...papers reporting the results from this research. The other is “From Outsourcing to Global Collaboration: New Ways to Build Competitiveness,” HBS Working Paper 07-080. Working papers are distributed in draft form for purposes of comment and discussion. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holders. Copies are available from the authors. Innovation through Global Collaboration: A New Source of Competitive Advantage Date: August 14th 2007 Alan MacCormack* Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 Theodore Forbath, Peter Brooks, Patrick Kalaher Wipro Technologies 75 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110 * Corresponding Author Abstract Many recent studies highlight the need to rethink the way we manage innovation. Traditional approaches, based on the assumption that the creation and pursuit of new ideas is best accomplished by a centralized and collocated R&D team, are rapidly becoming outdated. Instead, innovations are increasingly brought to the market by networks of firms, selected for their unique capabilities, and operating in a coordinated manner. This new model demands that firms develop different skills, in particular, the ability to collaborate with partners to achieve superior innovation performance. Yet despite this need, there is little guidance on how to develop or deploy this ability. This article describes the results of a study to understand the strategies and practices used by firms that achieve greater success...
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...component of a company's performance, such as return on investment (ROI), employee and customer churn rates, revenues, EBITDA, and so on. It can also be defined generally as a unit or units of measure to gauge a company's performance and provide the company's employees with a standard to improve. The current interest in performance measurements has led to a variety of supporting adages or clichés in the industry, such as: • “Anything measured improves.” • “What you measure is what you get.” • “Anything measured gets done.” • “You can’t manage what you do not measure.” These are not new business ideas, but there are a few new twists. Using measurements to support manufacturing operations has its roots back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries with ideas espoused by Frederick W. Taylor, the father of applying scientific methods to running business. His ideas for time and motion studies of operations were successfully used to scientifically manage production lines and warehouse operations. These ideas, however, led to exaggerated business processes that transitioned into “running a business by the stopwatch” with employers treating human employees as if they were highly reliable, predictable machines to be monitored and controlled. Over time, the workplace’s view of performance measurement became more humane and these exaggerated types of monitor and control methods fell out of favor, replaced by a focus on measuring a business’ performance rather than that of the...
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... 21 - 23 References and Bibliography: 24 - 25 Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) versus Environmental Financial Accounting (EFA): If so, what is the significance of knowing the better accounting method to use when identifying environmental cost? It has become indispensable for companies to increase their responsibility regarding all facets of the environment and to acclimatize existing practices to cause limited environmental impairment; more especially at this present time when stakeholders linger ‘bitterly’ about how corporate failure have influence organization’s environmental performance and measurement issues. Yoking this emergent obligation within the corporate sector is consequently a strategic component in any strategy for accomplishing the goal of sustainable development; and evaluating the viability of such a strategy requires both the resolution of scientific and manufacturing problems; and also the attention of how organization’s account for environmental cost to demonstrate their corporate social responsibilities. The Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) and the Environmental Financial Accounting (EFA) are the two mainstream accounting approaches that have allowed an upsurge in the demand for relevant information to augment...
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...Benchmarking GIS mapping PEST / trends analysis Tools to help cities understand the structure of their local economy: Sector share analysis Value-added analysis Economic base analysis Location quotient Specialisation index Shift share analysis Input-output analysis Social accounting matrix Cluster mapping Value chain analysis Tools to look at local endowments: Asset mapping Tools to assess human capital: Skills audit Tools to analyse institutions: Stakeholder analysis / institutional mapping Analysing the Data Guide to Data Analysis Tools 8 This chapter discusses the tools that cities and city-regions can use to analyse data collected on their economies. All of these have been tried and tested in actual city development strategies (CDSs). A few other tools not yet widely applied in city planning environments have also been included. Time Series Analysis What Issues Are Addressed by Time Series Analysis? The following questions can be addressed by a time series analysis: How is a local economy performing over time? ● Population and other demographics (including education and labour force ● Income levels and distribution ● Employment and unemployment levels (total economy and by sector) ● Economic output and exports (total economy and by sector) Which growth patterns reflect shocks and cycles and which are long-term trends? 73 How Is Time Series Analysis Used? See table 4.1, page 36 Time series analysis is one of the most widely used tools in local economy assessments...
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...INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Definitions of IHRM: Scullion (2005) tracked the evolution of definitions of IHRM. He observed that although there has been little consensus, definitions have broadly concentrated on examining the HRM issues, problems, strategies, policies and practices which firms pursue in relation to the internationalization of their business. Schuler et al (2009) similarly recently positioned the different views that have existed about the nature of IHRM. IHRM encompasses: ‘. . . the worldwide management of people in the multinational enterprise’ (Poole, 1990; p1) ‘. . . human resource management in an international environment . . . problems created in an MNC performing business in more than one country, rather than those posed by working for a foreign firm at home or by employing foreign employees in the local firm’ (Briscoe and Schuler, 2004; p1) ‘. . .how MNCs manage their geographically dispersed workforce in order to leverage their HR resources for both local and global competitive advantage’ (Scullion, 2005; p5) ‘. . . a branch of management studies that investigates the design of and effects of organizational human resource practices in cross-cultural contexts’ (Peltonen, 2006; p523) ‘. . . all issues related to the management of people in an international context [including] human resource issues facing MNCs in different parts of their organizations [and] comparative analyses of HRM in different countries’ (Stahl and Björkman...
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...CUSTOMER PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT – The construct and performance Harri Terho Sarja/Series A-4:2008 Copyright © Harri Terho & Turun kauppakorkeakoulu ISBN 978-951-564-592-0 (nid.) 978-951-564-593-7 (PDF) ISSN 0357-4652 (nid.) 1459-4870 (PDF) UDK 658.8 658.89 658.8.012.2 Esa Print Tampere, Tampere 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this dissertation has been a huge learning experience. Over the years I have received great support from a large number of people. I wish to thank everyone who has helped me to make and complete this interesting journey. I would like to start with my supervisor, Professor Aino Halinen-Kaila. She encouraged me to begin working on the dissertation in the first place. She has always given me great freedom in my work, and has supported my occasionally unconventional research decisions. The numerous projects and discussions with her have really been an intellectual joy and also helped me to make progress. Aino, thank you: I would not be here without your contribution. I was honored to have Professor Thomas Ritter from the Copenhagen Business School and Professor Olli Kuivalainen of the University of Lappeenranta as the official examiners of my thesis. They gave me valuable and constructive comments on the manuscript. My colleagues have given me great support in completing the thesis. I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Rami Olkkonen, Professor (emer.) Helena Mäkinen, Professor Leila Hurmerinta-Peltomäki, Dr. Juha Panula...
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...Towards a conceptual framework for strategic cost management - The concept, objectives, and instruments - Von der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Chemnitz genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) vorgelegt von Ibrahim Abd El Mageed Ali El Kelety geboren am 11.01.1965 in El Menoufia - Ägypten eingereicht am: 14. Juni 2006 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Uwe Götze Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jürgen Bloech Prof. Dr. Peter Schuster Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18. Juli 2006 Acknowledgement To the Almighty God “ALLAH” Who have granted me all these graces to fulfill this work and Who supported me in all my life. To Him I extend my heartfelt thanks. It is a pleasure to express my sincere and deepest heartfelt gratitude to my “Doktorvater“ Prof. Dr. Uwe Götze for his kind supervision, continuous encouragement, valuable enthusiastic discussion and unfailing advice throughout the present work, as well as financial support during my latest period of study in Germany. He assisted in all matters, provided solutions to different problems. Prof. Dr. Uwe Götze supported and helped me during my learning period in Germany and writing this thesis. I am very lucky being one of his students. I would like to express my deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jürgen Bloech - Georg-August University of Göttingen - for his kind acceptance to act as an examiner. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Peter...
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...variability of actual results from desired or expected results * The principle in the business world is -that if risk increases, the possible return that is desired will also increase. * Risk management consists of three distinct dimensions: * Generating and utilizing opportunities in situations where a business has distinct advantages in accomplishing beneficial results with improved chances of success (upside management) * Introducing controls to prevent or restrain losses as a result of the constraints posed by the operating environment of the business (downside management) * Exercising methods and techniques to reduce the variance between anticipated financial outcomes and actual results (uncertainty management) 2. Risk and uncertainty? * Uncertainty arises from a person's imperfect state of knowledge about future events. * Perceived uncertainty : depends on information that person can use to evaluate the likelihood of outcomes and the ability to evaluate this information * Uncertainty consists of the following two elements: * uncertainty whether an event will take place * if the event does occur what the outcome thereof will be * The definition of risk as the deviation of an actual outcome from the expected result or outcome implies the following: * Uncertainty surrounds the outcome of the event. The decision maker is uncertain about the outcome, and the actual outcome may therefore deviate from the expected outcome. If...
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...“Best Perspectives to Human Resource Management” Author: Arrey Mbongaya Ivo ©2006 African Centre for Community and Development (www.africancentreforcommunity.com ) All rights reserved. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction, Perspectives in Management and the genesis of Human Resource Management 1.1 Scientific or Closed management, Human Relations or Semi open system, Open System or Contingency system 1.2 Personnel management/ Personnel Manager 1.3 The genesis of Human Resource Management(HRM)/Defining Human Resource Management 1.4 What is ‘Hard’ and ‘Soft’ HRM? 1.5 The Debate between Human Relations(HR) and Human Resource Management(HRM) 1.6 The Human Resource Manager and his role 2.0 Attempting a framework for Human Resource Management(HRM) 2.1 Using HRM as a style, a strategy and an outcome 2.2 Is HRM a restatement of Personnel Management? 2.3 Is HRM a new managerial discipline? 2.4 HRM as a resource-based dimension of management 2.5 The Strategic and international possibilities of HRM 3.0Using some models of HRM to critically assess HRM “Hard” and “Soft” Approaches. 3.1The Harvard Model 3.2The Michigan Model 3.3Guest comparative models 3.4The ‘Choice Model’ and its benefits. 4.0The influence of senior management and their Effectiveness 4.1 policy makers 4.2 senior managers and their frames of reference 4.3 The more effective the better the policies 4.4 The Japanese example 5.0 Conclusion, limitations and proposals 5.1HRM a widespread contemporary, evolving & contingent...
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...1(d).Value Chain Analysis: A Way to profit improvement & cost Reduction Learning Objective 1. how to identify the value added activity 2. how to rectify the non –value added activity 3. application in profit planning & cost reduction INTRODUCTION Competitive advantage for a company means not just matching or surpassing their competitors, discovering what the customers want and then profitably satisfying, and even exceeding their expectations. As barriers to inter-regional and international trade are diminishing and as access to goods and services are growing, customers can locate after identification and «the best of what they want, at an acceptable price, wherever it is in the world. Under growing competition and, hence, rising customer expectations, a company's penalty for complacency becomes even greater. A strategic tool to measure the importance of the customer's perceived value is value chain analysis. By enabling companies to determine the strategic advantages and disadvantages of activities and value-creating processes in the market place, value chain analysis becomes essential for assessing competitive advantage. Value analysis or value engineering is one of the most widely used cost reduction techniques. It can be defined as a technique that yields value improvement. It investigates into the economic attributes of value. It attempts to reduce cost through ...
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...the face of sinking market share, Pluto reduced its dependency on laptops by venturing into tablets and smartphones. This is an example of _____. diversification 6. In competition, a substitute is best described as a(n): alternative to a product. . 7. Which of the following is a demographic factor of an organization's macroenvironment? Employees' age 8.Complexity and dynamism in the environment result in: environmental uncertainty. 9. Raw materials, services, equipment, capital, and information are _____ for an organization. inputs 10. Which of the following is a dominant attribute of a hierarchical culture? Rules and regulations 11. Which of the following refers to the immediate environment surrounding a firm, including suppliers, customers, rivals, and new entrants? Competitive environment Safety emissions Drivers lic Regististration Copy of insurance declaration 12. The internal environment includes: culture and climate. 13. According to Michael Porter's competitive environment model, high switching costs increases _____. the power of suppliers 14....
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...products (goods and services) of appropriate quality. • Usually associated with some form of measurement and inspection. • Egyptian wall paintings from around 1450 B.C. show evidence of measurement and inspection. The Age of Craftsmanship • During the Middle Ages in Europe, the skilled craftsperson served as both manufacturer and inspector. • Manufacturer – dealt directly with the customer. • Quality assurance was informal, every effort was made to ensure that quality was built into the final product by the people who produced it. • During the middle of the 18th century, Honore Le Blanc developed a system for manufacturing muskets to a standard pattern using interchangeable parts- -- Thomas Jefferson then brought the idea to America -- In 1798 the U.S. government awarded Eli Whitney a contract to supply 10,000 muskets to the government in two years’ time. -- Overall the concept of interchangeable parts was recognized, and it eventually led to the industrial revolution. The Early 20th Century • The work of Frederick W. Taylor, “The Father of Scientific Management”, led to a new philosophy of production. • His philosophy was to separate the planning function from the execution function. • Managers and engineers – given the task of planning; supervisors and workers - the task of execution. •...
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...Unit 1: Role and Scope of management accounting 1.1The Role of the Management Accountant |Content |CLP |Text |Worked Example/Activity Ref | | | | | | |What is it? Provision of info financial and non-financial to decisions makers usually in|Pg 9 | |Activity 1 - the role of the| |the organisation | | |decision maker | | | | | | |Thought Process: | | | | |understanding what is required | | | | |calculating or compiling the information required | | | | |analysing, interpreting or understanding the information obtained | | | | |Making recommendations and drawing conclusions | | ...
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...STRATEGIC INTENT |To: |Professor Friberg | |From: |Michael Dunagan | |Date: |April 27, 2010 | |MGT 512: |Strategic Management | | |of Technology | Focus on Strategic Intent Introduction In the book "Random Walk Down Wall Street", Burton Malkiel took the idea of efficient markets to its logical conclusion, and argued that a blindfolded monkey in theory should be able to perform as well on the stock market as professional brokers. The Wall Street Journal found this argument intriguing, and decided to test the hypothesis by having reporters throw darts to select random stocks. An informal competition was consequently arranged over several months to test how random selection performed against leading stock traders. Luckily for the financial analysts, the latter managed to at least beat the darts on average, but the victory was not deemed sufficiently convincing enough to justify the hefty brokerage fees charged by analysts. Similar criticism has been raised against management consultants, but a performance comparison can in this case not be performed using darts or monkeys. Despite the criticism, consulting is a quickly growing industry and the demand for tools like strategic models are increasing in correlation with the industry. It thus created somewhat of an upheaval when London Business School...
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...intangible Capabilities – capacity of organisation to integrate and deploy resources to achieve an obj. Stakeholders – society, suppliers, creditors, shareholders, employees, customers Levels of strategy * Corporate * Business General environment (Macro) – broad collection of factors that directly or indirectly have the potential to influence every firm in ever industry within the economy PESTDG framework * Identify trends * Explain trends * State if opportunity or threat * Explain why is it an opportunity or threat Segment | Trends | Political / Legal | Changes to workplace relations, carbon tax law | Economical | Rising interest rates, GFC, inflation rate, unemployment rate | Socio-cultural | Climate change, increase in casual workers, greater concern for health | Technological | Wireless communications, cloud computing, growth in hand held devices | Demographical | Aging population, growing disparity in income level | Global | Growth in Chinese and Indian economy, free trade agreements | Industry environment (micro) – the set of factors that influences a firm and its competitive actions and responses PORTER’S 5 Forces Force | Characteristics | Threat of new entrant | Capital requirements, economies of scale, product differentiation, switching cost, brand identity, access to distribution channels, cost disadvantages | Power of supplier | High...
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