... Problem/Question: How much bacteria are on gas pump handles? Do the newer gas stations have less germs than the older ones? Do we need to sanitize our hands after we pump gas? Hypothesis: Gas pump handles contain bacteria that could cause harmful diseases. There will be a significant amount of staph bacteria on the handles. Control: Each gas pump handle will have some bacteria on it. There is not baseline because it has so many variables. Dependent Variables: Temperature, Weather, Age of the Gas Station, Type of Customers, Time of year, and Location. Independent Variables: Types of bacteria on the gas pump handles. Conclusion: The newer gas stations have 10x the amount of bacteria including Staphylococcus Aureus). There is enough bacteria on the handles of each gas station to make someone sick. Hand sanitizer should be used after pumping gas in your car to prevent illness. Constants: Swabs, Blood plates, temperature of the incubator, gas stations, gas handles, and the gas. Material List: Swabs, Culture, Lab, Incubator, plastic loops, differentiation disc, identification stickers, and blood culture plates. A. Swabs- Used to rub on the gas pump handle to catch germs. B. Culture Process- The process used to help bacteria grow. C. Lab- Certified place for scientific research: a place where research and testing is carried out. D....
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...Role of microorganisms in wood decay 7 3.0 Microbiological degradation of wood 9 3.1 Wood decaying fungi 10 3.1.1 Soft rot 10 3.1.2White rot 13 3.1.3 Bacteria 13 3.2 Mechanism of wood deterioration 14 3.2.1 Degradation of hemicelluloses 15 3.2.2 Degradation of lignin 16 3.2.3 Cellulose degradation 16 4.0CASE STUDY 19 5.0 Control of wood deterioration 21 5.1 CONCLUSION 24 REFERENCE 25 MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF WOOD AND ITS CONTROL BY AGWULONU JOSEPH SU11311020 DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES SALEM UNIVERSITY LOKOJA, KOGI STATE. Background Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by them. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. However, various microorganisms attack...
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...The Vaccines used against measles, chicken pox etc. use exist and weak viruses which cause the disease or dead virus particles. When this is introduced into a person that is not sick it helps the immune system to recognise the immunity against the virus which leads to the body remembering the organism and strike the virus if it occurs again. Task four Microorganisms can be controlled both inside and outside of the body by taking great caution of how we deal with day to day life. For example germs are everywhere and we never know whether a sick person has touched a surface so we use anti-bacterial gel and always wash our hands with soap. Also wash our food before we eat to rid of any parasites or germs that may be present. Inside the body microorganism can be controlled by practising safe sex using condoms to prevent any genital virus. Also not drinking from contaminated wells controls microorganisms from entering the body. If infected with microorganisms, antibiotics can be used to treat the infection....
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...Aquatic Microbiology refers to the study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters, like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries(brackish water), and oceans. Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams and its effects on microbial life are important factors in aquatic microbiology. Also, how methods of treating wastewater mimics a natural filtering process. ------------------------------------------------- Aquatic microbiology & sewage treatment Aquatic Microbiology refers to the study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters, like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries(brackish water), and oceans. Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams and its effects on microbial life are important factors in aquatic microbiology. Also, how methods of treating wastewater mimics a natural filtering process. BIO: 212 M7A3 Project 2 Dr. Ilse Silva-Krott BIO: 212 M7A3 Project 2 Dr. Ilse Silva-Krott OUTLINE: Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment I. Freshwater and Seawater habitats of microorganisms II. How wastewater pollution is a public health and ecological problem III. Causes and Effect of Eutrophication IV. How water is tested for bacteriological purity V. How pathogens are removed from drinking water VI. Compare primary, secondary, tertiary sewage treatment A large number of microorganisms usually is indicative of a high amount...
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...Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–4442, USA. Abstract $watermark-text The skin is the human body’s largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the skin surface, which is highly variable depending on topographical location, endogenous host factors and exogenous environmental factors. The cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses can modulate the skin microbiota, but the microbiota also functions in educating the immune system. The development of molecular methods to identify microorganisms has led to an emerging view of the resident skin bacteria as highly diverse and variable. An enhanced understanding of the skin microbiome is necessary to gain insight into microbial involvement in human skin disorders and to enable novel promicrobial and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches for their treatment. $watermark-text The skin is an ecosystem composed of 1.8 m2 of diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations and specialized niches that support a wide range of microorganisms. The primary role of the skin is to serve as a physical barrier, protecting our bodies from potential assault by foreign organisms or toxic substances. The skin is also an interface with the outside environment and, as such, is colonized by a diverse collection of microorganisms — including...
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...Aacknowledgement First of all I like to thank God almighty who authorise me to research on this topic. I submit my sincere thanks to my supervisor Medhat Khattar for his valuable presence, time, effort, guidance and help to complete this dissertation. My dissertation would not have been completed without the help of lab technicians Nick and Suzy, I am extremely grateful for their help, suggestions and encouragement. I might want to thank my family for impacting in me a comprehension for the significance of education and an appreciation for diligent work. I extraordinarily value the majority of the penances that were made so as to realize the open doors that I have gotten, and it is my trusts that this proposition embodies what I have realized. Much obliged to you for your dedication, bolster, and affection. I might likewise want to thank my grandparents for the numerous hours of math mentoring as a youngster. In spite of the fact that it may have appeared to be inconsequential, it was the premise for my prosperity and the establishment of my hobbies in Designing. I might want to devote this proposition to my family, without whom I would not be seeking after a profession with an instruction from my university undergraduate days. I also thank my supervisor’s effort and good work channelled towards making me a better microbiologist in the world. I sincerely extend my thanks all concerned people who together with me in this regard. Table of Contents I Declaration......
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...Microbiology Mid Term Review What contribution did these dudes make to science and what type of experiments were involved in the discoveries they made? Louis Pasteur- Heat pasteurization- 1st vaccine for rabies. Found alcohol only produced in wine if yeast was present. “Swan necked” flasks experiment for spontaneous generation. Robert Koch- Studied anthrax, Koch’s postulates (germ theory) studied and awarded for TB research. Anton van Leewenhoek- Made the 1st lens to observe living microorganisms. The lens magnified up to 300x and were free of distortion. Edward Jenner- Studied small pox. Came up with the first vaccine for smallpox. Alexander Fleming- Discovered lysozyme (an enzyme) was found in tears, saliva, and sweat could kill bacteria. What issues and types of instruments are involved in visualizing bacteria and viruses with a compound light microscope? Reflection- transmission-absorption with florescence-refraction. Condenser-is a lens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. iris diaphragm-regulates the amount of light on the specimen. objective lenses- magnifies ranges from 10x to 40x, ocular lenses. stage- supports the slide for viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences...
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...Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly constant temperatures. Evaporation of water can cool surfaces by removing heat...
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...healthy diet contains the right balance of different foods. A healthy diet contains the right amount of energy. It will provide carbohydrates for energy. It will provide fat for energy and insulation. It will provide protein for growth and repair. It will provide vitamins and minerals to help our bodies function well. It will provide fibre to ensure food moves through our digestive systems efficiently. It will provide water, which is essential for all body processes. If a diet is unbalanced a person is malnourished. This can lead to being too thin or fat and to deficiency diseases. Balancing the energy If you use more calories than you eat you will lose weight. If you use less calories than eat you will gain weight. Doing exercise uses up lots of calories. The effect of exercise on health Regular exercise keeps you healthy. It maintains a good metabolic rate. It requires energy so uses lots of calories. If they are not used up they are stored possibly as fat. Metabolic rate The rate at which chemical reactions happen in the cells of your body. One major metabolic reaction is respiration. This releases energy from the food we eat. Inherited factors affect metabolic rate: Some people inherit genes that give them a higher or lower metabolic rate than others. The higher the proportion of muscle to fat in your body, the higher you metabolic rate: Muscle cells use more energy. The more exercise you do the faster your metabolic rate: More energy...
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...specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed in the United States of America. The experiments in this manual have been and may be conducted in a regular formal laboratory or classroom setting with the users providing their own equipment and supplies. However, this manual was especially written for the benefit of the independent study of students who do not have convenient access to such facilities. It allows them to perform...
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...Bacteria |I | |INTRODUCTION | Bacteria, one-celled organisms visible only through a microscope. Bacteria live all around us and within us. The air is filled with bacteria, and they have even entered outer space in spacecraft. Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and deep within Earth. They are in the soil, in our food, and on plants and animals. Even our bodies are home to many different kinds of bacteria. Our lives are closely intertwined with theirs, and the health of our planet depends very much on their activities. Bacterial cells are so small that scientists measure them in units called micrometers (µm). One micrometer equals a millionth of a meter (0.0000001 m or about 0.000039 in), and an average bacterium is about one micrometer long. Hundreds of thousands of bacteria would fit on a rounded dot made by a pencil. Bacteria lack a true nucleus, a feature that distinguishes them from plant and animal cells. In plants and animals the saclike nucleus carries genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Bacteria also have DNA but it floats within the cell, usually in a loop or coil. A tough but resilient protective shell surrounds the bacterial cell. Biologists classify all life forms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. They lack a defined nucleus of the sort found in plant and animal cells. More complex organisms, including all plants and animals, whose cells have a...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRICHODERMA REESEI IN THE BIOCONTROL OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES A project report submitted for examination in fulfillment of the requirements for the course Unit SBT 414: RESEARCH PROJECT in the Bachelor of Science (Microbiology and Biotechnology) Degree. AMWAYI ANGELA LUKALE I23/3384/2008. Signature…………………… Date……………………….. SUPERVISOR: DR. P.M WACHIRA Signature …………………… Date………………………. SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. 2011-2012 DECLARATION iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 JUSTIFICATION 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES 3 1.2.1 Broad objective 3 1.2.2 Specific objectives 4 CHAPTER TWO 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Trichoderma Spp. 4 2.2 Fusarium species 8 CHAPTER THREE 11 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY. 11 3.1 Media Preparation 11 3.2 Isolation of pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp). 12 3.4 Dual culture inoculation 13 CHAPTER FOUR 13 RESULTS 13 CHAPTER FIVE 18 DISCUSSION 18 CHAPTER SIX 20 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 20 REFERENCES 21 8. Dudley, N. S. (2007). Pathogenicity of four Fusarium species on Acacia koa seedlings. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection. 21 12. James, R. L. (2002). Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum on young Douglas-fir seedlings by a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service...
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...family of Micrococcaceae. Micrococcus is categorized as a aerobic gram positive cocci that are found in pairs, clusters or tetrads but never in chains. They are normally found on the human that even have an essential in keeping a balance among the skin flora(britannica.com). Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com defines skin flora “as a population of pathogenic and innocuous microorganisms (MOs)normally living on skin, and within mouth, respiratory tract and large intestine” Some species of Micrococcus can be found in soil, dust of air , marine water and on the skin or even in the skin glands. Micrococcus has been found to have occasionally been reported as the cause of pneumonia,...
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...disease or spoilage of beverages and food, but it is now recognized that many microbes have essential roles in our ecosystem or can be used to accomplish beneficial tasks. Human history is full of examples of major devastations caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these historically important diseases still occur, such tuberculosis and yellow fever. Microorganisms are evolving to cause new infectious disease problems such as Lyme disease and AIDS, which capture public attention. Control and eradication of infectious diseases remain important goals of many microbiologists. The recognition that microorganisms were responsible for what was earlier thought to be "spontaneous generation" opened the door to industrial (pharmaceutical, chemical, energy) and food microbiology, technologies which contribute substantially to today's way of life. Microorganisms in soil and water are essential in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron to products needed by plants and animals. In various ways, microbes participate in environmental cycling and degradation and global change. In the last few decades, microorganisms have been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of basic biological processes. More recently, microbiologists have brought an exciting dimension to the study of biology through the use of genetic engineering techniques and highly specific protein (antibody) molecules. Accomplishments in these areas already have led to enormous benefits for the...
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