...Bibliography Gold, H. (1966). Unit 731 Testimony. In H. Gold, Unit 731 Testimony (p. 256). Boston: Tuttle Company. This is a hard cover book that covers the Japanese experiments on humans. It has firsthand accounts and will be useful with my research Kristof, N. (1195, 03 17). Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html I picked this article because it’s by the New York Times. This article removes the premises that unit 731 was something that the allies made up. It’s a very reliable source. Library, J. V. (2015, 09 11). Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved from Jewish Virtual Library: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/naziexp.html This website has many articles about the war and the holocaust. It will add to the strength of the books and help my argument. Spitz, V. (2005). Doctors from hell. In V. Spitz, Doctors from hell (p. 318). Boulder CO: Sentient Publications. This book goes over the evidence of what the Nazi did. It covers what medical procedures where done. It also talks about the trials of these doctors after the war. Wilkerson, I. (1989, 05 21). New York Times. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/21/us/nazi-scientists-and-ethics-of-today.html I am using this article because it is the New York Times. They are respected and will add strength...
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...History: 102; The main causes of the Great Depression Name: Tutor’s Name: Institution: Due Date of Submission The Great Depression was the nastiest economic slump in U.S. history, and that spread over to the industrial world (John 1960). It began in late 1929 and continued for about a decade. Many factors led to the depression, but the main cause was the blend of unequal distribution of wealth in the 1920s and the widespread stock market speculation in the latter part the decade (Roberts 1984). The misdistribution of wealth in the 1920's created an imbalance of wealth that further created an unstable economy (Mark 1992). The extreme stock speculation kept the stock market falsely high that eventually lead to rashes in a large market. These extensive market crashes, coupled with the misdistribution of wealth, led to the capsizing of the American economy (Judith1996). On wealth misdistribution, the rich controlled much of the wealth in the U.S leaving the poor with little to share among themselves (Mark 1992). A major reason the enormous and rising gap between the rich and the working-class was the increased manufacturing output throughout the depression era (Frank 1986). From 1923-1929, the regular output per American worker increased 32% in manufacturing and time usual wages for manufacturing works increased only by 8% (John 1960). Hence, the increase of wages was only at a rate one fourth per increase in productivity. Moreover, with dropping production costs there was...
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...Aaron Glenn Western expansion The Readings on the west agree with Turner’s thesis in the sense that American moved west and started farming in rural areas. By moving out to the west, the American’s started to use the wilderness to their advantage which is considered a key role in Americanization. HOW DID THEY DO THIS? They started to get away from their European characteristics and became the Americans that Turner described. Turner’s thesis differed mostly because foreigners started coming to the west to mine. Foreigners coming to the west is the total opposite of Americanization. BUT DID THESE FOREIGNERS ADOPT AMERICAN VALUES? ANY OTHER DIFFERENCES? The Americans put a tax on the Chinese miners which is not exactly Turner’s idea. The western expansion reflects the ideas of the Industrial Revolution and the Gilded age by creating new technology for mining. It helped the people in the west be more efficient in finding minerals. Like some inventions in the Gilded age the new mining technology were dangerous to the land in the west. They were also very expensive which created corporate control. That created more railroad networks which made mining a national and international business. mining started to become dangerous to the workers who died when caves fell in. The workers started to create unions to give them a voice in the mining. The technology created events which followed very similar paths to the Gilded age and the Industrial revolution. YOUR SECOND PARAGRAPH IS...
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...Kyle Gentry 02/03/16 Essay Question 1) Introduction - Some Historians have stated that World War II could have been avoided, considering the events prior to Germanys invasion of Poland I disagree with this statement. I strongly believe that Hitler wanted war and to spread communism and the events prior to Poland only made it more apparent another war was inevitable. The reasons why I support my position are The Treaty of Versailles, The Appeasement Policy, and the failure of The League of Nations. 2) Body - First I will argue that the Treaty of Versailles was a indirect cause of the second world war. Although the treaty seamed fair from ally standpoint at the time the punishments handed down on the German country were undesirable, as the losing side they were forced to sign, neither Germany nor Russia were invited to the hearings. Though the Treaty did not start a war I believed it played a big role in Germanys downfall and economic disaster in which landed Adolf Hitler in power. Some say the treaty was a way to get revenge on Germany, it placed all the blame of the war, made them sacrifice land, and forced them to pay the war wages. This in turn led to a hate for the government and officials for signing this treaty and the country left vulnerable economically and loyally, and looking for a leader. So basically the treaty left a bad taste in the Germans citizens mouth, left them demoralized and they couldn’t do anything about it. Adolf Hitler who fought...
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...events which truly capture the essence of what it means to be a Canadian. This particular concept was critical in helping me answer my essential question because Canada’s history spans 150 years (1867-2017). Those 150 years are filled with periods of turmoil, change, anguish, and victories. It was necessary to determine which events are the most important and which comprise Canadianism the most. In conjunction, I implemented Rob Phillips’ Model as I applied this concept throughout my assignment. For instance, when debating whether to use WW2 as one of the historical events I would discuss, I consulted the Philip’s model and I examined profundity and quantity. Many people were affected deeply by this event (e.g., the Japanese people who were placed in internment camps were subject to severe mental, physical, and emotional abuse. Many individuals were killed as well-11 million “undesirables”). This event satisfied two components of the Phillip’s model so I decided to integrate it into my project. The second most prevalent historical thinking concept in my work is Continuity and Change. Continuity and Change is a concept which requires students to assess what has stayed the same and what changed over a period of time. My findings embodied this element as I was drawing connections between previous events in history to modern Canadian society. For example, I explored residential schools to portray the various blemishes on Canada’s human rights record, and to depict cases in the past...
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...MODULE C – History and Memory Sample 1 How has your understanding of events, personalities or situations been shaped by their representations in the texts you have studied. Refer to your prescribed text and at least TWO other related texts of your own choosing. History can be defined as “the methodical record of public events” where memory is defined as “the faculty by which events are recalled or kept in mind”. Thus history and memory interrelate as history can be seen as the contextual justification for memory. “The Fiftieth Gate” is a poignant interweaving of history and memory. The text follows protagonist, Mark Baker an historian, son of Holocaust survivors Genia and Yossl (Joe), on an historical journey through memory, to uncover the origins of his past and act as a catalyst for future generations to also connect with their history. Mark Baker’s journey through history and memory is also executed through his conventional ideas that memory is biased and less valid than history. There are numerous references to the discrepancies between the personal memories of his parents and the documented history Mark as an historian believes. In this way it is apparent that Mark is on a quest for verification, “my facts from the past are different”. This displays the flaw Mark traditionally notes in memory and his need for historical evidence. As responders accompany Mark on his journey, they also encounter the complexity of simultaneously being a son and an historian. This...
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...Historiography It is the study of the history and methodology of the discipline of history. The term historiography also denotes a body of historical work on a specialized topic. Scholars discuss historiography topically – such as the “historiography of Catholicism,” the “historiography of early Islam,” or the “historiography of China" – as well as specific approaches such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, at the ascent of academic history, a corpus of historiography literature developed. Furay and Salevouris (1988) define historiography as "the study of the way history has been and is written — the history of historical writing... When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians." Questions studied Some of the common questions of historiography are: 1. Reliability of the sources used, in terms of authorship, credibility of the author, and the authenticity or corruption of the text. (See also source criticism). 2. Historiographical tradition or framework. Every historian uses one (or more) historiographical traditions, for example Marxist, Annales School, "total history", or political history. The historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early origins of Islam based on a critical analysis, evaluation, and examination of authentic primary source materials and the organization of these sources into...
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...() from other countries. Therefore in terms of America’s identity historically, politically, economically and socially, these should be understood differently because America was created differently. Hence why the idea of American exceptionalism’ stems from the principle of America being unique. Furthermore, In addition to this the idea that “American exceptionalism” implies superiority is a key concept to embrace and identify through out America history, contemporary politics, foreign policy and social culture. However, due to the essay title I will be analyzing and examining to what extent is “American exceptionalism’ identified as U.S superiority. Although due to the wide context of the theoretical term ‘American exceptionalism’’ and word limit. I will focus on the significant impacts that has led to the idea of ‘American exceptionalism’ to be implied as U.S superiority such as American history, foreign policy, economic and social culture. History Explaination The significant impact of America’s revolutionary history sparked an inspirational movement of independency to pervious colonized nations although on a later stages for them. This highlights America as exceptional historically in being “the first new nation” () to become independent and also being the ideology for independency for previous colonies nations. To an extent on this note “American exceptionalism” in terms of it’s revolutionary independency can be amplified as a model to other nations than...
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...Analyse the way in which history and memory generate compelling and unexpected insights. – Jake Cronin The interaction between history and memory is a complex and dialectic process through which perceptions of the past are negotiated, reinforced or challenged. Despite official history’s dependency on validating its claims through documented evidence, it must be acknowledged that it is not objective and remains vulnerable to distortion of those with political power or hegemony. Similarly, the subjective nature of memory allows for official history to be vulnerable to the bias of personal experience and differing perspectives. Furthermore, although official history and subjective memory both provide adequate insights into the past, it is through the consideration and combination of the two that compelling and unexpected insights into the past are generated. Paul Keating’s ‘The Redfern Address’ offers a reasonable challenge to the dominant historical narrative surrounding the European colonisation of Australia and their acts of social injustice in regards to Indigenous Australians. Similarly, Shaun Tan’s ‘Memorial’ explores Australia’s wartime history through the medium of a community’s personal experiences, perspectives and memories converging to form history, and illuminates the way in which history is dictated by those with political power. Through the dialectic interplay of history and meaning, compelling and unanticipated comprehensions of the past are generated and are...
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...language and reason in history. History as the area of knowledge is virtually indivisible from language and reasoning. Language is one of the most potent means of interpreting and reporting historical information that is derived from the sources pertinent to the events and occurrences. The sources themselves, in their turn, are frequently presented by the written documents, recorded anecdotal experiences, and works of art, archeology, anthropology and photography which, yet again, are interpreted through the language in conjunction with the context of a historical event. It appears to be an endless loop, where language is the alpha and omega, the main vehicle of conveying history. However, to arrive to the valid interpretation of a certain historical event or development, historians frequently use reasoning to connect the factual data of the tangible sources since the latter ones often come in the form of fragments, related to a particular aspect of the happening. Ideally, reasoning, applied to the interpretation of historical data, should be impersonal, unaffected by predominant views and opinions and completely untainted by political agenda. Yet, it is hard to imagine that throughout the centuries those who held power would willingly allow the contemporary historians relate to the masses the adequate information on the details of their governing techniques and actions. As Winston Churchill pointed out, “History will be kind to me for...
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...your parents raise your babies. Even news outlets that are supposed to be legitimate and unbiased are telling only one side of the news to fill a political agenda. Politics are sugar coated and ignored on some networks, or completely farfetched from reality for political gain and control from one party or another. Media writers can put their own agenda and emotion into any piece they report on to give a one sided view of any subject. It is hard to know what is fact or opinion anymore with so many resources out there. Many things on the internet are also untrue, for example history books in public schools are being rewritten with “facts” that were never taught to us, a rewriting of history to fill some modern liberal agenda. I believe that the media is biased and hates anyone or organization that represents morality and especially if Christianity is in any way linked with it. You have to know your history,...
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...the three holocausts, including historical racial problems, historical religion problems and totalitarian. As a modern man, I can not image the scene that tens of thousands of people are killed in these slaughters, and even can not find some reasonable reasons to explain why these killers are so cold and bloody that a lot of women and children are killed by them? Suddenly, I realize that I can not to find some right word s to describe these crazy killers’ behavior, just think they lose human nature at that moment, even can not compare with wild animals. All human history is just from wild animals to human nature, which is a developing history from barbarity to civilization. But in the process, the moment that human nature is veiled often present. In the moment that human beings have highly civilized, but the holocaust appears again and again, which is worthy of all people to ponder! One two three do not cry, history is the silent tell and defense, which also is the miserable...
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...History, Memory, and Monuments: An Overview of the Scholarly Literature on Commemoration Kirk Savage, University of Pittsburgh (…) The first key question might be, what is commemoration? Dictionary definitions tell us that to commemorate is to “call to remembrance,” to mark an event or a person or a group by a ceremony or an observance or a monument of some kind. Commemorations might be ephemeral or permanent; the key point is that they prod collective memory in some conspicuous way. French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs ushered in the modern academic study of collective memory with his book The Social Frameworks of Memory (1925) in which he argued that all memory – even personal memory – is a social process, shaped by the various groups (family, religious, geographical, etc.) to which individuals belong. In an even more influential posthumous essay, “Historical Memory and Collective Memory” (1950), published after his death in a Nazi concentration camp, Halbwachs insisted on a distinction between history and collective memory: history aims for a universal, objective truth severed from the psychology of social groups while “every collective memory requires the support of a group delimited in space and time.” Thus our view of the past does not come primarily from professional historical scholarship but from a much more complicated and interwoven set of relationships to mass media, tourist sites, family tradition, and the spaces of our upbringing with all their regional...
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...acquired / practiced when studying History? Make a list of as many of these skills as you can. (If you are not sure, think about what historians do when examining or writing a historical work, when evaluating and critiquing the works of other historians, and when teaching people about history – at any level of the educational system. After making a detailed list of skills that are involved in the study of History as an academic discipline, briefly discuss the potential usefulness of these skills for other professions and/or in our everyday lives. This will help you to see how the academic study of History is useful as part of our general education.) Investigative Research Communication Patience Writing Commitment History is the ultimate puzzle. Mastering the skills developed through studying history gives you the ability to discern fact from fiction and reality from myth. It makes you more able to document an event with better accuracy. In Science, this can help you reach a desired solution or result by depicting the outcome of trials and tests with better understanding. In everyday life you will be more critical of events as they are told or received initially by you. You will look for ways to justify or corroborate facts/ events presented to you. I think you will become less likely to fill in the spaces and more likely to pursue proof to validate the event and to better separate fact from fiction for yourself. 2. What can you do with History in a practical sense? (Think...
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...academic discipline. For a general history of human beings, see History of the world. For other uses, see History (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Historia by Nikolaos Gysis (1892) Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.[1] —George Santayana History (from Greek ἱστορία - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation"[2]) is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events.[3][4] Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present.[3][5][6][7] The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the legends surrounding King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage rather than the "disinterested investigation" needed by the discipline of history.[8][9] Events of the past prior to written record are considered prehistory. Amongst scholars, the 5th-century BC Greek historian Herodotus is considered to be the "father of history", and, along with his contemporary...
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