the Audit Bureau of Circulations, Mediamark Research and Intelligence and Jim King at Nielsen BookScan. All errors remain our own. INTRODUCTION Political endorsements...
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...The Swiss Luxury Watchmaking Industry A general overview and a closer look at the celebrity endorsement and sponsorship communication strategy used by the leaders. Karine Gautschi January 2005 HEC Lausanne – Hautes Etudes Commerciales, MIM – Master of International Management Thesis Director, MIM: Professor Stéphane Garelli Expert, Omega: Jean-Pascal Perret Table of Contents 1 2 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 LUXURY WATCH INDUSTRY: A SHORT OVERVIEW .................................................. 3 2.1 2.2 3 DEFINITION AND PRICE SEGMENTATION ........................................................................ 3 LUXURY BRANDS AND THEIR POSITIONING ..................................................................... 5 ANALYSIS OF THE LUXURY WATCH INDUSTRY........................................................ 7 3.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS .......................................................................................... 9 Capital requirement ............................................................................................ 9 Brand recognition ............................................................................................... 9 Distribution........................................................................................................ 15 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS .........................................
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...The Swiss Luxury Watchmaking Industry A general overview and a closer look at the celebrity endorsement and sponsorship communication strategy used by the leaders. Karine Gautschi January 2005 HEC Lausanne – Hautes Etudes Commerciales, MIM – Master of International Management Thesis Director, MIM: Professor Stéphane Garelli Expert, Omega: Jean-Pascal Perret Table of Contents 1 2 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 LUXURY WATCH INDUSTRY: A SHORT OVERVIEW .................................................. 3 2.1 2.2 3 DEFINITION AND PRICE SEGMENTATION ........................................................................ 3 LUXURY BRANDS AND THEIR POSITIONING ..................................................................... 5 ANALYSIS OF THE LUXURY WATCH INDUSTRY........................................................ 7 3.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS .......................................................................................... 9 Capital requirement ............................................................................................ 9 Brand recognition ............................................................................................... 9 Distribution........................................................................................................ 15 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS .........................................
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...MARKETING PROJECT – SECTION I SUBMITTED BY: Anish Ghosh C.R. Mahesh Malavika Vilas Datar Nishant Kumar Thukral Puneet Sehgal Shelly Taneja (GROUP 5) ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Chinmaya Kulshreshtha, our Project Guide and professor for giving us an opportunity to conduct this project. We would also take this opportunity to thank her for the constant guidance, feedback and mentoring throughout the course of this project. We thank her for her time in helping us achieve our objective of completing this project to the best of our abilities. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Gatorade is a brand of sports food and beverage product built around the line of sports drinks. It is manufactured by Pepsico and is distributed in 80 countries worldwide. The beverage was first developed in 1965 by researchers at the University of Florida, to replenish the combination of water, carbohydrates, and electrolytes that the school's student-athletes lost during rigorous athletic competitions. Its name was derived from the collective nickname of the university's athletic teams, "the Gators". Gatorade has been an admired brand of beverage in the United States and the main thing that has worked for the brand is the advertising strategy, which involves popular sports stars and clubs associated with the brand. We intend to present the positioning of Gatorade, to understand the various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the brand in the...
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