...allowed the Europeans to establish authority in India? In the years between 1500 and 1800, there were many factors and events that led too the strong grasp of European influence and authority in India. In this time period, an international revolution in maritime trade exploded in Europe with the rise of sea power and advancements in navigation and ship building. Many European countries were attracted to India’s wealth of spices, silk, and raw materials and were in competition to exploit them and sell at high prices in Europe. The Mughal Empire in India had a great land army, however, did not possess any degree of marine warfare, and were ignorant and indifferent to the European threats. The Mughal Empire, in control of India at this time, were spread out too thin with many rulers and were not united to handle the onslaught of European influence. The fall of the Mughal Empire in concert with the rise of European power can be described by two main events, with the fall of the structured trade with the ruin of the great Mughal port of Surat, and the possession of the Diwani of Bengal by Britian that gave them economic control in India. All these factors combined to India’s exploitation and soon to administrative authority by European forces. The revolution of international martime trade and the rise of European sea power, the fall of the Mughal trade, and the British grasp of the Diwani of Bengal were the major forces and that eventually led to established European authority...
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...HCD 105 Culture Foods Projcet 10/21/2015 The Caribbean Food Diaspora Background and Influences Traditional Caribbean cuisine is as diverse as the islands that compose the region and the hodgepodge of countries that have fought over and owned the land of region. It is a tasty blend of both native cooking and the cuisine of the European powers, such as the British, French, Spanish and the Dutch. Caribbean food is even influenced by Chinese and Indian customs. All of these cultures have played a role in forming the multi-national cuisine of the Caribbean (Heyhoe, 2013). Before Columbus came to the “West Indies” in 1493, the Caribbean islands were the home of two Native American Tribes: the Arawaks and the Caribs. Both tribes have contributed to many of aspects of Caribbean cuisine. For example, the according to food historians, the Caribs began spicing food with chili peppers and the Arawaks are credited with barbecuing techniques. The Native Americans also grew corn and yams and harvested guavas, and, among many other tropical fruits which grow in the wild (Heyhoe, 2013). When Columbus arrived and the Spaniards began to settle the land, the Native Americans were introduced to sugar cane, which became a major source of profit for the islands. The Spaniards also introduced other foods such as coconut, chick-peas, cilantro, eggplant, onion and garlic. Other European colonists who settled in the Caribbean introduced other foods such as oranges, limes, mangoes, rice...
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...Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I. He would receive titles, property and revenues from his discoveries and the Spanish crown would gain access to what would become a pipeline to the unimagined riches of the New World. It was a true leap of faith on the part of the world’s leading Catholic monarchs, who were fresh from the conquest of Granada and the reuniting of European Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella would come to believe their expulsion of Spain’s Moorish masters as their true legacy. Yet it was Columbus’ fateful mission that would open the way to wealth and world power for the resurgent Spanish nation. This was the promised payoff, the real return on investment for the Spanish monarchy. Columbus and the Spanish sovereigns came to terms at a time when European nation states were seeking any advantage they could find in an unfolding international game of exploration and economic competition. Under these circumstances, the advantages conferred by new trade routes and the acquisition of new lands and resources could mean world supremacy. Columbus claimed to know where such advantages could be obtained, and how to get there. Despite initial resistance from Ferdinand and Isabella (King John II of Portugal had already turned him down), Columbus’ ideas about the earth’s circumference (which he underestimated) and the route to Asia (which he miscalculated), though radical, held great promise and fired the imaginations of Spain’s ambitious rulers. Columbus’ account of his first...
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...the modern world. After 1500, world regions—such as West Africa, East Asia, and South America—fused together into one global trade system. For the first time in history, each region of the world now interacted with the others. For example, enslaved African labor was used in South American plantations to sell cheap sugar to Europe. Silver from Mexico bought loans for Spain, and that same silver ended up in China to buy silk or porcelain for Europeans. And so on. A new global system emerged, forged of uneven relationships, in which a small part of the world, Europe, successfully exploited the world’s human and natural resources to its advantage. This was Globalization 1.0. Historians disagree on exactly when European empires began to “rise” and Asian empires began to “fall.” But most see it happening gradually over centuries of the early modern era. Just Before the Turning Point: 15th Century World Empires In the shadow of the 21st century wealth and influence of The West, we often forget that in the 15th century, powerful non-European empires...
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...Week 2 Forums Question --How were eastern woodland Indian societies organized and governed? Self governing tribes called clans. Clan elders and village chiefs enforced customs but lacked spiritual authority. Eastern woodlands people did not believe in ownership of land. Some eastern woodlands people used their women to do the farming. Woodland Indians used the resources of their environment intelligently. The entire population was involved in gathering, growing, and hunting for food, although work was generally divided along gender lines. Men were hunters, fishers, warriors, and toolmakers, while women managed the household, made mats, pots, baskets and clothing, and preserved hides. Women were also the botanists and farmers. In between and around the rest of their duties, they raised the children. Just as in our society today, most Woodland Indian women were working mothers. Generally speaking, men and women in Eastern Woodland Indian society did not spend much of the day together, men did not expect to control women, and both genders were respected for the contributions they made to the sustenance of the entire community. What was the Treaty of Tordisillas and what does this have to do with the Pope? Treaty of Tordesillas , 1494, agreement signed at Tordesillas, Spain, by which Spain and Portugal divided the non-Christian world into two zones of influence. In principle the treaty followed the papal bull issued in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI, which fixed the demarcation...
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...As Europeans during the fifteenth and sixteenth century sought to find faster and cheaper trade routes to distant east, governments started to fund expeditions in hopes to find new sources of revenue during a historical period of global exploration called the 'Age of Exploration'. However, little did they know that Native Americans civilizations thrived in other parts of the world. By understanding different landmasses and a knowledge of wind and water currents and revolutionizing technology, it had influenced fifteenth- and sixteenth- century European exploration and trade towards distant lands through new inventions which allowed better maps and a sense of direction when sailing, a better sense of knowledge of the wind and water currents, and navigational tools such as the flying compass, sextant, astrolabe, quadrants and the uses of latitude and longitude on maps. Developments in cartography during the fifteenth and sixteenth century allowed Europeans to have better maps. An...
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...caliphate: decline of caliphate and its economy was gradual and incomplete – not at all like the dramatic fall of Rome • authority of caliphate declined, landlords seized power, peasants became serfs on large estates • agricultural productively declined, tax revenues declined • Arab and Middle Eastern traders lose ground: European merchants began to exercise control of their turf and challenge the Arabs in other parts of the Mediterranean. Still, Arab and Persian commerce remained active in Indian Ocean. • The emerging Ottoman Turks expanded into southeastern Europe, and the power (both politically and militarily) was frightening to other people in other areas, such as western Europe. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership • Turkish rulers unable to reestablish Islamic position in international trade. Turks scornful of Arabs (though both were Muslim), did not promote trade, especially maritime trade, as vigorously as in past. • Turkic expansion was important well into 17th century, but real focus was on conquest and administration • Mongols developed first alternative international framework with influence in central Asia, China, Russia, Middle East, south Asia. Trade encouraged many opportunities for exchange of technology and ideas – western Europe was primary beneficiary. • end of Mongol empires turned attention to sea-born trade, as overland Asian trade routes disrupted Chinese...
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...• How did the geography influence the isolation of China? To the east lay the vast Pacific Ocean; to the south lay mountain ranges and dense jungles; in the north was the desolate Gobi Desert; and to the west towered the mountains of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the territorial extent of the Qing dynasty’s rule played an important part. Its borders stretched further than any other time in China’s history. Everything was in range of the Chinese empire so nobody did need to get additional resources from other countries, therefore making China a self-supplying nation. Also, China was a very difficult nation to access and to depart, due to its significant geography, such as its mountains, jungles and deserts. • What was the “Mandate of Heaven”? The Mandate of Heaven is ancient to Chinese philosophy, since it’s a concept that has been known to...
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...Intercontinental University Abstract In knowing how people of the past decades lived we must examine the past and study many things they left behind. By understanding how they lived and what impact they had as they migrated to the New World, it is then we understand how they lived and understand what the environment was like. Looking at the impact that immigrants had and brought to the New World we see what cultures and food dishes they brought to our civilization. The Migration of Cultures By 1830 the United States consisted of 2.3 million out of 12.8 million were of African descent and upon them settling after being brought here from Africa they brought many traditions and impacted the culture today. When they came to the United States they brought scientific and technological systems from the West and Central Africa as well as many food dishes such as; gumbo and rice, millet, sorghum, watermelon and black-eyed peas. They also brought tradition with them regarding funerals, celebration festivals, arts, music, dugout canoes, the banjo and language which also had an effect on the European culture as well and this is known as Africanism (Nps.gov, n.d.). Africanism is directly related to African American and Creolization which asks the question when you stop and give to the American or European culture. They point out that the African culture has direct impact on Africa, African-American, Creolization, African-Jamaican and European cultures and when examine the roots trace...
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...Name: ____________________ Period: _____ APWH WORKBOOK Unit Four: 1450 to 1750 CE “The Early Modern Period” Due Date: _________ Score: ____/30 [pic] This packet will guide you through the fourth unit in AP World History and prepare you for the reading quizzes, vocabulary quizzes, essays, and the unit test on January ___, 2010 You must complete ALL of the pages in the workbook by yourself to get credit; incomplete or incorrect work will result in a zero for the whole packet. Unit 4 Vocabulary Terms Quiz #1 1. Scientific Revolution (p. 410) 2. heliocentrism (p. 410) 3. sacrament (p. 396) 4. Renaissance (p. 405) 5. bourgeoisie (p. 413) 6. republic (p. 422) 7. Protestant Reformation (p. 406) 8. Jesuit (p. 409) 9. joint-stock companies (p. 415) 10. mercantilism (p. 468) Quiz #2 1. caravel (p. 384) 2. conquistadors (p. 394) 3. Columbian Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople;...
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...types of encounters and degrees of cultural change left today? Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, how might modern culture be different? If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China or India, how might they be different today? The quest for wealth and power brought Europeans to Indian shores in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese voyager, arrived in Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala) on the west coast. In their search for spices and Christian converts, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean, and, with their galleons fitted with powerful cannons, set up a network of strategic trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1510 the Portuguese took over the enclave of Goa, which became the center of their commercial and political power in India and which they controlled for nearly four and a half centuries. Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia. Although the Dutch, with a large supply of capital and support from their government, preempted and ultimately excluded the British from the heartland of spices in the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), both companies managed to establish trading "factories" (actually...
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...Immigration impact on food choice in Ireland In my essay on how immigration impacts food choice in Ireland, I will be discussing different advantages and disadvantages of immigration ant its impact on the country. However not only about the food choice, but also on how immigration reflected on eating habits of people living in Ireland as well as the differences between earlier ages when immigration was not a common thing and immigrants did not have a big influence in the country as in nowadays when immigration is spreading all over the world, especially after Europe Union has been created, now immigration has big influence on every aspect in the county, especially in food culture. “Food has many roles to play for consumers: it is functional (sustaining life); it plays a key role in our celebrations; it is a conduit for socializing; it is entertaining; it is sensuous and sensual; and it is a way of experiencing new cultures and countries”. (R. Michel & C. Hall, 2003, pg 60). In these days we hardly can imagine our life without different foreign cousins, like for example Chinese, Indian, French, Italian and etc... But we hardly ever think how and why we have such a big variety of food nowadays, and mainly it is because of immigration. As we all already know from media and newspapers that since Ireland became a member of Europe union back in 2002 immigration start growing really fast. For example according to the European magazine that already in 2005 it was estimated there were...
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...Samurai William, the reader is taken to the other side of the globe to experience the history of old world Japan. Though out the book, Milton provides reason for complex historical events and actions, while still communicating the subtleties and mysterious customs of the Japanese. The novel also closely examines the wide range of relationships between different groups of Europeans and Asians, predominantly revolving around the protagonist, William Adams. The book documents the successes and failures that occur between the two civilizations, then links them back to either the positive or negative relationship they have. As the book goes on, the correlation is obvious. Milton shows us the extreme role that religion, etiquette and trade played in establishing positive relations between visiting Europeans and the Asian civilizations. Religion and traditions played a chief role in the Europeans relationships in Asia all throughout the novel. Milton puts an incredible weight on the shoulders of religion on both sides of the civilisations. The book dives right into explaining the fascination and disgust felt by European priests and Jesuits towards the Japanese monks. They carried rosaries like the Catholics and “in old age, many retired to Buddhist monasteries to live the rest of their days in prayer and contemplation”. The Buddhist All-Souls Day consisted of the ceremonial sprinkling of graves with flower petals. All of this appealed to the Catholic Jesuits, no doubt, as it was reflective...
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...Institutional affiliation: Colonization is the governing influence, control or acquiring partial or full political control past another country, occupying it with foreign settlers and manipulating it economically. It also is when a group or society of people migrates from one area to another but keep their original homeland language and culture. Colonialism is establishment and preservation for a lengthy period, of rule over foreign people that are independent from and subordinate to a power ruling. Colonialism takes a variety of forms. There are three basic variations namely; I. Internal colonialism II. External colonization by the neighboring states. III. External colonization This refers to the so called ‘salt and water’ colonization whereby ‘aliens colonized distant places (Keal, 2003). This characterizes Europe’s expansion to America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The first wave of European colonization and exploitation started in America in the 15th century until early in the 19th century (Tmh, 2010). It primarily involved the colonization of the Americans by the Europeans. The second extensive phase of European exploratory ventures and colonization was primarily focused on Asia and Africa. It was also known as the era of new imperialism. History of Colonialism in Africa and Asia by the Europeans Between the historical times of 1450 and 1750, Europeans widely traded with Africa and very few colonies had been set up. By the...
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...Robert B. Marks, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative Value of Book Wonderful synthesis of recent scholarship on Rise of the West literature with an economic and ecological focus. Uses Global Historical Context to address most issues addressed in the Modern World History course. Use as: Teacher background Use isolated quotes/ chapters for all levels Review book at end of AP curriculum for review Questions raised: 1. How did industry and European-style countries called nation-states—rather than highly developed agrarian empires like China and India—come to define our world? 2. How has the gap between rich and poor increased? 3. How and why have European ways of organizing the world come to dominate the globe? 4. Was the Rise of the West a temporary blip? Scope: Global look (but especially Europe, China and India) 1400 -1900 Chapter by chapter breakdown: Intro “In the space of just 200 years, the world has seen a great reversal of fortune: where once Asians held most of the economic cards, today it is primarily Western countries and Japan.” (p. 2) Concepts addressed/ introduced in chapter: Globalization Enlightenment Communism Nation-states French Revolution Weber-Protestant work ethic Disease Industrial Revolution “modernization” Exploration/ Encounter “Progress History” Colonialism Renaissance Capitalism Slavery Modes of Historical Inquiry Comparative units of analysis Definition of Eurocentrism ...
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