...Globalization is a political, economic and cultural process and technology is one of the drivers which has accelerated this process of globalization. As a result the impact of globalization is more pervasive and research has examined this impact of globalization process on cultures and cultural identity. This review examines and evaluates the research made by two groups, cultural imperialism group and anti cultural imperialism group. These groups have opposing views regarding the consequences of globalization on cultures. According to the cultural imperialist group, globalization can have a homogenizing effect on culture, whereas the anti imperialist group sees it as a hybridized effect. Recent studies (Morris, 2002; Arnett, 2002; The UN, 2003) have analyzed the process of homogenization and hybridization from different prospectives; therefore, there are some different views about this process. Morris (2002) who belongs to the anti cultural imperialist group makes a valid argument that no culture is pure because all cultures interact with each other and she is of the view that exchange of cultural elements is multidirectional. Morris explains the process of hybridization by claiming that cultures are resilient. This is because they absorb and adapt foreign cultural elements to suit local circumstances. Therefore, she argues that some cultural elements which were once considered foreign, now become part of the deep structure and they are considered as traditional cultural...
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...What exactly is globalization? Simply put, Globalization means the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Globalization has largely been made possible by advances in technology, particularly the Internet. As the world grows more connected, people in all nations achieve a far greater level of interdependence in activities such as trade, communications, travel, and political policy. It’s easy to assume that globalization is an entirely modern phenomenon driven by inventions like the telegraph or the Internet. In many ways, globalization has been taking place for centuries. From the Silk Road, which spanned from Europe all the way to East Asia, to the invention of steamships and railroads, humans have engaged in cultural exchange and international trade for centuries. In the 20th century, this international exchange and trade was made far easier by the invention of airlines and road vehicles. What was once a slow process, became a far simpler one in a very short period of time. In the late 20th century, the invention of digital communications tools like the Internet made modern globalization a reality. While globalization covers a wide range of topics, ranging from cultural values and information to economics and international trade, most modern discussion of the pros and cons of globalization is focused on economics and culture. There are advantages...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT A. INTRODUCTION 2 B. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 2 1. Better promotion and protection of human rights? 2 2. Homogenization of social and cultural identities? 5 C. CONCLUSION 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 A. INTRODUCTION Over the last decades, the rapid acceleration of a process so called “globalization” has shifted our society to an era where interconnectedness, integration and interactions centered in the development of a new world, where everyone and everything are linked together one way or another. In a few recent decades, with the development in communication and technology that the world has witnessed the rapid increase in international trade, investment, immigration and the culture assimilation at an unprecedented quantity and quality never recorded before in human history. As such, globalization can be interpreted in some main characteristics: disembedding, acceleration, interconnectedness, movement, mixing, and vulnerability and re embedding. Characterized by these features, effects of globalization on different aspects are various but one cannot deny its long-term impacts on the enjoyment of human rights as well as social and cultural identities. On the one hand, people argue that this globalizing trend means homogenization of culture and social identities which diminishes the attainment of human rights, while the others believed that the concept itself not only enhance and liberate the full enjoyment of such basic rights of each individual but also...
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...1 Globalization and Cultural Reassertion in Karnataka “I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.” —Mahatma Gandhi 1. Introduction Globalisation is a generalised term for a complicated series of economic, technological, social, cultural and political changes, seen as the ever- increasing interdependence and integration among people, societies and businesses in different locations. Such international links have existed for many centuries, but, having broadened, intensified, and changed the nature of these links many times; the modern world economy is unlike any previous international economy. Despite being in theory, in existence for centuries, the term ‘globalisation’ was first used in 1944, although its prominent use by economists commenced in the 1980’s. Globalization can be broken down into separate aspects: industrial globalization, financial globalization, political globalization, cultural globalization etc. Globalization is a process of something becoming global. It is facilitated by the media of communications. Through radio and satellite information can reach the whole globe almost instantaneously. Important events, whether social, political or sportive, have global audiences. Another aspect of global communication is the rapidity of movement. People can travel and move goods rapidly anywhere in...
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...“Global Consumer Culture is a beguiling illusion that completely glosses over the hard realities of national, ethnic and religious differences. It is therefore a dangerous fiction for the marketing manager to engage with.” Discuss, with examples. Introduction Globalization has made a more variety of products available for all consumers. In this sense, globalization increases differences, rather than generate homogenization (Lee & Usunier, 2009). Moreover, global influences are adapted to local circumstances; therefore, globalization results in an increasingly cultural diversity. The existence of a global consumer culture does not imply the disappearance of differences; rather, the modern culture results in the sum of these differences (Arnett, 2002). Global consumer culture (GCC) is a new stratum of common culture that superimpose on national cultures (Lee and Usunier, 2009) in the same way in which these overlap local traditions and subcultures existing within national boundaries, given the fact that most countries are already multicultural (Smith, 1991). Notably, it has been argued that culture is the most influential factor on consumer behaviour (Cleveland and Laroche, 2007); consequently, it is important to define the extent to which a modern global culture determine purchasing decisions, and these insights should inform marketing strategies. Therefore, the question is whether a GCC does exist, in which sense it should be interpreted, and how it does affect national cultures...
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...on. When I look at the empirical evidence from societies with well-developed market economies, I find that what people want to buy is not fixed or biologically constructed. When the cost of supplying products goes down, people tend to use culture to differentiate themselves from other people, to pursue niche interests, to pursue hobbies. It’s the poorer or more primitive societies in which people specialize in one type of consumption. If you go to pygmy society in the Congo, for Critics of globalization contend that, even if increased trade promotes material prosperity, it comes with a high spiritual and cultural cost, running roughshod over the world’s distinctive cultures and threatening to turn the globe into one big, tawdry strip mall. George Mason University economist and Cato adjunct scholar Tyler Cowen has for years been one of the most insightful and incisive debunkers of that view. At a recent Cato Book Forum, Cowen discussed his newest book, Creative Destruction: How Globalization Is Changing the World’s Cultures. Cowen squared off against political theorist Benjamin Barber of the University of Maryland, one of the most prominent...
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...on. When I look at the empirical evidence from societies with well-developed market economies, I find that what people want to buy is not fixed or biologically constructed. When the cost of supplying products goes down, people tend to use culture to differentiate themselves from other people, to pursue niche interests, to pursue hobbies. It’s the poorer or more primitive societies in which people specialize in one type of consumption. If you go to pygmy society in the Congo, for Critics of globalization contend that, even if increased trade promotes material prosperity, it comes with a high spiritual and cultural cost, running roughshod over the world’s distinctive cultures and threatening to turn the globe into one big, tawdry strip mall. George Mason University economist and Cato adjunct scholar Tyler Cowen has for years been one of the most insightful and incisive debunkers of that view. At a recent Cato Book Forum, Cowen discussed his newest book, Creative Destruction: How Globalization Is Changing the World’s Cultures. Cowen squared off against political theorist Benjamin Barber of the University of Maryland, one of the most prominent...
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...Globalization Competencies Intercultural Management Lecture by Melanie Hiller Faculty of Mathematics and Economics University Ulm polymundo - Consultancy for Globalization Intercultural Management ISP Melanie Hiller 06.07.2010 1 Content 1. Globalization and Culture?! 2. Culture – What is that? 3. Intercultural Management! Intercultural Management ISP Melanie Hiller 06.07.2010 2 Intercultural Management ISP Melanie Hiller 06.07.2010 3 World Production World Trade World Market Forms of Globalization World Communication Economy World Information World Standards Technique Environment Environmental Consciousness Ecology Environmental Crisis World Politics Politics World Society World Culture Intercultural Management ISP Melanie Hiller 06.07.2010 4 Definition Globalization "Globalization is the continuous interlinking process of different worldwide happening occurrences in the fields of economy, technique, politics, culture and social aspects of nations with interlinked interdependencies and consequences.“ Stehr, C. (2003), p. 47 Intercultural Management ISP Melanie Hiller 06.07.2010 5 Multi-dimensional Process Economy Politics Ecology Technique Social Culture Cp: Teusch, U. (2004) Intercultural Management ISP Melanie Hiller 06.07.2010 6 The cultural Process? Cultural Homogenization? World Culture? Cultural Heterogenization...
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...Lecture 1: Introducing Culture and Globalization Globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of the world (interconnectivity) Culture: shared ways of understanding and doing things (conceptual lense) and is socially constructed, hence changeable Culture Core question of course: does increasing globalization lead to the spread of new global cultures (more cultural sameness) or to more cultural differences? Globalization increases cultural similarities and differences the four main characteristics of globalization ~ Cochrane and Pain 1. stretched social relations, 2. intensification of flows, 3. increasing interpenetration of cultures, 4. an development of global infrastructure Globalization is driven by modern science, capitalism, and industrialism The four power players in globalization (‘nation states’, ‘military’, ‘division of labour’, and ‘capitalism’) ~Giddens Two main forms of culture contact: hybridization and differentiation Globalization involves reflexivity, i.e. ‘old certainties’ disappear Reflexivity is the idea that both individuals and society are defined not just by themselves, but also in relation to each other. Therefore they must both continually redefine themselves in reaction to others and to new information Lecture 2: Is There a Global Culture? • • • Power relations: having the ‘right’ to define what things are (Giddes, lecture 1) ‘Us – them’ distinctions The power relations of four groups in society: Majorities and elites are dominant...
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...done an analysis of farfetched consequences of globalization from socio cultural point of view. He argues that multinational corporations are getting increasingly bigger and influential. These MNCs have overpowered national interests and their clout is so big that they can influence national policies and culture of a country. Globalization has led to synchronization of lifestyles across cultures around the world. Belk rightly argues that globalization will commercialize everything from tourism to food to emotions of people. With the advancement of communication, media, internet, networking, lifestyles of people across cultures will get adapted to universal products and offerings by large multinational companies. It will create a global culture of consumerism where people in Bangladesh will smoke same brand as a US national irrespective his income and social environment. Marketing strategy has been so surreal that people consider such MNCs as the best, honest & perfect. Their everyday lifestyle is so much influenced by these notions that they lose their ability to differentiate between real and imaginary, a phenomenon called Hyperrealism. As per author, Asian and African people’s memories still have mark of colonialism which makes them believe in superiority of US and European products. Author has been successful in putting forward the world order post-globalization but his field of view has been limited. Globalization and MNCs have been largely targeting middle class...
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...‘Globalization’, is an often-discussed but seldom-defined phenomenon. In my opinion it can be defined as interconnectedness on a global level, which usually means that something in one part of the world can impact upon the rest of the world. Additionally, it is all those processes by which people of the world are incorporated into one single society and impact countries and individuals in an uneven manner. There are various categories of globalization and they could be economic, cultural, technological and also social. However, this essay’s main focus is on identifying three social issues that arose because of globalization and discuss how they have affected the quality of life of the people in the Caribbean. These issues include; poverty, migration and culture and identity. To begin, (Ritzer, 2011) stated that, “globalization is the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life.” This implies that globalization is the driving force within society, which allow for the sharing of common goals and values for both social life, financial and political aspects as well. This helps move society from an obsolete to technological way of thinking. (UNDP, 1997) posits that “globalization encapsulates both a description and a prescription. The description is the widening and deepening of international flows of trade, finance and information in a single, integrated global market. The prescription is to liberalize national and global markets in the...
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...Reactions to Globalization Xuewu Gu The accession of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 2001 marked one of the most important steps of the Chinese government towards deepening the integration of the Chinese economy into the world economy and therewith going more deeply into the globalization. This development, however, does not mean that the issue of globalization is not controversial in China. Indeed, the fifteen years since 1986 in which China actually underwent a tremendous negotiation process with the WTO, as well as with its members, have been accompanied by an intense domestic debate about the sense and the meaning of globalization. Even through today, the Chinese membership in the WTO is certainly not inevitable; the globalization debate in China continues, reflecting the fact that the Chinese feel strongly challenged by globalization and are trying to search for ways to deal effectively with it. This paper regards it as its main task to examine systematically the Chinese reactions to globalization. To achieve this goal, the analysis will focus on three questions. Firstly, it will find out the general understanding of globalization by the Chinese elite. The term “general understanding” means in this sense the understanding which most Chinese scholars and politicians seem to share regardless of whether he or she is “pro-globalization” or “anti-globalization”. Secondly, it will try to identify the main strains of the Chinese debate on globalization. In doing...
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...Chapter 1: Globalization International Business consists of business transactions between parties from more than one country. Areas that change as you cross borders: boundaries, currencies, cultures, legal systems, availability of resources, and skills & knowledge. International Business Activities: • Exporting and importing: countries can depend heavily on exports, e.g. Netherlands 83%. You can import and export services (invisible traders) or goods (visible trade). Most secure way to test if your good can be well received by another culture. • International investments: Two options. Foreign Direct Investment opens a store in the host country with the same operating system that you use: in your home country. Foreign Portfolio Investment: buying financial assets in another firm in the country. • International licensing: a foreign company gets exclusive rights to use your intellectual property for a specific time in exchange for a royalty. • International franchising: it is a specialized form of international licensing. You not only use the brand and the products, but also keep the same form of operations. For example, Tim Hortons. • International management contract: not very common, but can be used by big companies. Send managers to another country for a specific period of time. Example Disney Paris and Disney USA. Phases of Development (going global): • Domestic Phase: (aka Product oriented phase) focused on development of the product. • Multidomestic phase:...
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...Globalization and Culture - John Tomlinson University of Chicago Press: Published 1999 ISBN: 0-226-80768-1 Chapter 1: Globalization and Culture Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; cultural practices lie at the heart of globalization. This is the reciprocal relationship I shall try to establish in this chapter and explore in the chapters which follow. This is not a reckless claim: it is not to say that globalization is the single determinant of modern cultural experience, nor that culture alone is the conceptual key that unlocks globalization's inner dynamic. It is not, therefore, to claim that the politics and economics of globalization yield to a cultural account which takes conceptual precedence. But it is to maintain that the huge transformative processes of our time that globalization describes cannot be properly understood until they are grasped through the conceptual vocabulary of culture; likewise that these transformations change the very fabric of cultural experience and, indeed, affect our sense of what culture actually is in the modern world. Both globalization and culture are concepts of the highest order of generality and notoriously contested in their meanings. This book certainly does not aim at an exhaustive analysis of either: more modestly it tries to grasp the main elements of globalization in what might be called a cultural register. In this first chapter I offer an orientating understanding of the concept of globalization within this register...
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...Toyota’s Globalization Strategies Identify what ‘drivers’ have been influential in Toyota’s pursuit of globalization Toyota’s journey to become a global automotive firm has had a number of key drivers. The leadership of first Sakichi and Kiichiro Toyada in the early days, and then Fujio Cho in the later years have been crucial in Toyota developing the ambition to succeed on a global basis. Of the ‘drivers’ of globalization discussed in chapter three, some have played a more important role others. Cultural homogenization has played some part as populations in emerging economies, in particular, aspire to car ownership. Countries like China, India and Brazil are seen as huge potential markets for Toyota as an increasing middle class seek car ownership to affirm their status. Economies of scale and scope was a significant driver as Toyota utilized scale economies by opening manufacturing plants in low-cost countries, and exploited scope economies by sharing significant parts across product lines and with other manufacturers in joint ventures. Technological developments had some effect, but Toyota took the decision to centralize these activities in its global operations in its third globalization program. Deregulation and the lowering of trade barriers gets little mention in the case study, but was influential in that how China opened up its markets to outsiders, in turn, shaped how Toyota moved into that market through the setting up of alliances and joint ventures...
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