...Drawing Conclusions about HIV Youth Intervention Programs Laurie Blake, Karen Gividen, Judy Kintner, Andrea Plati, Casey Thompson NURS 6030- 4 The Practice of Population-Based Care Walden University August 14, 2011 Drawing Conclusions about HIV Youth Intervention Programs Team E investigated the topic of young people in the United States who continue to be at risk for human immunosuppressive virus (HIV). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes young people as individuals ages 13-24 (CDC, 2008). The team focused on education and prevention interventions for fighting the spread of HIV in the youth population. The members of Team E researched intervention programs and conducted personal interviews to formulate recommendations for a director of a public health department regarding appropriate education programs and prevention interventions which could be implemented by the health department to fight the spread of HIV in youth. Intervention Programs to Educate Youth Several interventions will be included in the education plan for youth age 13-24. The plan will address the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the known correlation of early sexual activity and development of STDs with increased risk of contracting HIV (HAHSTA Annual Report, 2010). To reach the largest population of youth, we will partner with public and private middle schools, high schools, Boys and Girls Clubs, teen pregnancy clinics, and local churches and...
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...The interest in the youth subpopulation infected by HIV first concerned clinicians and public officials in 1968. At this time a “15-year-old black male (Robert Rayford), was admitted into St. Louis hospital for extensive lymphedema of the penis, scrotum, and the lower extremities” ( Garry, et al., 1988, p. 2085). During the time of his autopsy in 1969 it was concluded that he had suffered from an aggressive form of Kaposi Sarcoma ( Garry, et al., 1988, p. 2085). According to Boshoff and Weiss: Kaposki Sarcoma was a vascular tumor predominantly found in the immunosuppressed. Epidemiologic studies suggest that an infected agent was the etiologic culprit, Kaposki Sarcoma-associated herpes virus present in all epidemiologic forms of KS and also...
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...to Decrease the HIV/STI Risk Behaviors of African American Youth: Can We Control Future Trends? Beatrice Simiyu Capstone Project Dr. Bruce Johnson Abstract As a result of the need to recognize successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) interventions tailored for African American youth, a literature review of six HIV/STI randomized controlled trials interventions targeting African American youth conducted in the United States were evaluated. A comparative analysis was used; the settings, procedures and outcomes of the different interventions targeting African American youth were compared, contrasted and combined to ultimately identify trends that are likely to initiate and possibly sustain change in HIV/STI risk behaviors among African American youth who are a vulnerable group. Variables were evaluated by the various intervention impacts on reducing sexual risk behaviors by an indication of a delay in first sexual intercourse, a decline in the number of sex partners and frequency of sex, and increase in condom use and a reduction in positive STI outcomes. Outcomes were used to facilitate identification of public health strategies that might be most beneficial in targeting African American youth and pinpoint what manner current public health strategies neglects to focus on their needs. The research and practice implications of the findings imply that enhancing future HIV/STI targeting African American youth necessitates the...
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...----------------- Proposal submitted to: ---------------------------------. Proposal submitted by: Tanzania Youth Aware Trust Fund Applicant’s address: Kijiyonyama Youth Center P.O. Box 77874, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Applicant’s telephone: 022-71356/ 0744-260-996 Applicant’s e-mail: youthorg@yahoo.com, www.wilmo/youthaware Applicant’s legal status: Non Governmental Organization Project Leaders’ name: Peter Joseph Masika, Director Date of Submission: September 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT PROPOSAL SUMMARY SHEET 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 5 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 2. INTRODUCTION - YOUTHFM HIV/AIDS AWARENESS PROJECT CONTEXT 9 2.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 9 2.1.1 HIV/AIDS - An Overview: 9 2.1.2 HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: Young people in danger 9 2.1.2 Existing Initiatives addressing HIV/AIDS in Tanzania 11 2.2 The Tanzania Youth Aware Trust Fund 12 2.3 Relationship to Target Country Priorities 13 3. YOUTHFM HIV/AIDS AWARENESS- THE PROPOSED PROJECT 14 3.1 PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 15 3.1.1 Project Goal 15 3.1.2 Project Purpose 15 3.1.3 Project Objectives Error! Bookmark not defined. In Tanzania HIV/AIDS initiatives began on a relatively ad hoc basis. With improved planning and more strategic investment of resources in HIV/AIDS activities, the question is now to determine the extent to which these activities are truly contributing to...
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...HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that affects people from all over the world, all ages, all races. People can be living with HIV and people could not tell by looking at a person he or she has the virus.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)is a virus that attacks the cells in the body's immune system, it tries to fight the virus but eventually the virus wins. Once the virus takes over it weakens the immune system that the immune system cannot fight against infections. People who have HIV can take medications to slow down the process. A person who has HIV does not necessarily have to get AIDS. In 1981, a new fatal, infectious disease was diagnosed as AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The first cases that were reported in 1981 were of homosexual men with lung type infections and tumors that had what we call AIDS now. Now we know that the most common ways in which HIV is being spread is through sexual contact, sharing needles, and by transmission from infected mothers to their newborns during pregnancy, labor or breastfeeding. We know that most cases of children under the age of 13 that have HIV got it from their mothers. “By the end of 2007, the CDC (center for disease control) estimates that 468,578 people were living with AIDS in America.” http://www.cdc.gov/az/a.html. These CDC statistics show that blacks make up the majority ethnic group that is infected with AIDS. "The CDC also shows that 75% of all people living with AIDS are over the age of 13 and are men. " http://www...
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...HIV prevention in Africa A continuing rise in the number of HIV infected people is not inevitable. There is growing evidence that prevention efforts can be effective, and this includes initiatives in some of the most heavily affected countries. One new study in Zambia has shown success in prevention efforts. The study reported that urban men and women are less sexually active, that fewer had multiple partners and that condoms were used more consistently. This is in line with findings that HIV prevalence has declined significantly among 15-29 year-old urban women (down to 24.1% in 1999 from 28.3% in 1996). Although these rates are still unacceptably high, this drop has prompted a hope that, if Zambia continues this response, it could become the second African country to reverse a devastating epidemic. This suggests that awareness campaigns and prevention programs are now starting to work. But a major challenge is to sustain and build on such uncertain success. What form should AIDS education take? Peer education A social form of education without classrooms or notebooks, where people are educated outside a 'school' environment but still have the opportunity to ask questions. Most peer education focuses on providing information about HIV transmission, answering questions and handing out condoms to people in a workplace, perhaps in a bar, or where a group of women gather to wash clothes. Most peer educators make contact with their target audience at least...
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...JORIND (9)1 June, 2011. ISSN 1596-8303. www.transcampus.org/journals. www.ajol.info/journals/jorind PSYCHO-CULTURAL VARIABLES PREDICTING ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS’ TOWARDS HIV COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA. Olujide Adekeye, Augustine Ebiai and Sussan Olufunmilola Adeusi Department of Psychology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria E-mail: oadekeye@covenantuniversity.com, aebiai@yahoo.com, funmiswayas@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess attitude of young people (n=287, mean=20.5 years) towards testing for HIV/AIDS. The participants completed a standard socio-demographic questionnaire, indicating sexual behaviour, cultural beliefs and practices, attitude to HCT, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level were used to analyze the data. The study indicates that most participants have poor knowledge of HCT centres in their communities, but had a fairly high knowledge level of HIV. The findings of this study include that there is a significant difference in the disposition to HCT between respondents who have experienced sexual intercourse and those who have not (t = 3.866, df = 285: p<0.05) and between male and female respondents (t = 4.775, df = 285; p< 0.05). The study also shows that knowledge of HIV/AIDS was the strongest predictor of attitude of young people towards HCT ( = 0.547; t = 3.458 p<0.05), closely followed by cultural practices ( = 0.324; t = 2.740 p<0.05)...
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...SOCIAL EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS AMONG THE YOUTHS IN KENYA; A SURVEY STUDY OF ELDORET TOWN GROUP MEMBERS REG No. FAITH TOMNO BTM/1008/08 MERCY RUTO BTM/1077/08 CAROLINE KOECH BTM/13/08 EVA NADUPOI BTM/1076/09 JOSPHINE MARITIM BTM/ 116/09 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the previous studies on the related field, acknowledges the contribution made by the scholars’ publication (seminar papers, conference proceedings, business journals text books and periodicals) the literature review has been categorized under various sub headings. 2.2 Past studies Epidemics like HIV/AIDS are both a social phenomenon and a biological reality, and therefore occur within a specific social context. The process through which individuals decide either to take or not to take an HIV test takes place in a social context. HIV/ AIDS have become one of the most serious challenges facing human development and achievement of National and Millennium Development Goals in Kenya. 2.2.1 Characteristics of the youth without HIV and AIDS Personality characteristics They are successful in the way they present themselves to the surrounding environment, and most importantly their target. There are a great many books and resources about how to have a positive personal...
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...psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The HBM was first developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels working in the U.S. Public Health Services. The model was developed in response to the failure of a free tuberculosis (TB) health screening program. Since then, the HBM has been adapted to explore a variety of long- and short-term health behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors and the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Core Assumptions and Statements The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action (i.e., use condoms) if that person: 1. feels that a negative health condition (i.e., HIV) can be avoided, 2. has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, he/she will avoid a negative health condition (i.e., using condoms will be effective at preventing HIV), and 3. believes that he/she can successfully take a recommended health action (i.e., he/she can use condoms comfortably and with confidence). The HBM was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net benefits: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. These concepts were proposed as accounting for people's "readiness to act." An added concept, cues to action, would activate that readiness and stimulate overt behavior. A recent addition to the HBM is the...
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...The Direct and Indirect Effects of HIV/AIDS on Children and Youth in Africa Rojish Thomas English 202A June 21, 2012 The Direct and Indirect Effects of HIV/AIDS on Children and Youth in Africa HIV and AIDS are two of the most prevalent illnesses around the world today. HIV, or the human immunodeficiency virus, leads to AIDS, or the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The disease damages a person’s body by destroying the blood cells that work to fight diseases; or in other words, by destroying a person’s immune system (“Basic Information about HIV and AIDS”, 2012). There are many adults all around the world who have acquired and have passed away from this disease. Africa is well known to have the highest rates of HIV/AIDS than any other continent in the whole world. However, not many people realize how much the disease has affected children and youth along with adults. Children and youth in Africa suffer from HIV/AIDS in both direct and indirect manners. The direct effect of HIV/AIDS on children in Africa is the children themselves suffering from the disease. Children and youth indirectly suffer from the diseases as a result of their parents or siblings being diagnosed with AIDS. They then must take care of their family members although the children may be very young; they are even poorer than they were before with their parents unable to work because of the disease; and in many cases they are orphaned and left to fend for themselves and their siblings to find food,...
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...កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PHNOM PENH Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work HEAK MORINA August 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមនភេពញ ិ ទ នំ កលវិទយល័យអុី ៉ ្រស្តី Royal University of Phnom Penh In Cooperation with Ewha Womans University Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work HEAK MORINA Examination committee: Dr. Erica Y. Auh (Chairperson) Dr. Choong Rai Nho Prof. Kim Sovankiry August 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ Royal University of Phnom Penh Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Social Work Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work Supervisor Prof. Soon Dool Chung Sponsored by EWHA Womans Univerity August, 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ Royal University of Phnom Penh Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Social Work TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Name of program: Master Program of Social Work Major in Social Work Name of Candidate: Title of thesis: HEAK Morina Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health...
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...Health should not organize a “Use Condom” campaign. This is because the priority and the main concern should be focused more on the practical and efficient ways in how to prevent HIV and AIDS instead of encourage people to use condoms which don’t seem enough to stop the spread of AIDS. Although condom can help in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV and AIDS, but somehow it provides less protection against certain STD especially involved skin to skin contact, which including human papillomavirus or known as HPV like genital warts, syphilis and genital herpes. Using condom during sexual intercourse will reduce the risk of HIV and AIDS infection, but it doesn’t provide 100% protection against the diseases infection. There are still some rare cases in which some people were infected with HIV although they were using condom during sexual activities. The objective of the “Use Condom” campaign seem like only focus on the use of condoms which sending the wrong message that it’s fine to do any illicit sexual activities as long as using condom and will not get infected with these diseases. Not only that, there are still many ways to get infected with HIV and AIDS other than sexual activities. HIV and AIDS can get transmitted through the sharing of needles, breastfeeding from the mother who is HIV-infected, sharing syringes or other equipment used for drugs injection and blood transfusion. In all these factors, condom will not play an important part to prevent the spread...
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...infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that Thai adolescents’ knowledge on HIV was high. Among the sample, which consisted of students’ aged 15-21, 99.5% had heard of HIV. More than 90 % could identify three main routes of contracting the infection. The same study also showed that knowledge of other STDs was lower than the knowledge on HIV, and that some of the students did not know that STDs could cause infertility. The study showed...
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...is sex before marriage and it is generally found among the adolescent. It involves fornication, rape, defilement and incest. The causes behind it have been established including curiosity among the adolescent, proof of manhood, lust, pornography and its adverse effects, insanity and sex promiscuity as well as moral decadence among the student youths (Choe et al, 2004). Worldwide, rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among the school students are soaring: one-third of the 340 million new STDs each year occur in people under 25 years of age (Fernández et al,2010). Each year, more than one in every 20 school youth contracts a curable STDs. More than half of all new HIV infections occur in people between the ages of 15 to 24 years. The sexual health needs for the student girls who are generally overlooked, Stigma and vulnerability affects particular groups of men as well as women. In Nigeria, over 35 million secondary school students are aged 10–19 years, making sexual abstinence among adolescents a critical preventative strategy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a country where 3% of 15- to 19-year-olds are HIV positive. From an international perspective, any study on the sexual health of Nigerian...
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...HIV/AIDS social and behavioural research: past advances and thoughts about the future Authors: J P Moatti, Y Souteyrand Journal: Social Science [?] Medicine This paper is an introduction to the various contributions in this special issue of Social Science & Medicine which are an attempt to synthesise the main debates of the 2nd European Conference on Social and Behavioural Research on AIDS held in Paris, in January 1998. The paper discusses how the recent advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) and new trends in the epidemic (its concentration in the socially most vulnerable groups and countries) have affected the research agenda of European social and behavioural sciences (SBS) in HIV/AIDS. Questions which had already been thoroughly studied by SBS (like determinants of HIV-related risk behaviours, or impact of gender and socio-economic inequities as well as discrimination on the diffusion of HIV) will have to be "revisited" in light of these recent changes. New issues (such as risk behaviours among already infected patients. impact of therapeutic advances on psychosocial and daily life management of their disease by people living with HIV/AIDS, adherence to treatment, or "normalisation" of AIDS public policies) will have to be strongly and quickly dealt with, in order for SSB to keep the pace with the rapid evolution of the epidemic and of the societal responses to it. Finally, the paper argues that to face these challenges, new theoretical and methodological...
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