...Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It affects the lungs mostly but can cause symptoms in your skin or other organs. TB is passed on from coughs and sneezes where the bacterium is carried in the air, a third of the population of the world is infected with the tuberculosis bacterium but only one in 10 of these people will go on to develop the disease thanks to your body's immune system, which fights the infection, and usually destroys the germs once it is inhaled. The immune systems that do fight off the bacteria successfully forms a defensive shield around the bacteria and will stay in the body but you won’t suffer from any of the symptoms of tuberculosis this is called latent TB. If your immune system fails to destroy the bacteria Tb will infect the lungs first (pulmonary Tb) and then usually the glands that are part of the immune system. TB can also cause meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), though this is very rare. Where is tuberculosis most common in? A graph showing the top ten countries suffering from non-HIV TB deaths. Eight of the countries located in Africa and the other two from Asia. A graph showing the top ten countries suffering from non-HIV TB deaths. Eight of the countries located in Africa and the other two from Asia. Most cases of TB occur in developing countries in Africa and South East Asia. In 2007and 2009 1.7 million people died from TB, the highest number of deaths in the African Region. But in the South-East Asia Region...
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...nanoparticles have shown to increase the half life of the various biological matter such as DNA and RNA so that it can reach the intended target before the body’s immune response destroys the magnetic gene delivery system. In the future, research will be focused on pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles, ensuring the nanoparticles can stay in the body for longer periods of time and that the body reacts in a positive manner to the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction Nanotechnology has been an emerging field recently due to its widespread capabilities. Nanotechnology has been applied in many fields of biomedicine due to its potential in controlling the delivery of drugs, providing greater contrast in magnetic resonance imaging, cell and tissue targeting, and hyperthermia; all of which can be used in cancer therapy (Mulens, del Puerto Morales and...
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...the deterioration it causes on the human existence is a tragic but inevitable phenomenon that man has dealt with throughout time. Death is unavoidable, yet the situation becomes evermore helpless when it strikes the young; the innocent who have not had their share of time, as is the case with a condition like Tay-Sachs disease. Fortunately, much childhood disease that plagued us for centuries has been eradicated due to the advances of modern science, and with the prospects of genetic technology today, the future is looking promising for those that have manage to elude scientists, like Tay-Sachs. However, Tay-Sachs is not a disease that can be considered in terms of science alone; it effects a unique ethnic population whose history and beliefs need to be considered in a sensitive manner. Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that is devastating in its deadliness. This rare fatal disease is passed down through families. The disease’s hyphenated name is the result of two doctors, who worked independently of one another in the late 1800s. Dr. Warren Tay, an ophthalmologist, was the first to characterize one of the tell tale signs of the disease, the retina of the eye has a cherry red spot. A New York, neurologist, Dr. Bernard Sachs provided the first description of the biological mutations with Tay-Sachs disease. Tay-Sachs is a progressive neurodegenerative disorders. The individuals diagnosed with the disease experience a steady loss of the cell body in the central nervous...
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...Fabry Disease is a metabolic disorder characterized by insufficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (a-GAL A). The most basic result of this enzyme mutation is the accumulation of the glycolipid globotriasosylceramide (GL-3) in the lysosomes of the affected patient’s cells. This, in turn, causes many bodily dysfunctions that generally present themselves in patients around the age of adolescence which include various forms of organ and tissue damage. The gene for a-GAL A is located on the X sex chromosome which means that Fabry disease is characterized as an X-linked disease. The consequence the gene’s location on the X chromosome is that males with the mutation will be hemizygous for the disease, being that they contain only one X chromosome and therefore one gene copy. Heterozygous females may either be asymptomatic carriers or may express the disease phenotypically; this is possibly due to pattern of X chromosome inactivation in females. Gene Product...
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...well-adapted for nocturnal hunting. E) Leopards are normally solitary animals. Answer: A Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy as it increases in complexity? A) ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, tissue B) cell, molecule, organ system, organ, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community C) organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, community, cell, ecosystem, molecule D) molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem E) ecosystem, molecule, cell, tissue, organism, organ system, organ, community Answer: D Topic: 1.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system? A) The tissue level of organization is more inclusive than the organ system level. B) Tissues are not composed of cells; organ systems are composed of cells. C) A tissue cannot exist unless it is a component of an organ system, whereas an organ system can exist independently of tissues. D) An organ system includes tissues. E) Tissues are not considered to be living; organ systems are considered to be living. Answer: D Topic: 1.1 Skill: Factual Recall 4) The...
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...Biology- The scientific study of life. Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular (smallest components of life) to the global (Earth) scale. Biology encompasses a large variety of life on earth. Uses of Biology in every day life: Molecular Biology – (Biology that deals with the smallest components of life such as cells, DNA, RNA) is used to solve crimes and reveal ancestry. Ecology- The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment is used to address environmental issues. Neuroscience- Field in biology that deals with brains; and Evolutionary science- the study of the evolution of organisms are being used to reshape psychology and sociology. Characteristics of Life: Living things are organized – The organs or vital components that make up a living organism each perform a specific function in an organized way such that it allows the organism to live. Regulation – All living organisms have the ability to regulate and accommodate to changes in their environment in order to stay alive. Growth and Development – Living organisms have the ability to grow and develop. Energy Utilization – Living organisms use energy or convert energy from a food source in order to carry or be able to perform different functions. For example, the human body utilizes carbohydrates found in food as a source of energy. With this energy, humans are able to perform simple tasks such as walking, talking, breathing, etc. Response to environment – Similar...
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...are well-adapted for nocturnal hunting. E) Leopards are normally solitary animals. Answer: A Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy as it increases in complexity? A) ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, tissue B) cell, molecule, organ system, organ, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community C) organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, community, cell, ecosystem, molecule D) molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem E) ecosystem, molecule, cell, tissue, organism, organ system, organ, community Answer: D Topic: 1.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system? A) The tissue level of organization is more inclusive than the organ system level. B) Tissues are not composed of cells; organ systems are composed of cells. C) A tissue cannot exist unless it is a component of an organ system, whereas an organ system can exist independently of tissues. D) An organ system includes tissues. E) Tissues are not considered to be living; organ systems are considered to be living. Answer: D Topic: 1.1 Skill: Factual Recall 4) The tree...
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...ORGANIC MOLECULES are made of carbon, which is what our body is mostly made of. The three main types of organic molecules in our body are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 1. CARBOHYDRATES are molecules that store energy a short time. a) SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES known as sugars, such as those found in candy. They are used for a quick source of energy, and they are burned off fast. The main sugar form is glucose. b) STARCH is a storage form of glucose in plants, especially flour and potatoes. When we eat breads, potatoes, and cakes, we convert it to glucose. These don’t break down to glucose as easily, so they tend to get stored and are only broken down when there is not enough glucose available. c) CELLULOSE is only found in plant cell walls, and gives plant stems and leaves their firmness. Our body is unable to break down this substance, so it just passes through our digestive tract. That is what is referred to as eating fiber. It helps a person who...
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...MULTIPLECHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. The Multiple Choice section is worth 40 points. **Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor. 1. Which of these would be a valid hypothesis? A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species. C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code. 2. In the scientific method, a hypothesis . E) is a statement of fact F) can only be tested once G) is usually proven to be correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments...
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...Izabella Zamiatala Period: 5th November 27th, 2012 AP Biology : Chapter 15 Review Questions 1. Cells are equipped with controls that govern gene expression; that is, which gene products appear, when, and what amounts. When control mechanisms come into play depends on cell type, on prevailing chemical conditions, and on signals from other cell types that can change a target cell’s activities. Cells of complex organisms inherit the same genes, yet most become specialized in composition, structure, and function. This process of cell differentiation arises when different populations of cells activate and suppress their genes in highly selective, unique ways. 2. By negative control, regulatory proteins slow down or curtail gene activity. By positive control, regulatory proteins promote or enhance gene activities. Control is exerted through chemical modifications that inactivate or activate specific gene regions or the histone proteins that organize the DNA. For instance, regions of newly replicated DNA can be shut down by methylation, the attachment of methyl group to nucleotide bases. 3. A. Repressor protein: protein that binds with an operator on bacterial DNA to block transcription. A special regulating protein formed in bacterial cells that halt transcription, which is the synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) from a specific operon (a group of genes that carry out the synthesis of functionally related enzymes). The number of different repressors...
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...Biology Units 3 &4 Notes -Chapter 1- The Chemical Nature of Cells | |Protein |Carbohydrates |Fats |Nucleic acid | |Monomer |Amino acids |Monosaccharaide |Fatty acids, glycerol |Nucleotide | |Example |2o Amino acids |Glucose, Fructose, Ribose |Triglycerides |Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine | | | | |Steroids, Phospholipids |&Thymine/ Uracil | |Diagram | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bonding (how units combine – |1st structure-strong covalent |Strong covalent glycoside |Rarely ever forms polymer |covalent bonds b/w sugar | |polymers ...
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...the proper routing of blood to its destinations, and the heart is the pump that keeps the blood flowing. More specifically, the functions of the circulatory system are as follows: Transport * The blood carries oxygen from the lungs to all of the body's tissues, while it picks up carbon dioxide from those tissues and carries it to the lungs to be removed from the body. * It picks up nutrients from the digestive tract and delivers them to all of the body's tissues. * It carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys for removal. * It carries hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs. * It transports a variety of stem cells from the bone marrow and other origins to the tissues where they lodge and mature. Protection * The blood plays several roles in inflammation, a mechanism for limiting the spread of infection. * White blood cells destroy microorganisms and cancer cells. * Antibodies and other blood proteins neutralize toxins and help to destroy pathogens. * Platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting and other processes for minimizing blood loss. Regulation * By absorbing or giving off fluid under different conditions, the blood capillaries help to stabilize fluid distribution in the body. * By buffering acids and bases, blood proteins help to stabilize the pH of the extracellular fluids. * Shifts in blood flow help to regulate...
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...rapidly throughout large portions of the population. The bubonic plague is a famous example of an epidemic which ravaged Europe in the Middle Ages. Modem medical science has found means of preventing most epidemics. Skeleton: Bony framework of the body, including the spinal column, the rib cage, the skull, and the bones of the arms and legs. Anatomy: Science of the structure of organisms, including the human body; can be studied by dissecting, or cutting into organisms. Pharmacy: Store where medicines are sold, especially by prescription; also known as a drugstore or an apothecary. Licensed pharmacists prepare medications, selling certain 3 drugs only when they are prescribed by a physician. Disease: Pathological condition which causes abnormal body functions and presents certain symptoms or signs; can be caused by a germ, such as a bacterium or a virus. Drug: Substance used to treat illness. Antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracycline, are familiar examples. Microscope: Instrument which uses a series of lenses to produce magnified images of objects too small to be seen well by the eye alone. Laboratory technicians use microscopes to analyze specimens of blood, urine, and tissue....
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...function of a living thing, human cell, tissue, organ , system What is Pathophysiology? * Abnormal function caused by an adverse event/stimulus * The event can be mechanical/chemical/radiation/etc. * It has a negative impact on function How relevant is A&P to Patho? * Pretty relevant * You know when something is wrong with the human body if you know how it functions when its healthy * You need to know what’s normal to appreciate what’s different Cell and tissue biology * If you can understand what is happening in a cell, you can see what is happening in a tissue, (tissue is group of cells performing a similar function) * Injuries can be caused by chemical, intentional or unintentional, etc. Sub-lethal (reversible), or lethal (irreversible) * Cellular aging is a normal part of cell life Structural and functional changes leading to cell death or decreased capacity to heal * Different cells age at different rates * Skin cells get replaced every day, red blood cells get replaced every 4 months * There are 5 million blood cells travelling in the human body at a time Adaptation: how a cell responds to stimulus (ex. Pregnancy), to escape and protect themselves from injury Normal cells meet injury it could do one of two things * It could say, I’m going to change myself so I can stay healthy adaptation * If the adaptation doesn’t work or unsuccessful, then the cell becomes injured * When cell goes from normal to adapted...
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...of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 2. Understand the functioning of the body systems associated with energy metabolism 3. Understand how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal...
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