...Victimology Shawn Everett AIU Online Abstract This paper will discuss victimology, civil rights movement, children’s rights, crisis centers, and safe houses as well as list organizations and other resources. Victimology Victimology is considered the study of victimization which includes connections between both victim and the offender as well as the interactions between the victim and our criminal justice system which can include the police, courts, and correction officials. It’s also important to know that victimology is not limited to the connection between the victim, offender, and the criminal justice system, but it can also involve connections between social movements and many forms of human rights violations (Stevens, 2003). Victimology was born in the 1940’s after two criminologist from Europe named Von Hentig and Mendelson, also known as the fathers of victimology began studying victims of crimes. Their theory was that the victim’s behavior as well as their attitude was the cause of the crime to be committed. During its birth, the focus of victimology was on how the victims were equally responsible for certain crimes with the offender (Carson, 2009). By the 1960’s the focus of victimology shifted towards the rights of victims due to movements such as the Civil Rights movements and the feminist movements. From the 1970’s to the 1990’s victimology turned towards ways to stop future crimes from happening, help victims of crimes to become organized and empowered...
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...Abstract This paper will provide a definition and history of victimology as well as give examples of real life victims. Second, this paper will discuss how victimology is different from criminology, sociology and psychology. This paper will also discuss hate crimes, the first safe house for battered women, children’s rights groups. Finally, this paper will also discuss organizations that provide advocacy for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse and homicides. Introduction to Victimology Victimology is the study of victims of crime and the interactions between the victim and the perpetrator (victimology, 2006). Victimology is to investigate the victims role in the commission of crimes and sometimes the psychological effect those crimes have on the victims (victimology, 2007). Today’s criminal justice system is a fairly new appearance, in the middle ages victims themselves were responsible for dealing with criminals on their own as there were no authorities to enforce the law. Murder has always been unacceptable behavior, but it was always up to the victims or their survivors to determine the course of action to be taken against the person committing the crime. In 2200 B.C.E. was when Law of Moses, the Code of Hammurabi and Roman law all consisted of elements to individual responsibility for harms committed against others (Doerner & Lab, 2008). It was until the 1940’s that the criminal justice system decided to not only focus their time in...
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...INTRODUCTION The principal aim of this paper is to trace and analyze the development of victimology. Firstly this paper will be concerned with defining the concept of victimology and the concept of victim before explaining the origins of the study of victimology. Furthermore, this paper will explain and evaluate the development of victimology as a field of study, in a broad sense this paper aims to acknowledge where the field of victimology originated and how it has developed and in addition this paper involves a general overview of the victim’s role in various systems of justice throughout history. Defining the concept “victimology” Defining the concept victimology is tricky because different people define victiomology in different ways, there is no universally accepted definition of victiomology, however for the purpose of this paper one broad definition of victimology will be used but not necessarily meaning that this paper does not acknowledge that other definitions do exist. Victimology refers generally to the scientific study of victims and victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, investigators, courts, corrections, media, and social movements ( Karmen 1990 ). Defining the concept “victim” The origin of victimology The origin of victimology can be traced back to several articles, books, and research projects initiated by criminologists during the 1940s and 1950s. According to Walklate (2007) victimology's roots are often attributed...
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...What is Victimology? Tysheena Draten American InterContinental University March 25, 2012 CRJS 310-1202A-01 Abstract In this paper, the writer gives the definition of victimology along with its history and how it was developed. The writer also explains how it is different from criminology, sociology, and psychology. The writer also discusses who established the first safe houses for battered women as well as where and when those safe houses were established. The writer then goes on to tell who established the first rape crisis centers as well as when and where they were established. Next, the writer discusses how the civil rights movement contributed to anti-discrimination efforts and the establishment of hate crime legislation and policy. The writer also tells the role children’s rights groups have played in highlighting the problems child victims face in the criminal justice system. Finally, the writer provide the organizations that an individual can contact if he/she has been victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and homicide along with what services are not provided by government crime compensation programs. What is Victimology? Victimololgy is a sub-discipline of criminology concerned with understanding and explaining the patterning of criminal victimization (Victimology, 2008). Victimology draws together academics, activists, and policymakers from all different type of backgrounds. There are three different types of victimological thoughts...
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...support a presentation to the County Commission. Key components of victimology, history of victimology, theories, and differences between criminology and victimology are discussed. The flagstaff of safe houses for abused women and children, along with our nation’s first rape crises center are highlighted. The contribution from our history’s civil rights movement and how it has played a part in the U.S. laws are explained, along with children’s rights groups and the problems child victims face in the criminal justice system. In the conclusion of this paper, readers will be given a path to take in regards to advocacy groups for victims. Before we begin to understand the concept of victimology I feel it is important to first understand the definition of a victim, and the history in which victimology stems from. To be a victim means that you are a person who individually or collectively, has suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of your fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within member state, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power (UN Declaration 1985 on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power). Victimology stems from criminology, which is the study of crime as a social phenomenon, and is the science upon which victimology is based. Victimology differs from criminology because it is the scientific study of...
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...Triple Homicide of Michael Moore, Steve Branch and Christopher Byers: The Offender Profile Profile prepared for: West Memphis Police Department Profile prepared by: XXX Contact Details: Name: Address: Email address: Overview The following profile is based on the case of triple homicide of the victims identified as Steve Branch, Michael Moore and Christopher Byers. The bodies were discovered less than 24h after their disappearance, in the wooded area of West Memphis, Arkansas, known as the Robin Hood Hills. Steve Branch and Michael Moore were discovered hogtied and drowned with extensive injuries to the body and the head, while Christopher Byers was discovered mutilated with the similar injuries displayed by the other two victims. Upon the review of the available forensic and investigative evidence, the following offender profile has been compiled, based on the known facts, for the use by the West Memphis police Department in further investigation, and ultimately, the offender apprehension. The Profile Limitations The profile, although put together to the best of the profiler’s knowledge and with presented evidence, does have limitations, which are noted below. The use of this profile should be done with its limitations in mind. The profile should be used as a framework in further investigation and not as means of naming the offender. * The State Crime Scene Laboratory reports did not have any concrete physical evidence that can be indicative of any of...
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...been murdered. For one, the family is mourning over the loss of a relative. But what not many people actually think about is the hard work and process of locating the suspect. An investigator's job is very difficult, trying to find individuals willing to cooperate and give important information and learning everything about the victim would have to be some of the toughest parts of the job. Even if there is a suspect that is captured, there is still work to be done. Some would assume that the presence or proof against a suspect about the crime would be sufficient to prosecute them for the crime, however this is usually wrong. The investigators job isn't done after acquiring evidence against the suspect, a thorough report, known as the Victimology report, must be written with every detail possible about the victim. A vast amount of times while investigating a homicide, the investigator must first be able to identify the victim and provide his basic characteristics such as age, ethnicity and general state of health. Any scars or tattoos should be noted with their origins, this could point to any gang affiliation or something that could raise a red flag. After this task is complete, though sometimes very difficult, they move on to tracing the last steps of the victim, focusing on who the last person to see and speak with them were. In many cases, the last person to be seen with the victim, has something to do with the crime that occurred. This information can help investigators...
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...criminals decreases. Even worse, it has often led to “accidental” deaths, such as the fatal shootings of African American and Latino men. On the other hand, criminal profiling is effective when applied to policing. Profiling units examine criminal behaviour to discover the characteristics of the offender and the causes of their crimes. Profilers look at three areas of the criminal’s behaviour: verbal, physical, and sexual interaction with victims. To create a criminal profile, profilers consider statistics, basic psychological principles, crime scene behaviour, victimology, location, timing, and their own experience. Profilers will also look for any indication of violence, intelligence, or composure under stress. Materials used by profiling units are dependent on the crime scene, but the most common information sought is the: Synopsis of the investigation, Relevant and any supplementary reports, Witness statements, Victimology, Maps, Photography and videos of...
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...Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Christian Viejo CJS/239 September 12th, 2012 Bob Young Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Imagine living in a world where there is nothing that is tracked. We would have no way of knowing our history as we do now and will only have what someone makes up. In order to know our history and the history around, it is important to take notes and keep a record of all events. The same goes for keeping track of other items such as crimes. It is important to keep track of this information so that we can pick up and trends that may be caught on and help prevent the crimes in the future. In order to keep track of this information, there are certain tools that help keep track of it. We will discuss those tools and the differences of them. We will also discuss the impact of victimization and how the data can help prevent crimes against someone in the future. Common Sources of Crime Reporting Data According to the “National Institute of Justice” (2009), there are two major reports that are used to collect data on crimes within our country. The first of these reports is called the Uniform Crime Reports, also known as UCR. The second of these is called the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Someone may ask why there are two different sources being used and the answer is simple. Each report although collects similar information, collect different information and is used by different agencies. The Uniform Crime...
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...Sexual Assault Kimberly Lewis UMUC Sexual Assault Introduction According to Ageton (1983), sexual assault has remained a devastating predicament that impacts negatively the lives of children, women and men. Rape is one of the crimes that go unreported because the data that is available does not estimate the real magnitude of the heinous act. Sexual assault victims often suffer from injuries that are inflicted by an executor of the act, or end up dying. Statistics confirms that in the US, one in every 34 men and a fifth of the women experienced either completed or attempted rape in their lives. Some researchers report that after every 3 minutes, someone suffers sexual assault in America. The effect of sexual assault does not only affect emotions but also financial, social, physical and interpersonal domains (Fisher, 2010). Groth (1979) establishes that sexual assault victims may experience many, none or some of the likely repercussions of an attack at different given times. There are certain effects of rape that researchers have never fully identified. Some researchers allege that there is no known way that an individual can apply to identify a sexual assault victim by just looking at them. They allege that effects are not signs of weaknesses, deficiencies or illness, nor are they an individual’s characteristics. Researchers deduce that they are mere responses to events that are traumatic (Fileborn 2011). An array of long-term and short-term...
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...Discuss Domestic Violence, with emphasis on the different types of victims and how they experience such violence in its various forms. Prepared by : Tuduetso Kesamang Student Number: 47741325 Assignment: 02 Unique Number: 848185 Date : 09 /04/2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.Introduction 2.Definition of Concepts 2.1 Domestic Violence 2.2 Victim 3.Types of domestic violence 3.1 Physical Abuse 3.2 Sexual Abuse 3.3 Emotional Abuse 3.4 Economic Abuse 4. Victims of domestic Violence 4.1 Women and Violence 4.1.1 Women as Victims 5. Men as Victims 6. Children as Victims 6.1 Major types of child Abuse and Neglect 6.1.1 Children Physical Abuse 6.1.2 Children Neglect 6.1.3 Children Sexual Abuse 6.1.4 Children emotional Abuse 7. Crime and the Elderly 8. Conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 2 9. Bibliography 9 3 1.Introduction The paper seeks provide an understanding into how members of the family can be violated by their own members ,how they can be affected by such violation in their different forms. It highlights members of the family that experience violence as both men and women, the elderly and children and how each of them are impacted by the violence. As Doerner and lab (2012:206) states, it is common for one to think of crime and criminals as people not related to the victim. In actuality ,however, one is more likely to be killed or beaten by a person they know than a total stranger. This renders domestic Violence a hidden problem(Daves:1994)as...
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...Psychological Autopsies Jessica Foster December 19, 2012 Kaplan University As a police psychologist, you are part of an investigation into the homicide of a high profile community member, the mayor. The information you received from the department is that the victim was found with a single gunshot wound to the head. He was last seen with another notable figure at a nearby restaurant. You learn that before becoming the mayor, the deceased was the chief of your department and was very close to many administrators and officers. Psychologists play many different roles in a law enforcement agency. A psychologist can perform as a consultant for the agency or conduct fitness for duty evaluations. In this paper though, we will be looking at the role the psychologist will play in a murder investigation. The psychological autopsies are becoming popular for psychologists. This paper will go over what an autopsy is, how to do one, what you will put in a report, and the psychological issues that the close members will go through during this time. A psychologist may participate in the debriefing process in an investigation (Kurke & Scrivner, 2007). They will help interview witnesses and can conduct the psychological autopsy (Kurke & Scrivner, 2007). An officer will experience situation that could lead to issues that include the inability to cope or develop post traumatic stress disorder (Kurke & Scrivner, 2007). An officer may witness the death of...
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...For the academic journal, see Criminology (journal). For the Raekwon song, see Criminology (song). Criminology and penology Pentonvilleiso19.jpg Theory[show] Types of crime[show] Penology[show] v t e Sociology Social Network Diagram (segment).svg History Outline Portal Theory Positivism Antipositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Social constructionism Structuralism Interactionism Critical theory Structure and agency Actor-network theory Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Subfields Conflict Criminology Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race & ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology Stratification STS Technology Urban Browse Bibliography Index Journals Organizations People Timeline v t e Three women in the pillory, China, 1875 Criminology (from Latin crīmen, "accusation"; and Greek -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences, drawing especially upon the research of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law. ...
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...What is the Main Cause for Violence? January 12, 2014 Victimology What is the Main Cause for Violence? Violence has been around a very long time. The first record of violence is probably the story of Cain and Abel where Cain had become jealous of his brother Abel and murdered him, thus the first act of violence. No one really knows why people choose a violent road to go down and to commit crimes but there are many theories. Some say it is how they grew up in society and the people they hang around or on the other hand people say they are simply wired from birth to be that way. My paper is a reflection of my opinion on what I think the main cause of violence is and whether or not it is biological or social and what can be done to correct it. In my opinion, I think violence stems from both biological and social stand points. Let’s just focus on the social aspect of violence first and the influences around us. Many people and I speak from experience stereotype certain individuals because of the neighborhood they live in, the color of their skin, or the company they keep. Sometimes these stereotypes can be true. For someone to be socially accepted into a group such as a gang, they have to be tuff and basically a criminal. As some kind of initiation they need to commit violence whether it’s shooting someone or robbing a store for example. I believe society puts pressures on young adults especially they have to have a certain way of life and the only way they can fit in would...
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...Crime | Behaviour which breaks laws and is punished by the legal system | Deviance | Behaviour which goes against the norms, values and expectations of a social group or society | Downes and Rock | Defined deviance: ‘Deviance may be considered as banned or controlled behaviour which is likely to attract punishment or disproval’ | Foucault | Wrote about how definitions of criminal deviance, sexual deviance and madness have changed throughout history i.e. women wearing trousers was seen as deviant, now it is ‘normal’(supports: Kuhn: paradigms) | Plummer | An act can be seen as deviant or non deviant depending on the situation * Societal deviance (that are seen by most as deviant in society in most situations) such as child abuse * Situational deviance (acts that can be defined as deviant or normal) such as killing someone, its okay if it is a soldier but deviant otherwise. | Social order and social control maintain the status quo within society and creates a value consensus of how to behave. Therefore people are socialised to follow social norms. | Some norms become second nature to people such as face to face conversations. However there are norms that we are conscious of, such as stopping at a red traffic light. | Formal sanctions (carried out by official agencies) | Positive (conforming to the norm) * Certificate for passing A level exam * Medal for braveryNegative (punishment from deviating from the norm) * Fine for breaking the law * Points on a drivers...
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