...he says that the primary source of conflict between nations and humankind will be cultural and religious. That nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations ad even groups of different civilizations * Huntington also suggested that the main reason of world politics tend to be conflict between western and non-western civilizations Why civilizations will clash * differences based on history, language, region, religion, tradition and culture are more fundamental and stable that other differences between people. And these fundamental differences are product of centuries so they will not disappear anytime soon * The world is becoming a ‘smaller’ place and as a result interactions across the world are increasing which intensifies ‘civilization consciousness’ and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations * Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations. * The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of its power...
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...American politics and on the international front of the anticolonial politics of the emergent Third World.Du Bois explored and revealed the concept of double coinciousness in his book “The Souls of Black Folk”, which was published in 1903.he explained the term double concioussness to observe the thought process of both the Negro and an American.Du Bois has introduced this term to study the physcology of African American people living in the united states.he believes that double consciousness comes from African American viewing themselves through the eyes of the society.he states that sincle the black community have lived in a society that has devalued them and it has made it difficult for them to unify their black identity with the American identity.the concept of double concioussness enables the African Americans to view themselves from peoples point of view.in his book he has talked about the race relations in the united staes and talks in detail about it.he mentions in the book “The sense of looking at one’s self through the eyes of others”. Discussion Double consciousness Du bois has describe the term double consciousness as a process of describing an individual indentity.double consciousness describes the several facets of a human identity.Du Bois has used the concept of double consciousness as a theoretical model for understanding the physco social divisions in the American society.di bois describes double consciousness as a world which yoilds no self consciousness, but...
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...Villiers de l'Isle-Adam. A passer-by, who was a practical man, accosted the poet: "Hello, my dear fellow," he said to him with a patronizing smile, "always a poet, a beauty lover, always climbing in the clouds?" "And you." answered Villiers with a malicious smile, "you, my dear fellow, always going your way downwards?" Léon Bloy liked also to comment on the sententious sayings used in the common language. Many people who are good heathens but want to be assisted by religion on their deathbed, are apt to say: "Je ne veux pas mourir comme un chien; I don't want to die like a dog." Léon Bloy commented: "I have never understood why a man who lives like a pig does not want to die like a dog." These stories have no connection with the purpose of our meeting except as concerns the fact that any discussions dealing with religious matters must be tactful, polite and harmless. Before embarking on my subject, I should like to make two preliminary remarks. The first relates to the ways in which Christianity acts on terrestrial history. Christianity is at work in the social life of people according to two very distinct modes of action, which could be called the movement from...
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...to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book. Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post-Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy, and capitalist free market economy had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post-Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. In the 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Huntington writes: It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of...
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...Ireland. The notion of political culture is how people view the political system as a whole. It is the way in which people respond and act towards the political system. Pye (1995 p.965) defines political culture as “the sum of the fundamental values, sentiments and knowledge that give form and substance to political processes”. Heywood’s view on political culture is that it is ‘the pattern of orientations to political objects such as parties, government, the constitution, expressed beliefs, symbols and values. Political culture differs from public opinion in that it is fashioned out of long-term values rather than simply people’s reactions to specific policies and problems’ (Heywood, 2002: 200). The process through which we learn about politics and how our political attitudes and values can be influenced is through political socialization. The main agents of political socialization are the family, education, mass media and the government. Two American scholars, Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, studied political culture and published a book a book of their studies, ‘The Civic Culture’. Its purpose was to identify the political culture within which a liberal democracy was most likely to survive and develop. Almond and Verba (1989) identified three pure types of political culture the parochial, subject and participant. ‘A parochial political culture is marked by the absence of a sense of...
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...Godwill Sibanda G12S4254 Politics 3 Tut 2 Tarryn The claim by Mbembe that African identity doesn’t exist as a substance is valid to a greater extent when we take into consideration that African has multiple ancestries. Mbembe criticize African scholarship where somehow they isolate Africa from the world by putting Africa as the place for blacks who share a common identity. This assertion set obstacles to moving forward and engaging with the African history. For Mbembe identity is a substance constituted through a series of practices which means that African identity cannot be named or subsumed under one category. It is of importance to note that Africa is not a country, though African share common African realities, cultures do differ. Mbembe (2002:240) proceeds to give a persuasive critique of dominant intellectual trends for having only selected certain elements of the African collective imaginaire to define an African self, these privileged moments in African history being slavery, colonisation and apartheid. In the present day African intellectuals still perceive and portray Africa as a victim in their writings. He identifies suffering and victimisation as the main episteme of these narratives. Following these narratives, the implication is that Africa has always, has been acted upon by the external forces. This means that Africa is powerless in the international relations and will never progress due to being stuck in history, where history has been imposed on Africa. For...
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...Isaiah, Ecclesiastes, and Jeremiah as revolutionary insofar as each of their ministries provided a radical alternative for the social consciousness for the Hebrew people of their time given the context of their dominant social realities. These prophets provided a new social orientation for the Hebrews away from the power holders of their ever changing social hierarchy to that of a social life and though centered on their God Yahweh. Brueggemann explains this using Biblical citation while also applying this thesis to a theological critique of the modern Judeo-Christian faith and its preaching. Given Brueggemann’s analysis of the prophets’ social criticism, his argument is compelling and sheds new light onto how readers of the Bible ought to review the Old Testament. Brueggemann begins his work by defining the sole task of prophetic ministry, which is meant to introduce an alternative social reality to the dominant structure followers are led to believe in at their own peril (Brueggemann p. 3). With Moses as the prime example of this prophetic movement in the book of Exodus, Brueggemann explains that prophets must criticize enduring social themes in ongoing struggles while energizing the public to believe in the alternative freedom of God. Moses in battling the pharaohs of Egypt in Exodus had to provide a differing social and political view to the politics of oppression with the legitimate order of their God Yahweh (Brueggemann p. 8). By changing the language of public discourse...
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...INTRODUCTION "In the Marxian view, human history is like a river. From any given vantage point, a river looks much the same day after day. But actually it is constantly flowing and changing, crumbling its banks, widening and deepening its channel. The water seen one day is never the same as that seen the next. Some of it is constantly being evaporated and drawn up, to return as rain. From year to year these changes may be scarcely perceptible. But one day, when the banks are thoroughly weakened and the rains long and heavy, the river floods, bursts its banks, and may take a new course. This represents the dialectical part of Marx’s famous theory of dialectical (or historical) materialism." Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is a theory of socioeconomic development according to which changes in material conditions (technology and productive capacity) are the primary influence on how society and the economy are organised. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. Social classes and the relationship between them, plus the political structures and ways of thinking in society, are founded on and reflect contemporary economic activity. Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands...
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...Aminat Raji 1. Hubert Harrison was a brilliant writer, orator, educator, critic and political activist. He was born at Estate Concordia, Saint Croix, Danish West Indies on April 27, 1883. He was an orphan by the age of 17 when he moved to the United States. For the next 27 years of his life, he worked to extinguish class exploitation in racial oppression. In which he maintained by participating in and helping to create a intellectual life and by working for the lives of the common black people. His work focused on the need of the working class to develop class consciousness, race consciousness, self reliance, and self respect. He coined the term “Race First” as a response and approach as a call to all African Americans to recognize the racial oppression they faced and to use that awareness to unite, organize, and respond as a group....
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...simultaneously developed and progressed throughout 19th and 20th century India. Towards the end of the British era, Indians were confused about their national identity and it was this identity crisis that gave birth to the concept of Hindutva. This was also the time during which Indians wanted to stick to their indigenous culture, but continued to do everything ‘English’ to uplift themselves and their status in the society. It was one of the many attempts to define an “Indian” identity. Savarkar, along with others, called for the killing of the Muslims and other minorities, who did not accept this ideology. Hindutva is essentially a political consciousness, which does not embody or promote respect for other faiths. Hindutva is not about religion or faith, but rather about something embedded in the cultural politics of exclusion. It is not about religion or philosophy, as it initially does come across, but more of a violent theocracy. Hindutva is a caricature, an attempted perversion, of Hinduism and hence cannot be equated with the latter. The entire concept of Hindutva, has metamorphosed under the belief that all the ancestors of Indians are Hindus. In this paper, I will show the distinction between a putative Hinduism and Hindutva, critiquing the latter as a fascist ideology that distorts Hinduism. The definition that luminaries like Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru offered for Hindutva, as an ideology, is essentially in...
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...Saxan (Chen Shicai) Prof Warmbrand August 8, 2013 ENG 1203 Why Chinese Take a Different View on Human Rights: A Review of Literature China often faces the criticisms in human rights records. Comparing to the eagerly expectation of improving human rights situation from west world, the response of China government and Chinese seems far from warm. These strange reactions raise an issue. Furthermore, I will try to find the possible causes and the consequences of this issue, and finally, put forward some possible solutions. The Issues China has many issues in human rights. The beginning of critiques comes from the Tiananmen Accident. As Wan Ming pointed out, “Western rights pressure since 1989 has had an indirect impact”. Since the US and some other countries put strong pressure on Chinese government, Beijing realized that legal form is a necessity in human rights progress (Wan). However, after noticing the democratization could “erode the party dominance”, CPC (Communist Party of China) choose to resist the pressure from Western (Wan). The most severe critiques of China’s human rights come from the one child policy. China adapted birth control since the population pressure since Mao era; and then, China became the only country that “using legislation and administration power to control the birth rate”(Chen). Since China has a traditional patriarchal mentality misconception, there are many baby girls being abandoned. As Chen cited the statistic from Sarah Lubman, “Close...
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...University of Phoenix Material – EASTERN RELIGION ELEMENTS MATRIX | |HINDUISM |BUDDHISM |CONFUCIANISM |TAOISM |SHINTO | |HISTORICAL FIGURES and |ShanKara |Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)|Kung Chiu (Confucius) |Lao-Tzu |Amaterasu (Sun Goddess) | |EVENTS |Sri-Rmakrishna | |Mencius |Chuang-Tzu | | | |Mahtma Gandhi | |Hsun Tzu | | | | | | |Chu Hsi | | | |CENTRAL BELIEFS |Henotheistic – Recognize a |Four Noble Truths – (a) all|Jen – Humanity, |Tao – Way or path. |Kinship – Family is seen as| | |single deity and view other|life involves suffering, |benevolence. | |the main mechanism by which| | |Gods and Goddesses as |(b) suffering originates | |Yin and Yang - Chinese |traditions are preserved. | | |manifestations or aspects |from...
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...‘Ideologies have become irrelevant to the discussion of politics since the collapse of the communism in East Europe.’(Fukuyama francis,1989) I disagree with this statement in a large extent. Overview Fukuyama published the idea of ‘end of ideology’, which became a controversial issue in 1989. No doubt, fascism and communism had both lost their appeal after the collapse of the communism in east Europe. In the postwar period, the three ideologies-liberalism, socialism and conservation –came to accept the common goal of capitalism. ( Lee, 1990) However, it does not mean that capitalism is a triumph of the world. Jacques mentions that there are many types of Marxism. For instance, orthodox Marxism is produced by the unique history tradition. Therefore, when one specific communism is collapsed, it does not mean that the communism is collapsed. In fact, there still are states that pursue other types of communism. People reflect and become interested in Marxist if capitalism cannot bring them into utopian era. There is no way to say that ideologies are becoming irrelevant to the discussion of politics. Also, All human are political thinkers. We all have difficult thoughts and diverse perceptions when the things happen around us. Modern ideologies such as feminism and ecologism are witnessed. From the observations and judgments, we can find out our own belief of what our world is and what we ought to be. ‘equality , ’rights’ ,’freedom’ ,’justice’ are the expression...
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...Nationalism raged in Africa as an outcome of white rule and colonization of the native African’s land of which Zambia is not an exception. Africans were in pursuit of uniting all of Africa with black solidarity and eventually self- governing rule. Those who sought that were called Pan-Africanists and started their revolt with protests and by reminding Africans with liberating sparks of freedom in slogans and ideas such as “Africa for the Africans”.PanAfricanist believed that Africa had a glorious past and that Africans had deeply influenced Western civilization. All of this talk and liberating actions prided Africans to join in their own movement, but was of course met by struggles and challenges.Therefore, this academic essay aims at discussing the impact of nationalism towards Zambian culture. In order to achieve this, the essay will begin by giving brief explanation on Zambian culture as well as Nationalism and thereafter stretch negative and positive impact of nationalism on this culture. Zambia’s contemporary culture is a blend of values, norms, material and spiritual traditions of more than 73 ethnically diverse people. It is believed that most of the tribes of Zambia moved into the area in a series of migratory waves a few centuries ago. They grew in numbers and many travelled in search of establishing new kingdoms, farming land and pastures. Culture comes in many forms and shapes that are constantly evolving. One way of thinking about culture is as “an iceberg sticking...
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...Billy Graham was a great communicator. This Natural preacher has taken his evangelistic message of the Gospels to the world's masses, in the most literal of senses. Dr. Graham has spoken to and influenced millions of people, of different backgrounds and faiths, of all ages and cultures. He has been friend and counselor to presidents and poor people, and has often served as a steadying, comforting influence during times of major tragedy. “Martin Luther King, Jr.. Dr. King's message of nonviolent social change brought to the American public's consciousness the pressing need for equality of all people, regardless of race. Dr. King's 1963 "I Have A Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial has been elevated to one of the great pieces of oratory in American history. His ability to articulate the desires of minorities for social and economic justice, and the rightness of the cause, became the major driver of the 1960s civil-rights movement.” (http://ezinearticles.com/?10-Great-Communicators-of-the-Modern-Era&id=6520059) Patience, practice, speech, attentiveness, and communication consistency are five things to consider when trying being an effective communicator. Some people are better at writing, like myself. An effective communicator speaks clearly, gets to the point and is very aware of his/her body positioning and tone. It involves listening almost as much as talking. Ronald Reagan was known as the great communicator. (www.cnn.com) Reagan became the great communicator because...
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